Oxygen Transport in the Microcirculation and Its Regulation

Microcirculation

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 117-137

  Pittman, Roland N ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arteriole; Capillary; Hemoglobin; Intravital video microscopy; Microspectrophotometry; Oxygen consumption; Oxygen saturation; Oxygen tension; Oxygen transport; Phosphorescence quenching; Red blood cell

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN; MYOGLOBIN;

ARTERIOLE; BLOOD; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD OXYGENATION; CAPILLARY; CELL METABOLISM; CELLS; HEMATOCRIT; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL FLUID; INTERSTITIUM; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; OXIMETRY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN SATURATION; OXYGEN SUPPLY; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; TISSUE OXYGENATION; VASODILATATION; VENULE;

ANIMALS; ERYTHROCYTES; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; HUMANS; MICROCIRCULATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OXIMETRY; OXYGEN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION;

EID: 84873937418     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: 15498719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/micc.12017     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. 2 delivery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287: H1353-H1361, 2004.
2. Al-Khazraji BK, Novielli NM, Goldman D, Medeiros PJ, Jackson DN. A simple "streak length method" for quantifying and characterizing red blood cell velocity profiles and blood flow in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Microcirculation 19: 327-335, 2012.
3. Baker M, Wayland H. On-line volume flow rate and velocity profile measurement for blood in microvessels. Microvasc Res 7: 131-143, 1974.
4. 2: an isovolemic hemodilution study in the rat spinotrapezius muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H2540-H2549, 2007.
5. Behnke BJ, Barstow TJ, Kindig CA, McDonough P, Musch TI, Poole DC. Dynamics of oxygen uptake following exercise onset in rat skeletal muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 133: 229-239, 2002.
6. Behnke BJ, Delp MD, McDonough P, Spier SA, Poole DC, Musch TI. Effects of chronic heart failure on microvascular oxygen exchange dynamics in muscles of contrasting fiber type. Cardiovasc Res 61: 325-332, 2004.
7. Behnke BJ, Kindig CA, Musch TI, Koga S, Poole DC. Dynamics of microvascular oxygen pressure across the rest-exercise transition in rat skeletal muscle. Respir Physiol 126: 53-63, 2001.
8. Bennett RAO, Pittman RN, Sullivan SM. Capillary spatial pattern and muscle fiber geometry in three hamster striated muscles. Amer J Physiol 260: H579-H585, 1991.
9. Bentley TB, Meng H, Pittman RN. Temperature dependence of oxygen diffusion and consumption in mammalian striated muscle. Am J Physiol 264: H1825-H1830, 1993.
10. Bentley TB, Pittman RN. Influence of temperature on oxygen diffusion in hamster retractor muscle. Am J Physiol 272: H1106-H1112, 1997.
11. Bloch EH. A quantitative study of the hemodynamics in the living microvascular system. Am J Anat 110: 125-153, 1962.
12. Bohlen HG. Mechanism of increased vessel wall nitric oxide concentrations during intestinal absorption. Am J Physiol 275: H542-H550, 1998.
13. Borders JL, Granger HJ. An optical Doppler intravital velocimeter. Microvasc Res 27: 117-127, 1984.
14. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.
15. Brown GC. Nitric oxide and mitochondrial respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1411: 351-369, 1999.
16. 2 with microelectrodes. Methods Enzymol 381: 665-690, 2004.
17. Buerk DG. Mathematical modeling of the interaction between oxygen, nitric oxide and superoxide. Adv Exp Med Biol 645: 7-12, 2009.
18. 2 in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Microcirculation 15: 215-224, 2008.
19. Chapler CK, Cain SM. The physiologic reserve in oxygen carrying capacity: studies in experimental hemodilution. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 64: 7-12, 1986.
20. Chen K, Piknova B, Pittman RN, Schechter AN, Popel AS. Nitric oxide from nitrite reduction by hemoglobin in the plasma and erythrocytes. Nitric Oxide 18: 47-60, 2008.
21. Chen K, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Vascular smooth muscle NO exposure from intraerythrocytic SNOHb: a mathematical model. Antioxid Redox Signaling 9: 1097-1110, 2007.
22. Chen K, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Nitric oxide in the vasculature: where does it come from, and where does it go? A quantitative perspective. Antioxid Redox Signaling 10: 1185-1198, 2008.
23. Crawford JH, Isbell TS, Huang Z, Shiva S, Chacko BK, Schechter AN, Darley-Usmar VM, Kerby JD, Lang JD Jr, Kraus D, Ho C, Gladwin MT, Patel RP. Hypoxia, red blood cells, and nitrite regulate NO-dependent hypoxic vasodilation. Blood 107: 566-574, 2006.
24. Davis MJ, Hill MA, Kuo L. Local regulation of microvascular perfusion. In: Handbook of Physiology: Microcirculation, 2nd edn, edited by Tuma RF, Duran WN, Ley K. San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2008, p. 161-284.
25. Detar R, Bohr DF. Oxygen and vascular smooth muscle contraction. Am J Physiol 214: 241-244, 1968.
26. Duling BR. Microvascular responses to alterations in oxygen tension. Circ Res 31: 481-489, 1972.
27. Duling BR. Changes in microvascular diameter and oxygen tension induced by carbon dioxide. Circ Res 32: 370-376, 1973.
28. Duling BR. Oxygen sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle. II. In vivo studies. Am J Physiol 227: 42-49, 1974.
29. Duling BR. Oxygen, metabolism and microcirculatory control. In: Microcirculation, Vol. II, edited by Kaley G, Altura BM. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, 1978, p. 401-429.
30. Duling BR, Berne RM. Longitudinal gradients in periarteriolar oxygen tension. A possible mechanism for the participation of oxygen in local regulation of blood flow. Circ Res 27: 669-678, 1970.
31. Duling BR, Damon DN, Donaldson SR, Pittman RN. A computerized system for densitometric analysis of the microcirculation. J Appl Physiol 55: 642-651, 1983.
32. 2 in the vicinity of the pial vessels of the cat. Pflugers Arch 383: 29-34, 1979.
33. Duling BR, Pittman RN. Oxygen tension: dependent or independent variable in local control of blood flow? Fed Proc 34: 2012-2019, 1975.
34. Dutta A, Wang L, Meng H, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Oxygen tension profiles in isolated hamster retractor muscle at different temperatures. Microvasc Res 51: 288-302, 1996.
35. Eggleton CD, Roy TK, Popel AS. Predictions of capillary oxygen transport in the presence of fluorocarbon additives. Am J Physiol 275: H2250-H2257, 1998.
36. Ellis CG, Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN. Determination of red blood cell oxygenation in vivo by dual video densitometric image analysis. Am J Physiol 258: H1216-H1223, 1990.
37. Ellis CG, Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN. Application of image analysis for evaluation of red blood cell dynamics in capillaries. Microvasc Res 44: 214-225, 1992.
38. Ellis CG, Fraser S, Hamilton G, Groom AC. Measurement of the lineal density of red blood cells in capillaries in vivo, using a computerized frame-by-frame analysis of video images. Microvasc Res 27: 1-13, 1984.
39. Ellsworth ML, Ellis CG, Goldman D, Stephenson AH, Dietrich HH, Sprague RS. Erythrocytes: oxygen sensors and modulators of vascular tone. Physiology (Bethesda) 24: 107-116, 2009.
40. Ellsworth ML, Ellis CG, Popel AS, Pittman RN. Role of microvessels in oxygen supply to tissue. Physiology 9: 119-123, 1994.
41. Ellsworth ML, Forrester T, Ellis CG, Dietrich HH. The erythrocyte as a regulator of vascular tone. Am J Physiol 269: H2155-H2161, 1995.
42. Ellsworth ML, Liu A, Dawant B, Popel AS, Pittman RN. Analysis of vascular pattern and dimensions in arteriolar networks of the retractor muscle in young hamsters. Microvasc Res 34: 168-183, 1987.
43. Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN. Heterogeneity of oxygen diffusion through hamster striated muscles. Am J Physiol 246: H161-H167, 1984.
44. Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN. Evaluation of photometric methods for quantifying convective mass transport in microvessels. Am J Physiol 251: H869-H879, 1986.
45. Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN. Arterioles supply oxygen to capillaries by diffusion as well as by convection. Am J Physiol 258: H1240-H1243, 1990.
46. Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN, Ellis CG. Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries. Am J Physiol 252: H1031-H1040, 1987.
47. Ellsworth ML, Popel AS, Pittman RN. Assessment and impact of heterogeneities of convective oxygen transport parameters in capillaries of striated muscle: experimental and theoretical. Microvasc Res 35: 341-362, 1988.
48. Falcone JC, Bohlen HG. EDRF from rat intestine and skeletal muscle venules causes dilation of arterioles. Am J Physiol 258: H1515-H1523, 1990.
49. Federspiel WJ, Popel AS. A theoretical analysis of the effect of the particulate nature of blood on oxygen release in capillaries. Microvasc Res 32: 164-189, 1986.
50. Federspiel WJ, Sarelius IH. An examination of the contribution of red cell spacing to the uniformity of oxygen flux at the capillary wall. Microvasc Res 27: 273-285, 1984.
51. Fraser GM, Goldman D, Ellis CG. Microvascular flow modeling using in vivo hemodynamic measurements in reconstructed 3D capillary networks. Microcirculation 19: 510-520, 2012.
52. Fraser GM, Milkovich S, Goldman D, Ellis CG. Mapping 3-D functional capillary geometry in rat skeletal muscle in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302: H654-H664, 2012.
53. Frisbee JC, Roman RJ, Krishna UM, Falck JR, Lombard JH. Relative contributions of cyclooxygenase- and cytochrome P450 omega-hydroxylase-dependent pathways to hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries. J Vasc Res 38: 305-314, 2001.
54. Goldman D, Popel AS. A computational study of the effect of vasomotion on oxygen transport from capillary networks. J Theor Biol 209: 189-199, 2001.
55. 2 profiles near arterioles and tissue oxygen consumption in the rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H1097-H1106, 2007.
56. Golub AS, Barker MC, Pittman RN. Microvascular oxygen tension in the rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H21-H28, 2008.
57. 2 profiles from phosphorescence quenching measurements in microvessels. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 132: 169-176, 2002.
58. 2 revealed in capillaries of rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H2735-H2743, 2005.
59. 2 measurements in the microcirculation using phosphorescence quenching microscopy at high magnification. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H2905-H2916, 2008.
60. Golub AS, Pittman RN. Oxygen dependence of respiration in rat spinotrapezius muscle in situ. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 303: H47-H56, 2012.
61. Golub AS, Popel AS, Zheng L, Pittman RN. Analysis of phosphorescence in heterogeneous systems using distributions of quencher concentration. Biophys J 73: 452-465, 1997.
62. Golub AS, Popel AS, Zheng L, Pittman RN. Analysis of phosphorescence decay in heterogeneous systems: consequences of finite excitation flash duration. Photochem Photobiol 69: 624-632, 1999.
63. Golub AS, Song BK, Pittman RN. The rate of oxygen loss from mesenteric arterioles is not unusually high. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301: H737-H745, 2011.
64. Golub AS, Tevald MA, Pittman RN. Phosphorescence quenching micro-respirometry of skeletal muscle in situ. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300: H135-H143, 2011.
65. 2 tension: a mathematical analysis. Respir Physiol 63: 79-96, 1986.
66. Hall CN, Garthwaite J. What is the real physiological NO concentration in vivo? Nitric Oxide 21: 92-103, 2009.
67. Hellums JD. The resistance to oxygen transport in the capillaries relative to that in the surrounding tissue. Microvasc Res 13: 131-136, 1977.
68. Hellums JD, Nair PK, Huang NS, Ohshima N. Simulation of intraluminal gas transport processes in the microcirculation. Ann Biomed Eng 24: 1-24, 1996.
69. Hester RL. Uptake of metabolites by postcapillary venules: mechanism for the control of arteriolar diameter. Microvasc Res 46: 254-261, 1993.
70. 2 uptake in canine gastrocnemius muscle in situ. J Appl Physiol 70: 1105-1112, 1991.
71. 2 uptake of in situ dog muscle working maximally. J Appl Physiol 73: 2470-2475, 1992.
72. Homer LD, Weathersby PK, Kiesow LA. Oxygen gradients between red blood cells in the microcirculation. Microvasc Res 22: 308-323, 1981.
73. 2 transport in heart and working red skeletal muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol 215: 309-321, 1987.
74. Intaglietta M, Tompkins WR, Richardson DR. Velocity measurements in the microvasculature of the cat omentum by on-line method. Microvasc Res 2: 462-473, 1970.
75. Ivanov KP, Derry AN, Vovenko EP, Samoilov MO, Semionov DG. Direct measurements of oxygen tension at the surface of arterioles, capillaries and venules of the cerebral cortex. Pflugers Arch 393: 118-120, 1982.
76. Jackson WF. Arteriolar oxygen reactivity: where is the sensor? Am J Physiol 253: H1120-H1126, 1987.
77. Jackson WF, Duling BR. The oxygen sensitivity of hamster cheek pouch arterioles. In vitro and in situ studies. Circ Res 53: 515-525, 1983.
78. Japee SA, Ellis CG, Pittman RN. Flow visualization tools for image analysis of capillary networks. Microcirculation 11: 39-54, 2004.
79. Japee SA, Pittman RN, Ellis CG. A new video image analysis system to study red blood cell dynamics and oxygenation in capillary networks. Microcirculation 12: 489-506, 2005.
80. Japee SA, Pittman RN, Ellis CG. Automated method for tracking individual red blood cells within capillaries to compute velocity and oxygen saturation. Microcirculation 12: 507-515, 2005.
81. Jobsis FF. Basic processes in cellular respiration. In: Handbook of Physiology, sec 3, Respiration Vol. I, edited by Fenn WO, Rahn H. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1964, p. 63-124.
82. Johnson PC. Renaissance in the microcirculation. Circ Res 31: 817-823, 1972.
83. Johnson PC. The myogenic response. In: Handbook of Physiology; The Cardiovascular System; Vascular Smooth Muscle, edited by Bohr DF, Somlyo AP, Sparks HV Jr. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1980, p. 409-442.
84. Joyner MJ, Wilkins BW. Exercise hyperaemia: is anything obligatory but the hyperaemia? J Physiol 583: 855-860, 2007.
85. Kashiwagi S, Kajimura M, Yoshimura Y, Suematsu M. Nonendothelial source of nitric oxide in arterioles but not in venules: alternative source revealed in vivo by diaminofluorescein microfluorography. Circ Res 91: e55-e64, 2002.
86. Kavdia M, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Theoretical analysis of blood substitute affinity and cooperativity effects on organ oxygen transport. J Appl Physiol 93: 2122-2128, 2002.
87. Kerger H, Torres Filho IP, Rivas M, Winslow RM, Intaglietta M. Systemic and subcutaneous microvascular oxygen tension in conscious Syrian golden hamsters. Am J Physiol 268: H802-H810, 1995.
88. Kim S, Kong RL, Popel AS, Intaglietta M, Johnson PC. Temporal and spatial variations of cell-free layer width in arterioles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H1526-H1535, 2007.
89. Kim S, Ong PK, Yalcin O, Intaglietta M, Johnson PC. The cell-free layer in microvascular blood flow. Biorheology 46: 181-189, 2009.
90. Kobayashi H, Takizawa N. Oxygen saturation and pH changes in cremaster microvessels of the rat. Am J Physiol 270: H1453-H1461, 1996.
91. Kobayashi H, Takizawa N. Imaging of oxygen transfer among microvessels of rat cremaster muscle. Circulation 105: 1713-1719, 2002.
92. Koller A, Dornyei G, Kaley G. Flow-induced responses in skeletal muscle venules: modulation by nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Am J Physiol 275: H831-H836, 1998.
93. Krogh A. The rate of diffusion of gases through animal tissues with some remarks on the coefficient of invasion. J Physiol 52: 391-408, 1919.
94. Krogh A. The number and distribution of capillaries in muscles with calculations of the oxygen pressure head necessary for supplying the tissue. J Physiol 52: 409-415, 1919.
95. Krogh A. The Anatomy and Physiology of Capillaries. New York: Hafner Publishing, 1959.
96. Kuo L, Pittman RN. Effect of hemodilution on oxygen transport in arteriolar networks of hamster striated muscle. Am J Physiol 254: H331-H339, 1988.
97. Kuo L, Pittman RN. Influence of hemoconcentration on arteriolar oxygen transport in hamster striated muscle. Am J Physiol 259: H1694-H1702, 1990.
98. 2 in contracting rat spinotrapezius muscle. Am J Physiol 252: H1192-H1202, 1987.
99. Lash JM, Bohlen HG. Excess oxygen delivery during muscle contractions in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Appl Physiol 78: 101-111, 1995.
100. Lecoq J, Parpaleix A, Roussakis E, Ducros M, Houssen YG, Vinogradov SA, Charpak S. Simultaneous two-photon imaging of oxygen and blood flow in deep cerebral vessels. Nat Med 17: 893-898, 2011.
101. Lipowsky HH, Usami S, Chien S, Pittman RN. Hematocrit determination in small bore tubes by differential spectrophotometry. Microvasc Res 24: 42-55, 1982.
102. Lipowsky HH, Zweifach BW. Application of the "two-slit" photometric technique to the measurement of microvascular volumetric flow rates. Microvasc Res 15: 93-101, 1978.
103. 2 and prostacyclin. Am J Physiol 276: H509-H516, 1999.
104. Mathieu-Costello O, Ellis CG, Potter RF, MacDonald IC, Groom AC. Muscle capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio: morphometry. Am J Physiol 261: H1617-H1625, 1991.
105. Meng H, Bentley TB, Pittman RN. Oxygen diffusion in hamster striated muscle: comparison of in vitro and near in vivo conditions. Am J Physiol 263: H35-H39, 1992.
106. Meng H, Bentley TB, Pittman RN. Myoglobin content of hamster skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol 74: 2194-2197, 1993.
107. Mik EG, Johannes T, Zuurbier CJ, Heinen A, Houben-Weerts JH, Balestra GM, Stap J, Beek JF, Ince C. In vivo mitochondrial oxygen tension measured by a delayed fluorescence lifetime technique. Biophys J 95: 3977-3990, 2008.
108. 2 measured by delayed fluorescence of endogenous protoporphyrin IX. Nat Methods 3: 939-945, 2006.
109. Millikan GA. The kinetics of blood pigments: haemocyanin and haemoglobin. J Physiol 79: 158-179, 1933.
110. 2 increases nitric oxide release from endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H507-H515, 2003.
111. Nilsson NJ. Oximetry. Physiol Rev 40: 1-26, 1960.
112. Olson JS, Foley EW, Rogge C, Tsai AL, Doyle MP, Lemon DD. NO scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Free Radic Biol Med 36: 685-697, 2004.
113. Page TC, Light WR, Hellums JD. Prediction of microcirculatory oxygen transport by erythrocyte/hemoglobin solution mixtures. Microvasc Res 56: 113-126, 1998.
114. Page TC, Light WR, McKay CB, Hellums JD. Oxygen transport by erythrocyte/hemoglobin solution mixtures in an in vitro capillary as a model of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier performance. Microvasc Res 55: 54-64, 1998.
115. Parthasarathi AA, Japee SA, Pittman RN. Determination of red blood cell velocity by video shuttering and image analysis. Ann Biomed Eng 27: 313-325, 1999.
116. Patel S, Pittman RN. Mathematical analysis of hemoglobin spectrophotometry in microvessels. Microvasc Res 62: 63-73, 2001.
117. Patel S, Pittman RN. Impact of microscope numerical aperture on microspectrophotometric measurements of hemoglobin in microvessels. Microvasc Res 64: 198-206, 2002.
118. Pittman RN. Influence of oxygen lack on vascular smooth muscle contraction. In: Vasodilatation, edited by Vanhoutte PM, Leusen I. New York: Raven Press, 1981, p. 183-193.
119. Pittman RN. In vivo photometric analysis of hemoglobin. Ann Biomed Eng 14: 119-137, 1986.
120. Pittman RN. Microvessel blood oxygen measurement techniques. In: Microvascular Technology, edited by Baker CH, Nastuk WL. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986, p. 367-389.
121. Pittman RN. Interaction between oxygen and the blood vessel wall. Can J Cardiol 2: 124-131, 1986.
122. Pittman RN. Influence of microvascular architecture on oxygen exchange in skeletal muscle. Microcirculation 2: 1-18, 1995.
123. Pittman RN. Oxygen supply to contracting skeletal muscle at the microcirculatory level: diffusion vs. convection. Acta Physiol Scand 168: 593-602, 2000.
124. Pittman RN. Oxygen transport and exchange in the microcirculation. Microcirculation 12: 59-70, 2005.
125. Pittman RN. Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation. Acta Physiol 202: 311-322, 2011.
126. Pittman RN. Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, 2011.
127. Pittman RN, Duling BR. Oxygen sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle. I. In vitro studies. Microvasc Res 6: 202-211, 1973.
128. Pittman RN, Duling BR. A new method for the measurement of percent oxyhemoglobin. J Appl Physiol 38: 315-320, 1975.
129. Pittman RN, Duling BR. Measurement of percent oxyhemoglobin in the microvasculature. J Appl Physiol 38: 321-327, 1975.
130. Pittman RN, Duling BR. Effects of altered carbon dioxide tension on hemoglobin oxygenation in hamster cheek pouch microvessels. Microvasc Res 13: 211-224, 1977.
131. Pittman RN, Ellsworth ML. Estimation of red cell flow in microvessels: consequences of the Baker-Wayland spatial averaging model. Microvasc Res 32: 371-388, 1986.
132. Pittman RN, Golub AS, Popel AS, Zheng L. Interpretation of phosphorescence quenching measurements made in the presence of oxygen gradients. Adv Exp Med Biol 454: 375-383, 1998.
133. 2 from an arteriole with arrested flow. Adv Exp Med Biol 566: 257-262, 2005.
134. 2 flux during contractions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 202: 293-310, 2011.
135. Poole DC, Kindig CA, Behnke BJ. Effects of emphysema on diaphragm microvascular oxygen pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 1081-1086, 2001.
136. Popel AS. Theory of oxygen transport to tissue. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 17: 257-321, 1989.
137. Popel AS, Goldman D, Vadapalli A. Modeling of oxygen diffusion from the blood vessels to intracellular organelles. Adv Exp Med Biol 530: 485-495, 2003.
138. Popel AS, Gross JF. Analysis of oxygen diffusion from arteriolar networks. Am J Physiol 237: H681-H689, 1979.
139. Popel AS, Pittman RN, Ellsworth ML. Rate of oxygen loss from arterioles is an order of magnitude higher than expected. Am J Physiol 256: H921-H924, 1989.
140. Popel AS, Pries AR, Slaaf DW. Microcirculation physiome project. J Vasc Res 36: 253-255, 1999.
141. Pries AR, Secomb TW. Microcirculatory network structures and models. Ann Biomed Eng 28: 916-921, 2000.
142. Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P. Structure and hemodynamics of microvascular networks: heterogeneity and correlations. Am J Physiol 269: H1713-H1722, 1995.
143. Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P. The endothelial surface layer. Pflugers Arch 440: 653-666, 2000.
144. Roy TK, Pries AR, Secomb TW. Theoretical comparison of wall-derived and erythrocyte-derived mechanisms for metabolic flow regulation in heterogeneous microvascular networks. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302: H1945-H1952, 2012.
145. Russell JA, Kindig CA, Behnke BJ, Poole DC, Musch TI. Effects of aging on capillary geometry and hemodynamics in rat spinotrapezius muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H251-H258, 2003.
146. Sarelius IH, Duling BR. Direct measurement of microvessel hematocrit, red cell flux, velocity, and transit time. Am J Physiol 243: H1018-H1026, 1982.
147. Schneiderman G, Goldstick TK. Oxygen electrode design criteria and performance characteristics: recessed cathode. J Appl Physiol 45: 145-154, 1978.
148. Secomb TW, Beard DA, Frisbee JC, Smith NP, Pries AR. The role of theoretical modeling in microcirculation research. Microcirculation 15: 693-698, 2008.
149. 2 transport in skeletal muscle: diffusive exchange between arterioles and capillaries. Am J Physiol 267: H1214-H1221, 1994.
150. Secomb TW, Hsu R, Dewhirst MW. Synergistic effects of hyperoxic gas breathing and reduced oxygen consumption on tumor oxygenation: a theoretical model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59: 572-578, 2004.
151. Segal SS. Regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation. Microcirculation 12: 33-45, 2005.
152. 2 release from single hepatic sinusoids of rats. Am J Physiol 267: H944-H951, 1994.
153. 2 transfer from exocrine pancreatic microvessels of rats. Am J Physiol 271: H1-H7, 1996.
154. Sharan M, Vovenko EP, Vadapalli A, Popel AS, Pittman RN. Experimental and theoretical studies of oxygen gradients in rat pial microvessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28: 1597-1604, 2008.
155. 2 measurements in rat skeletal muscle by phosphorescence quenching. J Appl Physiol 91: 321-327, 2001.
156. Sinaasappel M, Ince C. Calibration of Pd-porphyrin phosphorescence for oxygen concentration measurements in vivo. J Appl Physiol 81: 2297-2303, 1996.
157. Slaaf DW, Jeurens TJ, Tangelder GJ, Reneman RS, Arts T. Methods to measure blood flow velocity of red blood cells in vivo at the microscopic level. Ann Biomed Eng 14: 175-186, 1986.
158. 2 in the spinotrapezius muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats following contraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287: H401-H407, 2004.
159. Stainsby WN, Otis AB. Blood flow, blood oxygen tension, oxygen uptake, and oxygen transport in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 206: 858-866, 1964.
160. Stamler JS, Jia L, Eu JP, McMahon TJ, Demchenko IT, Bonaventura J, Gernert K, Piantadosi CA. Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient. Science 276: 2034-2037, 1997.
161. Styp-Rekowska B, Disassa NM, Reglin B, Ulm L, Kuppe H, Secomb TW, Pries AR. An imaging spectroscopy approach for measurement of oxygen saturation and hematocrit during intravital microscopy. Microcirculation 14: 207-221, 2007.
162. Sullivan SM, Pittman RN. Hamster retractor muscle: a new preparation for intravital microscopy. Microvasc Res 23: 329-335, 1982.
163. 2 uptake and histochemical fiber type of resting hamster muscles. J Appl Physiol 57: 246-253, 1984.
164. Sullivan SM, Pittman RN. Relationship between mitochondrial volume density and capillarity in hamster muscles. Am J Physiol 252: H149-H155, 1987.
165. Swain DP, Pittman RN. Oxygen exchange in the microcirculation of hamster retractor muscle. Am J Physiol 256: H247-H255, 1989.
166. Tateishi N, Suzuki Y, Tanaka J, Maeda N. Imaging of oxygen saturation and distribution of erythrocytes in microvessels. Microcirculation 4: 403-412, 1997.
167. Torres Filho IP, Cyrino FZ, Popel AS, Bouskela E, Johnson PC. Morphometric analysis of the anastomosing arteriolar network in cat sartorius muscle. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 14: 3-13, 1994.
168. 2 measurements by phosphorescence decay method. Am J Physiol 265: H1434-H1438, 1993.
169. 2 measurements in arteriolar networks. Microvasc Res 51: 202-212, 1996.
170. Torres Filho IP, Leunig M, Yuan F, Intaglietta M, Jain RK. Noninvasive measurement of microvascular and interstitial oxygen profiles in a human tumor in SCID mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 2081-2085, 1994.
171. Torres Filho IP, Spiess BD, Pittman RN, Barbee RW, Ward KR. Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H1071-H1079, 2005.
172. Torres Filho IP, Terner J, Pittman RN, Proffitt E, Ward KR. Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation using Raman microspectroscopy and 532 nm excitation. J Appl Physiol 104: 1809-1817, 2008.
173. Torres Filho IP, Terner J, Pittman RN, Somera LG III, Ward KR. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation measurements using resonance Raman intravital microscopy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H488-H495, 2005.
174. 2 transients associated with the passage of erythrocytes in capillaries of rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H1777-H1779, 2005.
175. Tsai AG, Friesenecker B, Mazzoni MC, Kerger H, Buerk DG, Johnson PC, Intaglietta M. Microvascular and tissue oxygen gradients in the rat mesentery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 6590-6595, 1998.
176. Tsai AG, Johnson PC, Intaglietta M. Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation. Physiol Rev 83: 933-963, 2003.
177. Tsoukias NM, Goldman D, Vadapalli A, Pittman RN, Popel AS. A computational model of oxygen delivery by hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers in three-dimensional microvascular networks. J Theor Biol 248: 657-674, 2007.
178. Twersky V. Absorption and multiple scattering by biological suspensions. J Opt Soc Am 60: 1084-1093, 1970.
179. Tyml K, Sherebrin MH. A method for on-line measurements of red cell velocity in microvessels using computerized frame-by-frame analysis of television images. Microvasc Res 20: 1-8, 1980.
180. Vadapalli A, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Estimating oxygen transport resistance of the microvascular wall. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H657-H671, 2000.
181. Vanderkooi JM, Erecińska M, Silver IA. Oxygen in mammalian tissue: methods of measurement and affinities of various reactions. Am J Physiol 260: C1131-C1150, 1991.
182. Vanderkooi JM, Maniara G, Green TJ, Wilson DF. An optical method for measurement of dioxygen concentration based upon quenching of phosphorescence. J Biol Chem 262: 5476-5482, 1987.
183. Vinogradov SA, Fernandez-Seara MA, Dupan BW, Wilson DF. A method for measuring oxygen distributions in tissue using frequency domain phosphorometry. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 132: 147-152, 2002.
184. Voter WA, Gayeski TE. Determination of myoglobin saturation of frozen specimens using a reflecting cryospectrophotometer. Am J Physiol 269: H1328-H1341, 1995.
185. 2 dependent control of metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27: 47-53, 1995.
186. Walley KR. Heterogeneity of oxygen delivery impairs oxygen extraction by peripheral tissues: theory. J Appl Physiol 81: 885-894, 1996.
187. Ward KR, Torres Filho IP, Barbee RW, Torres L, Tiba MH, Reynolds PS, Pittman RN, Ivatury RR, Terner J. Resonance Raman spectroscopy: a new technology for tissue oxygenation monitoring. Crit Care Med 34: 792-799, 2006.
188. Wayland H, Johnson PC. Erythrocyte velocity measurement in microvessels by a two-slit photometric method. J Appl Physiol 22: 333-337, 1967.
189. Weerappuli DPV, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Effect of convection in capillaries on oxygen removal from arterioles in striated muscle. J Theor Biol 147: 275-288, 1990.
190. Weibel ER. The Pathway for Oxygen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
191. 2. J Appl Physiol 23: 798-801, 1967.
192. Wiederhielm CA. Continuous recording of arteriolar dimensions with a television microscope. J Appl Physiol 18: 1041-1042, 1963.
193. Wilson DF. Quantifying the role of oxygen pressure in tissue function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H11-H13, 2008.
194. Wilson DF, Erecińska M, Drown C, Silver IA. The oxygen dependence of cellular energy metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 195: 485-493, 1979.
195. Wittenberg JB. Myoglobin-facilitated oxygen diffusion: role of myoglobin in oxygen entry into muscle. Physiol Rev 50: 559-636, 1970.
196. Wittenberg BA, Wittenberg JB. Transport of oxygen in muscle. Annu Rev Physiol 51: 857-878, 1989.
197. Wittenberg JB, Wittenberg BA. Myoglobin function reassessed. J Exp Biol 206: 2011-2020, 2003.
198. Xiang L, Naik JS, Hester RL. Functional vasodilation in the rat spinotrapezius muscle: role of nitric oxide, prostanoids and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 35: 617-624, 2008.
199. 2 and its heterogeneity in single capillaries. Am J Physiol 271: H365-H372, 1996.