Leaving the land of opportunity: Arkansas and the Great Migration

Arkansas Historical Quarterly

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 245-261

  Holley, Donald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874016968     PISSN: 00041823     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40028047     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), Series C 59, pp. 93-95.
2. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991).
3. See, however, Donald Holley, The Second Great Emancipation: The Mechanical Cotton Picker, Black Migration, and How They Shaped the Modern South (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000).
4. C. Calvin Smith, War and Wartime Changes: The Transformation of Arkansas, 1940-1945 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1986);
5. Michael B. Dougan, Arkansas Odyssey: The Saga of Arkansas from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Little Rock: Rose Publishing, 1994), 462, 476, 591-592;
6. Jeannie M. Whayne et al., Arkansas: A Narrative History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002).
7. S. Charles Bolton, "Turning Point: World War II and the Economic Development of Arkansas", Arkansas Historical Quarterly 61(Summer 2002):147-149;
8. Ben F. Johnson III, Arkansas in Modern America, 1930-1999 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 48-49, 52-53, 79, 116 (quotation), 189;
9. Brooks Blevins, Hill Folks: A History of Arkansas Ozarkers and Their Image (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 148-152, 179-191.
10. Robert B. Walz, "Migration into Arkansas, 1820-1880: Incentives and Means of Travel", Arkansas Historical Quarterly 17(Winter 1958):309-324, is a pioneering study of the subject.
11. Kenneth C. Barnes, Who Killed John Clayton? Political Violence and the Emergence of the New South, 1861-1893 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), 43-46;
12. Jeannie M. Whayne, ed., Shadows over Sunnyside: An Arkansas Plantation in Transition (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993).
13. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, 93-95.
14. William H. Metzler, "Population Movement in Arkansas", Arkansas Gazette Sunday Magazine, April 7 (first quotation), 14 (second and third quotations), 21, 1940;
15. Metzler, Population Trends and Adjustments in Arkansas, Bulletin No. 388 (Fayetteville: Agricultural Experiment Station, May 1940);
16. James D. Tarver, Changes in Arkansas Population, Report Series 21 (Fayetteville: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1950).
17. Also see Holley, Second Great Emancipation, 29-33;
18. Carl H. Moneyhon, Arkansas and the New South, 1874-1929 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997), 64-65.
19. "Why Do Arkansans Vanish?" Business Week, April 12, 1958, pp. 96 (first quotation), 98 (second quotation).
20. Johnson, Arkansas in Modern America, 112.
21. Phillips H. Brown and John M. Peterson, "The Exodus from Arkansas", Arkansas Economist 2(Winter 1960):10-15.
22. Chad Berry, Southern Migrants, Northern Exiles (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000);
23. Jack Temple Kirby, "The Southern Exodus, 1910-1960: A Primer for Historians", Journal of Southern History 49(November 1983):585-600.
24. l3 Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, 93-95.
25. see Everett S. Lee et al., Population Redistribution and Economic Growth: United States, 1870-1950 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1957), 1:15-16.
26. They are defined as migrants. The source for state data is Arkansas Statistical Abstract (Little Rock: State Data Center, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 1986-2004).
27. Steven Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 2.0 (Minneapolis: Historical Census Projects, University of Minnesota, 1997). This data may be downloaded from http://www.ipums.org.
28. For discussion of microdata in the study of migration, see James N. Gregory, "The Southern Diaspora and the Urban Dispossessed: Demonstrating the Census Public Use Microdata Samples", Journal of American History 82(June 1995):111-134;
29. Robert Adelman, Chris Morett, and Stewart E. Tolnay, "Homeward Bound: The Return Migration of Southern-Born Black Women, 1940 to 1990", Sociological Spectrum 20(no. 4, 2000):433-463;
30. Stewart E. Tolnay, "The Great Migration Gets Underway: A Comparison of Black Southern Migrants and Non-Migrants in the North, 1920", Social Science Quarterly 82(June 2001):235-252.
31. U. S Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004-2005 (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 2004), 434. For converting the value of money, see the Economic History Service's website, http://eh.net/hmit/.
32. O. D. Duncan, "A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations", in Occupations and Social Status, ed. A. Reiss et al. (New York: Free Press, 1961), 109-138.
33. See Paul H. Williams, "The Rise and Fall of the Great Plantations", Arkansas Times 9(July 1983):86-93.
34. Arthur Raper, Machines in the Cotton Fields (Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1946, 19