A survey of practices and recommended treatment interventions among expert therapists treating patients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 490-500

  Brand, Bethany L ^a   Myrick, Amie C ^b   Loewenstein, Richard J ^c   Classen, Catherine C ^d   Lanius, Ruth ^e   McNary, Scot W ^a   Pain, Clare ^d   Putnam, Frank W ^f,g  

^a TOWSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Family and Children's Services of Central Maryland   (United States)

^c SHEPPARD PRATT HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^f CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

dissociation; dissociative identity disorder; exposure; posttraumatic stress disorder; trauma; treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874044514     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0026487     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-V development. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org
2. Becker, C. B., Zayfert, C., & Anderson, E. (2004). A survey of psychologists' attitudes toward utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 277-292. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00138-4
3. Brand, B. L. (2001). Establishing safety with patients with dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 133-155. doi: 10.1300/J229v02n04-07
4. Brand, B. L., Armstrong, J. G., Loewenstein, R. J., & McNary, S. W. (2009a). Personality differences on the Rorschach of dissociative identity disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic inpatients. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1, 188-205. doi:10.1037/a0016561
5. Brand, B. L., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R., Loewenstein, R. J., McNary, S. W., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. W. (2009c). A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1, 153-171. doi:10.1037/a0016210
6. Brand, B. L., Classen, C. C, McNary, S. W., & Zaveri, P. (2009b). A review of dissociative disorders treatment studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 646-654. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b3afaa
7. Brand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Classen, C. C, Myrick, A. C, Lanius, R., Loewenstein, R. J., Putnam, F. W. (November, 2011). The Results of a Longitudinal Naturalistic Study of Treatment Outcome for Patients with Dissociative Disorders (TOP DD Study). Paper presented at the annual convention of the the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, Maryland.
8. Chefetz, R. A. (1997). Abreaction: Baby or bathwater? Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 10(4), 203-213.
9. Chu, J. A. (2011). Rebuilding Shattered Lives: Treating Complex Posttraumatic and Dissociative Disorders (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
10. Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C, Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067-1074. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1067
11. Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C, Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., Petkova, E. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 915-924.
12. Coons, P. M. (1986). Treatment progress in 20 patients with multiple personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 715-721. doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00002
13. Coons, P. M., & Bowman, E. S. (2001). Ten-year follow-up study of patients with dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 73-89. doi:10.1300/J229v02n01-09
14. Courtois, C. A. (1989). Healing the incest wound. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
15. Courtois, C. A. (1997). Guidelines for the treatment of adults abused or possibly abused as children (with attention to issues of delayed/recovered memory). NATO Advanced Study Institute. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 51, 497-510.
16. Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (2009).Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
17. Dalenberg, C, Loewenstein, R., Spiegel, D., Brewin, C, Lanius, R., Frankel, S., Paulsen, K. (2007). Scientific study of dissociative disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 400-401. doi: 10.1159/000107570
18. Ellason, J. W., & Ross, C. A. (1997). Two-year follow-up of inpatients with dissociative identity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 832-839.
19. Feeny, N., Hembree, E., & Zoellner, L. (2003). Myths regarding exposure therapy for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 85-90.
20. Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Neft, D. I., & Lipschitz, D. (2008). Dissociative disorders and suicidality in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 29-36. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815fa4e7
21. Gingrich, H. D. (2009). Assessing dissociative symptoms and dissociative disorders in college students in the Philippines. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18, 403-418. doi:10.1080/10926770902901881
22. Gold, S. N. (2000). Not trauma alone: Therapy for child abuse survivors in family and social context. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge.
23. Gold, S. N. (2009). Contextual therapy. In C. A. Courtois & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 227-242). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
24. Gold, S. N., Elhai, J. D., Rea, B. D., Weiss, D., Masino, T, Morris, S. L., & McIninch, J. (2001). Contextual treatment of dissociative identity disorder: Three case studies. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 5-36. doi:10.1300/J229v02n04-02
25. Hagenaars, M. A., van Minnen, A., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (2010). The impact of dissociation and depression on the efficacy of prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 19-27. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.001
26. Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. New York, NY: Basic Books.
27. Hetherington, A. (1998). The use and abuse of touch in therapy and counseling. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 11, 361-364. doi: 10.1080/09515079808254067
28. International Society for the Study of Dissociation. (2006). Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in Adults (2005). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 64(1), 69-149. doi:10.1300/J229v06n04-05
29. International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. (2011). Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in Adults, Third Revision. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12(1), 115-187. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2011.537247
30. Jaycox, L. H., & Foa, E. B. (1996). Obstacles in implementing exposure therapy for PTSD: Case discussions and practical solutions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 176-184. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199609)3: 3⟨176::AID-CPP100⟩3.0.CO;2-1
31. Kertay, L., & Reviere, S. L. (1993). The use of touch in psychotherapy: Theoretical and ethical considerations. Psychotherapy, 30, 32-40. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.30.1.32
32. Kluft, R. P. (1984). Treatment of multiple personality disorder: A study of 33 cases. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 9-29.
33. Kluft, R. P. (1989a). Iatrogenic creation of new alter personalities. Dissociation, 2(2), 83-91.
34. Kluft, R. P. (1989b). Playing for time: Temporizing techniques in the treatment of multiple personality disorder. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 32, 90-98. doi:10.1080/00029157.1989.10402806
35. Kluft, R. P. (1993a). The initial stages of psychotherapy in the treatment of multiple personality disorder patients. Dissociation, 6, 145-161.
36. Kluft, R. P. (1993b). Clinical approaches to the integration of personalities. In R. P. Kluft & C. G. Fine (Eds.), Clinical perspectives on multiple personality disorder (pp. 101-133). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
37. Kluft, R. P. (1994a). Treatment trajectories in multiple personality disorder. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 7(1), 63-76.
38. Kluft, R. P. (1994b). Clinical observations on the use of the CSDS dimensions of the therapeutic movement instrument (DTMI). Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 7(4), 272-283.
39. Kluft, R. P. (1999). An overview of the psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 53, 289-319.
40. Kluft, R. P., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2007). Dissociative disorders and depersonalization. In G. O. Gabbard (Ed.), Gabbard's treatment of psychiatric disorders (4th ed., pp. 547-572). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
41. Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C, Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640-647. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168
42. Lauterbach, D., & Rieland, S. (2007). Exposure therapy with adult survivors in childhood sexual abuse. In D. C. S. Richard & D. Lauterbach (Eds.), Handbook of exposure therapies (pp. 127-152). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012587421-2/50006-5
43. Lilienfeld, S. O., Kirsch, I., Sarbin, T. R., Lynn, S. J., Chaves, J. F., Ganaway, G. K., & Powell, R. A. (1999). Dissociative identity disorder and the sociocognitive model: Recalling lessons of the past. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 507-523. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.507
44. Loewenstein, R. J. (1994). Diagnosis, epidemiology, clinical course, treatment, and cost effectiveness of treatment for dissociative disorders and multiple personality disorder: Report submitted to the Clinton administration task force on health care financing reform. Dissociation, 7, 3-11.
45. Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the Body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
46. Putnam, F. W. (1989). Diagnosis and treatment of multiple personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
47. Rosen, C. S., Chow, H. C., Finney, J. F., Greenbaum, M. A., Moos, R. H., Sheikh, J. I., & Yesavage, J. A. (2004). VA patterns and practice guidelines for treating posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 213-222. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000029264.23878.53
48. Ross, C. A., & Dua, V. (1993). Psychiatric care costs of multiple personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 47, 103-112.
49. Rothschild, B. O. (2000). The body remembers: The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
50. Rothschild, B. O. (2002). Body psychotherapy without touch: Applications for trauma therapy. In T. Staunton (Ed.), Body psychotherapy (pp. 101-115). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
51. Şar, V., Öztürk, E., & Kundakçi, T. (2002). Psychotherapy of an adolescent with dissociative identity disorder: Change in Rorschach patterns. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3(2), 81-95. doi:10.1300/J229v03n02-05
52. Şar, V., & Tutkun, H. (1997). Treatment of dissociative identity disorder in Turkey: A case study. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 10(3), 148-156.
53. Van der Hart, O., & Boon, S. (1997). Treatment strategies for complex dissociative disorders: Two Dutch case examples. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 10(3), 157-165.
54. van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 389-399. doi:10.1002/jts.20047
55. van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253-265. doi:10.3109/10673229409017088
56. Van Duijl, M., Cardeña, E., De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2005). The validity of DSM-IV dissociative disorders categories in south-west Uganda. Tran-scultural Psychiatry, 42, 219-241. doi:10.1177/1363461505052666
57. Vermetten, E., Dorahy, M. J., & Spiegel, D. (2007). Traumatic dissociation neurobiology and treatment. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
58. Xiao, Z., Yan, H., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., Xu, Y., Chen, J., Keyes, B. B. (2006). Trauma and dissociation in China. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1388-1391. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.8.1388
59. Zur, O. (2007). Touch in therapy. In O. Zur (Ed.), Boundaries in psychotherapy: Ethical and legal considerations (pp. 167-185). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11563-010