Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering

Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-232

  Jackson, Sherman A ^a  

^a Arabic and Islamic Studies and African American Studies ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Black religion; Black suffering; Humanocentric theism; Islam; Moral evil; Muslims; Ominibenevolent god; Oppression; William R. Jones

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874000990     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382068.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (264)

1. Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī, T{dot below}abaqāt al-shafi'īyah, ed. M. M. al-T{dot below}anāhī and 'A. M al-H{dot below}ulw, 10 vols. (Cairo: 'Isā al-Bābī al-H{dot below}alabī, 1384/1965), 3:365.
2. Abū H{dot below}āmid al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād fī al-i'tiqād (Cairo:Mus{dot below}t{dot below}afā al-Bābī al-H{dot below}alabī wa Awlāduh, n.d.), 90;
3. Sa'd al-Dīn al-Taftazānī, Sharh{dot below} al-'aqā'id al-nasafīyah, ed. T{dot below}'A. Sa'd (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azharīyah li al-Turāth, 1421/2000), 18;
4. Abū al-Mu'īn al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat al-adillah, 2:325-37, for a slightly different version with detailed commentary;
5. Kamāl al-Dīn Muh{dot below}ammad b. Muh{dot below} ammad b. Abī Sharīf al-Maqdisī, Kitāb al-musāmarah fī sharh{dot below} al-musāyarah, 2 vols. (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azharīyah li al-Turāth, 2006), 2:34-35.
6. Abū al-H{dot below}asan al-Ash'arī, al-Ibānah 'an us{dot below}ūl al-diyānah, ed. A. S{dot below}abbāgh (Beirut: Dār al-Nafā'is, 1414/1994), 124.
7. See also Abā al-H{dot below}asan al-Ash'arī, Kitāb al-Luma'fī al-radd alā ahl al-zaygh wa al-bida', ed. M. Gharābah (Cairo: Matba'at Misr, 1955), 117-18, for an identical argument.
8. Abā Mans{dot below}ār 'Abd al-Qāhir b. T{dot below}āhir al-T{dot below}āhīmī al-Baghdādī, Kitāb us{dot below}ūl al-dīn (Beirut:Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmīyah, 1346/1928), 69.
9. See K. Ward, Pascal's Fire: Scientific Faith and Religious Understanding (Oxford:Oneworld, 2006), 27.
10. See Ward, Pascal's Fire, 54. On Ash'arite moral ontology, see below, pp. 83-85.
11. See, e.g., M. M. Sharīf, A History of Muslim Philosophy, 2 vols. (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1963), 1:220-22.
12. See also G. Makdisi, "Ash'arī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I," Studia Islamica 17 (1962): 38-40, where he signals reservations about this depiction.
13. Al-Ash'arī, al-Luma', 47.
14. Al-Ash'arī, al-Ibānah, 118.
15. See al-Subkī, T{dot below}abaqat al-shāfi'īya, 4:261-62.
16. See also al-Taftazānī, Sharh{dot below}, 82, for an abbreviated version of this exchange.
17. See G. F. Hourani, "Two Theories of Value in Medieval Islam," Muslim World 50, 4 (1960): 270.
18. See, e.g., S. White, "Weak Ontology: General and Critical Issues," Hedgehog Review 7, 2 (2005): 11-25.
19. Al-Juwaynī, al-Niz{dot below}āmīyah, 56.
20. Al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād, 91. Emphasis mine.
21. See, e.g., al-Bāqillānī, at-Tamhīd, 341;
22. al-Juwaynī, al-Niz{dot below}āmīyah, 58.
23. See, e.g., al-Bāqillānī, at-Tamhīd, 338-39;
24. al-Ash'arī, al-Ibānah, 127-29.
25. See, e.g., al-Ash'arī, al-Ibānah, 127-28.
26. Hartshorne, Omnipotence, 11-12.
27. Hartshorne, Omnipotence, 11-12.
28. See, e.g., al-Ash'arī, al-Luma', 83.
29. M. Schwartz, "Acquisition (Kasb) in Early Kalām," Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition, ed. S.M. Stern, A. Hourani and V. Brown (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1972), 381.
30. See, e.g., R. Kane, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Free Will (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002) 181-277;
31. T. Pink, Free Will: A Very Short History (New York:Oxford University Press, 2004), 43-72.
32. Al-Ash'arī, al-Luma', 73-74, 76.
33. Al-Bāqillānī, at-Tamhīd, 307.
34. See also al-Ash'arī, al-Luma', 96-97.
35. See, e.g., E. L. Ormsby, Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute over al-Ghazālī's "Best of All Worlds" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 17: "The Ash'arite insistence on divine omnipotence led to a rejection of belief in free will."
36. See, e.g., al-Bāqillānī, at-Tamhīd, 293.
37. Al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād, 81.
38. Al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād, 81.
39. Abū Hāmid Al-Ghazālī, al-Mustas{dot below}fā min 'ilm al-us{dot below}ul 2 vols. (Būlāaq: al-Mat{dot below}ba'ah al-Amīrīyah, 1322/1904), 1:58-60.
40. Al-Ghazālī, al-Mustas{dot below}fā, 1:57-58.
41. On this point, see my "The Alchemy of Domination? Some Ash'arites Responses to Mu'tazilite Ethics," International Journal of Middle East Studies 31 (1999): 189-90.
42. Al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād, 82.
43. Al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād, 82.
44. Al-Ghazālī, al-Iqtis{dot below}ād, 83.
45. Al-Ghazālī, al-Mustas{dot below}fā, 1:49.
46. J. D. Roberts, Black Religion, Black Theology: The Collected Essays of J. Deotis Roberts, ed. D. E. Goatley (New York: Trinity, 2003), 37.
47. See the view of A. B. Pinn, Why Lord? 97-99.
48. For a fuller explication of this point, see my Boundaries, 63-64, 66-68.
49. J. Hick, Evil and the God of Love, rev. ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 3.
50. Hick, Evil, 4.
51. See S. K. Pinnock, Beyond Theodicy: Jewish and Christian Continental Thinkers Respond to the Holocaust (New York: State University of New York Press, 2002), 100. Emphasis mine.
52. Hick, Evil, 333.
53. Hick, Evil, 334.
54. See, for example, D. A. Carson, "The Suffering People of God," in How Long, O Lord:Refl ections on Suffering and Evil, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic Press, 2006), 63-81, on where he speaks of, among others, Christian martyrs.
55. William R. Jones, Is God a White Racist? A Prolegomenon to Black Theology (New York, Basic Books, 1973), 197 (hereafter IGWR).
56. See, e.g., E. L. Ormsby, Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute over al-Ghazālī's "Best of All Worlds" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
57. For more on this point, see Jackson, Islam and the Blackamerican, 11-13.
58. William Chittick, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul: The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern World (Oxford: Oneworld, 2007), 19.
59. Cited in Charles Long, Significations: Signs, Symbols, and Images in the Interpretation of Religion (Aurora, Colo.: Davies Group, 1995), 150.
60. E. W. Blyden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1994), 50.
61. A. MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd ed. (Notre Dame, Ind.:University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), 223.
62. Harvard Theological Review 64 (1971): 541-57.
63. IGWR, 151.
64. IGWR, 57.
65. IGWR, 172.
66. IGWR, 177.
67. IGWR, 191-94.
68. A. B. Pinn, Why Lord? Suffering and Evil in Black Theology (New York: Continuum, 1999), 96.
69. IGWR, 186.
70. IGWR, 195.
71. James Cone, God of the Oppressed, rev. ed. (New York: Orbis Books, 1997) 245 n.
72. J. D. Roberts, Black Theology Today: Liberation and Contextualization (New York:Edwin Mellen Press, 1983), 37.
73. Major Jones, The Color of God: The Concept of God in Afro-American Thought (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1987), 73.
74. Pinn, Why Lord, 10.
75. Pinn, Why Lord, 97-99.
76. Pinn, Why Lord, 114.
77. Cited in J. Stoltenberg, Refusing to Be a Man: Essays on Sex and Justice, rev. ed. (London: UCL Press, 2000), XVIII.
78. K. A. Appiah, "The Uncompleted Argument: DuBois and the Illusion of Race," in Writing and Difference, ed. H. L. Gates, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35.
79. P. Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 15.
80. Gilroy, Against Race, 6.
81. V. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness: An Essay on African American Religious and Cultural Criticism (New York: Continuum, 1995), 11.
82. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness, 14.
83. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness, 15.
84. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness, 87.
85. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness, 92.
86. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness, 103.
87. Anderson, Beyond Ontological Blackness, 117.
88. Richard Dyer, White (London: Routledge Press, 1997), xiv.
89. Cited in M. F. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 215.
90. W. Madelung, "al-Māturīdī," Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1950-), 6:846. Madelung also cites 332/943 and 336/947 as alternate death dates.
91. W. Madelung, "The Spread of Māturīdism and the Turks," in Religious Schools and Sects in Medieval Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), 110;
92. originally published in Actas do IV Congresso de EstudosArabes e Islamico, Coimbra-Lisboa, 1968 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971).
93. See M. Ceriç, Roots of Synthetic Theology in Islam: A Study of the Theology of Abū Mans{dot below}ūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944) (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1995), 18-19.
94. Ceriç, Roots, 31-34.
95. Ceriç, Roots, 45-46.
96. Cited in Ceriç, Roots, 30.
97. Al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-tawh{dot below}īd, 3.
98. See, e.g., al-Nasafī, Bahr al-kalām, 265.
99. Al-Nasafī, Bah{dot below}r al-kalām, 119-32.
100. Al-Nasafī, Bah{dot below}r al-kalām, 137-55.
101. Madelung, "Spread," 168.
102. Madelung, "Spread," 166.
103. Ceriç, Roots, 54-55.
104. Shaykh Zādeh, Naz{dot below}m al-farā'id.
105. Madelung, "Spread," 167 n. 154.
106. On this point, see Zysow, "Mu'tazilism and Māturīdism," 235-39.
107. See, e.g., al-Nasafī, Bah{dot below}r al-kalām 162.
108. See also al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:337, for a similar statement.
109. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:362.
110. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:167.
111. Shaykh Zādeh, Naz{dot below}m al-farā'id, 24V.
112. See, e.g., al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-tawh{dot below}īd, 217.
113. Al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-tawh{dot below}īd, 97.
114. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:252.
115. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:254.
116. Al-Lāmishī, al-Tamhīd, 102.
117. Al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-tawh{dot below}īd, 108; also 108-10.
118. Al-Maqdisī, al-Musāmarah, 2:66-67.
119. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:252, but see the discussion from 2:249.
120. Al-Maqdisī, al-Musāmarah, 2:38.
121. Shaykh Zādeh, Naz{dot below}m al-farā'id, 14v.
122. Al-Maqdisī, al-Musāmarah, 2:66.
123. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:253.
124. Shaykh Zādeh, Naz{dot below}m al-farā'id, 14v-15r.
125. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 1:495.
126. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 1:491.
127. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:281.
128. Al-Nasafī, Tabs{dot below}irat, 2:161-62, but see entire discussion, 2:161-72.
129. Jones, IGWR, 48-53.
130. IGWR, 58.
131. IGWR, xxv-xxvi.
132. IGWR, 85.
133. IGWR, 92.
134. IGWR, 94.
135. IGWR, 214. Emphasis in original.
136. "The Historicity of Understanding," in The Hermeneutics Reader, ed. K. Mueller-Vollmer (New York: Continuum, 1985), 269.
137. Gadamer, "Historicity," 269.
138. On the Murji'ites, see "Murdji'a," Encyclopedia of Islam, 7:605-7;
139. Watt, Formative Period, 119-34.
140. See Abū al-Fath{dot below} Muh{dot below}ammad b. 'Abd al-Karīm b. Abū Ah{dot below}mad al-Shahrastānī, al-Milal wa al-nih{dot below}al, ed. A. A. Muhannā and A. H. Fā'ur, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Ma'rifah, 1417/1997), 1:61-62.
141. Al-Shahrastānī, al-Milal, 1:62.
142. See, e.g., Watt, Formative Period, 209-10.
143. Cited in Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Manāqib al-imām al-shāfi'ī, ed. A. H. al-Saqā (Cairo:Maktabat al-Kullīyāt al-Azharīyah, 1406/1986), 99.
144. al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Fad{dot below}l al-i'tizāl, 148.
145. Ibn al-Murtad{dot below}ā, T{dot below}abaqāt, 5-18.
146. Ibn al-Murtad{dot below}ā, T{dot below}abaqāt, 11.
147. Ibn al-Murtad{dot below}ā, T{dot below}abaqāt, 11.
148. See Ibn al-Murtad{dot below}ā, T{dot below}abaqāt, 9, for a whole series of such examples.
149. Al-Bayhaqī, Kitāb al-Asmā' wa al-.ifāt, 21. This is the general rubric under which he cites this view.
150. See al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, p. 323.
151. al-Shahrastānī, al-Milal, 1:57.
152. See, e.g., Abū Man.ūr al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-tawh{dot below}īd, ed. F. Kholeif (Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1986), 215-16.
153. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 309. By "properties" here one must understand the tendency or capacity to produce certain effects, not any inherent ipseity.
154. See, e.g., al-Shahrastānī, al-Milal, 1:58;
155. G. F. Hourani, "Two Theories of Value in Medieval Islam," Muslim World 50, 4 (1960): 269.
156. See R. M. Unger, Knowledge and Politics (New York: Free Press, 1975), 31.
157. See Reinhart, Before Revelation, 40-43, 151-56.
158. al-Shahrastānī, al-Milal, 1:59-96.
159. On the Bahshamīyah, see Heemskerk, Suffering, 13-71.
160. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 466.
161. See, e.g., al-Ash'arī, al-Luma' 57;
162. al-Ash'arī, al-Ibānah, 30.
163. Al-Ash'arī, al-Luma', 58.
164. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 313-16.
165. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 315.
166. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 302; 313-15;
167. al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):127-28.
168. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 303.
169. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):31.
170. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):18.
171. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):48.
172. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):34.
173. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I)77.
174. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):81.
175. See al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(I):82.
176. See, e.g., al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 514.
177. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 486.
178. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 11:134.
179. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 13:12.
180. See Heemskerk, Suffering 155.
181. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 13:472.
182. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 13:472-73.
183. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}., 489.
184. Al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 312-13.
185. Jones, IGWR 58.
186. IGWR, 106, 177-78, 187, 190.
187. IGWR, xxviii, 52, 213.
188. IGWR, 186.
189. IGWR, xxi.
190. On this point, see S. K. Pinnock, Beyond Theodicy, 98-99.
191. IGWR, 77.
192. IGWR, 178.
193. IGWR, 178.
194. See also IGWR, 194-95, for more direct statements on the relationship between omnipotence and divine racism.
195. IGWR, 187.
196. IGWR, 184.
197. IGWR, 132.
198. IGWR, 189.
199. IGWR, 193.
200. See al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd al-Jabbār, Sharh{dot below}, 464.
201. See also al-Qād{dot below}ī 'Abd Al-Jabbār, al-Mughnī, 6(B):51, 6(B):56.
202. See, e.g., IGWR, 195.
203. IGWR, 6-15, 22, 33.
204. IGWR, 186.
205. IGWR, 196.
206. IGWR, 195.
207. IGWR, 197.
208. Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Black Intellectual (New York: Quill, 1984), 452.
209. IGWR, 191-92.
210. IGWR, 48-53.
211. R. Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York: Scribner's, 1960), xv.
212. Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983), 111.
213. Nandy, Intimate Enemy, 113. Emphasis mine.
214. IGWR, 172.
215. See A. Watts, The Way of Zen (New York: Vintage Books, 1957), 8.
216. Watts, Zen, 9-10.
217. Muslim b. al-H{dot below}ajjāj, S{dot below}ah{dot below}īh{dot below} Muslim, 4 vols. (Beirut: Dār Ibn H{dot below}azm, 1416/1995), 1:139-40.
218. Al-Shāt{dot below}ibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, 2:87.
219. Al-Shāt{dot below}ibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, 2:84-85.
220. Al-Shāt{dot below}ibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, 2:87.
221. Al-Shāt{dot below}ibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, 2:89.
222. Al-Shāt{dot below}ibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, 2:89.
223. See my Boundaries, 15-16.
224. Al-Shāfi'ī, al-Risālah, 46.
225. Al-Shāfi'ī, al-Risālah, 52.
226. See Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Manāqib al-imām al-shāfi'ī, ed. A. H. al-Saqā (Cairo:Maktabat al-Kullīyāt al-Azharīyah, 1406/1986), 23-29.
227. Ibn Khaldūn, al-Muqaddimah (Beirut: Dār wa Maktabat al-Hilāl, 1987), 338.
228. Kwame Gyekye, Tradition and Modernity: Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
229. Gyekye, Tradition, 219.
230. Gyekye, Tradition, 219.
231. Gyekye, Tradition, 221.
232. Gyekye, Tradition, 221.
233. B. Abrahamov, Islamic Theology: Traditionalism and Rationalism (Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1998), x.
234. Khaled Abou El-Fadl, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (San Francisco: Harper, 2005), 89.
235. Laoust, "Ah{dot below}mad B. H{dot below}anbal," 1:274.
236. Laoust, "Ah{dot below}mad B. H{dot below}anbal," 1:277.
237. H. Laoust, "Ibn Taymiyya," in EI, 3:951-55.
238. See Ibn Taymīya, "al-H{dot below}amawīyah," 1:462-63.
239. W. C. Chittick, The Sufi Path of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 53.
240. See Ibn Taymīya, Majmū'al-fatāwā, 8:374.
241. See, e.g., Ibn Taymīya, Majmū'al-fatāwā, 8:394-95;
242. Taymīya, Minhāj, 1:271;
243. Ibn Taymīya, "al-Irādah," 1:368.
244. See, e.g., Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 80, 93.
245. See, e.g., Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 40, 41; 97-98.
246. Cited at Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 58, 53.
247. See, e.g., Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 96.
248. Ibn Taymīya, Minhāj, 1:272.
249. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 78.
250. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 93.
251. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 99-100.
252. See Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 49, 44.
253. See, e.g., Ibn Taymīya, Majmu'at al-tafāsīr, 52; see also 50, 287;
254. "Irādah," Majmū'at al-rasā'il, 1:332.
255. See Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 67-68, 79-81, 83.
256. See Ibn Taymīya, Minhāj, 1:272.
257. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 67-68.
258. Ibn Taymīya, "Marātib," 2:78. Emphasis mine.
259. See Ibn Taymīya, Majmū' al-fatāwā, 28:63.
260. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 86-87.
261. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 86.
262. Ibn Taymīya, al-H{dot below}asanah, 86.
263. Jones, IGWR, 43, 58, 74.
264. IGWR, 108-9.