Dietary adjustability of grizzly bears and American black bears in Yellowstone National Park

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 77, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 270-281

  Fortin, Jennifer K ^a   Schwartz, Charles C ^b   Gunther, Kerry A ^c   Teisberg, Justin E ^a   Haroldson, Mark A ^b   Evans, Marc A ^a   Robbins, Charles T ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c YELLOWSTONE CENTER FOR RESOURCES   (United States)

Author keywords

American black bear; diet; grizzly bear; niche; stable isotopes; Ursus americanus; Ursus arctos; Yellowstone National Park

Indexed keywords

BEAR; CONIFEROUS TREE; DEER; DIET; GIS; GPS; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; HERBIVORE; NICHE; NUT; SALMONID; STABLE ISOTOPE;

UNITED STATES; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK;

ANIMALIA; CERVUS ELAPHUS; ONCORHYNCHUS; ONCORHYNCHUS CLARKII; PINUS ALBICAULIS; RHIZOPOGON; SALMONIDAE; TUBER (TRUFFLE); UNGULATA; URSUS AMERICANUS; URSUS ARCTOS;

EID: 84873879037     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: 19372817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.483     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ballard, W. B., L. N. Carbyn, and, D. W. Smith,. 2003. Wolf interactions with non-prey. Pages 259-271 in, L. D. Mech, and, L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: ecology, behavior, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
2. Barber-Meyer, S. M., L. D. Mech, and, P. J. White,. 2008. Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Monographs 169: 1-30.
3. Benson, N. G., 1961. Limnology of Yellowstone Lake in relation to the cutthroat trout. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Research Report 56, Washington, D.C., USA.
4. Blanchard, B. M., 1990. Relationship between whitebark pine cone production and fall grizzly bear movements. Pages 362-363 in W. C. Schmidt and K. J. McDonald, compilers. Proceedings of symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-270. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, USA.
5. Claridge, A. W., and, S. J. Cork,. 1994. Nutritional value of hypogeal fungal sporocarps for the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus), a forest-dwelling mycophageous marsupial. Australian Journal of Zoology 42: 701-710.
6. Claridge, A. W., J. M. Trappe, S. J. Cork, and, D. L. Claridge,. 1999. Mycophagy by small mammals in the coniferous forests of North America: nutritional value of sporocarps of Rhizopogon vinicolori, a common hypogeous fungus. Journal of Comparative Physiology Part B 169: 172-178.
7. Cochran, W. G., 1977. Sampling techniques. Third edition. Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
8. Cook, E. R., C. Woodhouse, C. M. Eakin, D. M. Meko, and, D. W. Stahle,. 2004. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306: 1015-1018.
9. Cork, S. J., and, G. J. Kenagy,. 1989. Nutritional value of hypogeous fungi for a forest-dwelling ground squirrel. Ecology 70: 577-586.
10. Cross, P. C., E. K. Cole, A. P. Dobson, W. H. Edwards, K. L. Hamlin, G. Luikart, A. D. Middleton, B. M. Scurlock, and, P. J. White,. 2010a. Probable causes of increasing brucellosis in free-ranging elk of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ecological Applications 20: 278-288.
11. Cross, P. C., M. R. Ebinger, V. Patrek, and, R. Wallen,. 2010b. Brucellosis in cattle, bison, and elk: management conflicts in a society with diverse values. Pages 80-93 in, J. Johnson, editor. Knowing Yellowstone. Taylor Trade Publishing, Lanham, Maryland, USA.
12. Despain, D. G., 1990. Yellowstone vegetation: consequences of environment and history in a natural setting. Roberts Rinehart Publishing Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
13. Eberhardt, L. L., P. J. White, R. A. Garrott, and, D. B. Houston,. 2007. A seventy-year history of trends in Yellowstone's Northern elk herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 594-602.
14. Felicetti, L. A., C. C. Schwartz, R. O. Rye, K. A. Gunther, J. G. Crock, M. A. Haroldson, L. Waits, and, C. T. Robbins,. 2004. Use of naturally occurring mercury to determine the importance of cutthroat trout to Yellowstone grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 493-501.
15. Felicetti, L. A., C. C. Schwartz, R. O. Rye, M. A. Haroldson, K. A. Gunther, and, C. T. Robbins,. 2003. Use of sulfur and nitrogen stable isotopes to determine the importance of whitebark pine nuts to Yellowstone grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81: 763-770.
16. Florin, S. T., L. A. Felicetti, and, C. T. Robbins,. 2011. The biological basis for understanding and predicting dietary-induced variation in nitrogen and sulphur isotope ratio discrimination. Functional Ecology 25: 519-526.
17. 15N measurements. Analytical Chemistry 64: 288-291.
18. Garrott, R. A., P. J. White, and, F. G. R. Watson,. 2009. The ecology of large mammals in central Yellowstone, sixteen years of integrated field studies. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
19. Gibson, K., 2007. Mountain pine beetle conditions in whitebark pine stands in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 2006. Forest Health Protection Report 06-03. U.S. Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, USA.
20. Greater Yellowstone Whitebark Pine Monitoring Working Group. 2006. Monitoring whitebark pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Pages 73-80 in, C. C. Schwartz, and, M. A. Haroldson, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2005. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
21. Green, G. I., D. J. Mattson, and, J. M. Peek,. 1997. Spring feeding on ungulate carcasses by grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 1040-1055.
22. Gresswell, R. E., W. J. Liss, G. L. Larson, and, P. J. Bartlein,. 1997. Influence of basin-scale physical variables on life history characteristics of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17: 1046-1064.
23. Gunther, K. A., and, R. A. Renkin,. 1990. Grizzly bear predation on elk calves and other fauna of Yellowstone National Park. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8: 329-334.
24. Gunther, K. A., and, D. W. Smith,. 2004. Interactions between wolves and female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone National Park. Ursus 15: 232-238.
25. Haroldson, M. A., and, C. Anderson,. 1997. Effectiveness of attractants to lure grizzly bears into hair collection sites for future DNA fingerprinting. Pages 23-36 in, R. R. Knight, B. M. Blanchard, and, M. A. Haroldson, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Study Team, 1996. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
26. Haroldson, M. A., K. A. Gunther, D. P. Reinhart, S. R. Podruzny, C. Cegelski, L. Waits, T. C. Wyman, and, J. Smith,. 2005. Changing numbers of spawning cutthroat trout in tributary streams of Yellowstone Lake and estimates of grizzly bears visiting streams from DNA. Ursus 16: 167-180.
27. Haroldson, M. A., and, S. Podruzny,. 2010. Whitebark pine cone production. Pages 33-34 in, C. C. Schwartz, and, M. A. Haroldson, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2009. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
28. Herrero, S., 1972. Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallus) and brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos Linne') of North America. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 2: 221-231.
29. Hewitt, D. G., and, C. T. Robbins,. 1996. Estimating grizzly bear food habits from fecal analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 547-550.
30. Houston, D. B., 1982. Elk spring/summer migrations related to environmental conditions. Pages 32-33 in The northern Yellowstone elk, ecology and management. Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc., New York, New York, USA.
31. Jacoby, M. E., G. V. Hilderbrand, C. Servheen, C. C. Schwartz, S. M. Arthur, T. A. Hanley, C. T. Robbins, and, R. Michener,. 1999. Trophic relations of brown and black bears in several western North American ecosystems. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 921-929.
32. Jones, R. D., D. G. Carty, R. E. Gresswell, C. J. Hudson, and, D. L. Mahoney,. 1987. Fishery and aquatic management program in Yellowstone National Park. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, technical report 1986. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
33. Kendall, K. C., 1983. Use of pine nuts by grizzly and black bears in the Yellowstone area. Pages 166-173 in E. C. Meslow, editor. Bears-their biology and management: proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, 10-13 February 1980. International Association for Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
34. Knight, R. R., and, L. L. Eberhardt,. 1985. Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears. Ecology 66: 323-334.
35. Koel, T. M., J. L. Arnold, P. E. Bigelow, B. D. Ertel, and, D. L. Mahony,. 2003. Yellowstone Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences: annual Report, 2002. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
36. Koel, T. M., P. E. Bigelow, P. D. Doepke, B. D. Ertel, and, D. L. Mahony,. 2005. Nonnative lake trout results in Yellowstone cutthroat trout decline and impacts to bears and anglers. Fisheries 30: 10-19.
37. Marston, R. A., and, J. E. Anderson,. 1991. Watersheds and vegetation of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Conservation Biology 5: 338-346.
38. Mattson, D. J., B. M. Blanchard, and, R. R. Knight,. 1991. Food habits of Yellowstone grizzly bears, 1977-1987. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1619-1629.
39. Mattson, D. J., B. M. Blanchard, and, R. R. Knight,. 1992. Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops. Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 432-442.
40. Mattson, D. J., S. R. Podruzny, and, M. A. Haroldson,. 2002. Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears. Ursus 13: 95-103.
41. Mattson, D. J., and, D. P. Reinhart,. 1995. Influences of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on behaviour and reproduction of Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), 1975-1989. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 2072-2079.
42. Mealey, S. P., 1975. The natural food habits of free ranging grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, 1973-1974. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
43. Middleton, A. D., M. J. Kauffman, D. E. McWhirter, J. G. Cook, R. C. Cook, A. A. Nelson, M. D. Jimenez, and, R. W. Klaver,. 2012. Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd. Ecology (in press).
44. Noyce, K. V., P. B. Kannowski, and, M. R. Riggs,. 1997. Black bears as ant-eaters: seasonal associations between bear myrmecophagy and ant ecology in north-central Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75: 1671-1686.
45. Patten, D. T., 1963. Vegetational pattern in relation to environments in the Madison Range, Montana. Ecological Monographs 33: 375-406.
46. Podruzny, S., and, K. Gunther,. 2006. Spring ungulate availability and use by grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. Pages 31-33 in, C. C. Schwartz, and, M. A. Haroldson, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2005. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
47. Pritchard, G. T., and, C. T. Robbins,. 1990. Digestive and metabolic efficiencies of grizzly and black bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 1645-1651.
48. Reinhart, D. P., 1990. Grizzly bear use of cutthroat trout spawning streams in tributaries of Yellowstone Lake. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
49. Reinhart, D. P., and, D. J. Mattson,. 1990. Bear use of cutthroat trout spawning streams in Yellowstone National Park. Pages 343-350 in L. M. Darling and W. R. Archibald, editors. Bears-their biology and management: proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management. International Association for Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
50. Robbins, C. T., L. A. Felicetti, and, M. Sponheimer,. 2005. The effect of dietary protein on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds. Oecologia 144: 534-540.
51. Robbins, C. T., R. S. Podbielancik-Norman, D. L. Wilson, and, E. D. Mould,. 1981. Growth and nutrient consumption of elk calves compared to other ungulate species. Journal of Wildlife Management 45: 172-186.
52. Robbins, C. T., C. C. Schwartz, and, L. A. Felicetti,. 2004. Nutritional ecology of ursids: a review of newer methods and management implications. Ursus 15: 161-171.
53. Rode, K. D., C. T. Robbins, and, L. A. Shipley,. 2001. Constraints on herbivory by grizzly bears. Oecologia 128: 62-71.
54. SAS Institute, Inc. 1998. SAS user's guide: statistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
55. Schleyer, B. O., 1983. Activity patterns of grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem and their reproductive behavior, predation and the use of carrion. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
56. Schwartz, C. C., M. A. Haroldson, K. A. Gunther, and, D. Moody,. 2003. Distribution of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1990-2000. Ursus 13: 203-212.
57. Schwartz, C. C., M. A. Haroldson, G. C. White, R. B. Harris, S. Cherry, K. A. Keating, D. Moody, and, C. Servheen,. 2006. Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Wildlife Monographs 161: 1-68.
58. Schwartz, C. C., S. Podruzny, S. L. Caine, and, S. Cherry,. 2008. Performance of spread spectrum global positioning system collars on grizzly and black bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 1174-1183.
59. Semmens, B. X., and, J. W. Moore,. 2008. MixSIR: a Bayesian stable isotope mixing model, Version 1.0. . Accessed 17 Dec 2009.
60. Servheen, C., and, R. R. Knight,. 1993. Possible effects of a restored gray wolf population on grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Pages 28-37 in, R. S. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resources Publication Office, Denver, Colorado, USA.
61. Sime, C. A., and, E. E. Bangs, editors. 2006. Rocky mountain wolf recovery. Interagency annual report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Helena, Montana, USA.
62. Smith, D. W., 2005. Ten years of Yellowstone wolves 1995-2005. Yellowstone Science 13: 7-31.
63. Smith, D. W., R. O. Peterson, and, D. B. Houston,. 2003. Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience 53: 330-340.
64. Stapp, P., and, G. Hayward,. 2002. Estimates of predator consumption of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 17: 319-329.
65. Swenson, J. E., A. Jansson, R. Riig, and, F. Sandegren,. 1999. Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 551-561.
66. Teisberg, J. E., 2012. Applied investigations into grizzly (Ursus arctos) and black (U americanus) bear ecology and management. Dissertation, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
67. Waddington, J. C. B., and, H. E. Wright, Jr., 1974. Late Quaternary vegetational changes on the east side of Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 4: 175-184.
68. Welch, C. A., J. Keay, K. C. Kendall, and, C. T. Robbins,. 1997. Constraints on frugivory by bears. Ecology 78: 1105-1119.
69. Western Regional Climate Center. 2010. Historical climate information. . Accessed 18 Nov 2010.
70. White, P. J., K. M. Proffitt, L. D. Mech, S. B. Evans, J. A. Cunningham, and, K. L. Hamlin,. 2010. Migration of northern Yellowstone elk: implications of spatial structure. Journal of Mammalogy 91: 827-837.