Ion conductivity of composite materials on the base of solid electrolytes and ion-exchange membranes

Inorganic Materials

Volumn 48, Issue 13, 2012, Pages 1193-1209

  Yaroslavtsev, A B ^a  

^a KURNAKOV INSTITUTE OF GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITE MEMBRANES; FUEL CELLS; GLASS CERAMICS; ION EXCHANGE; IONIC CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS; IONS; MEMBRANES; SOLID ELECTROLYTES;

CHANNELS STRUCTURE; DEFECT FORMATION; HYBRID ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE; ION CONDUCTIVITIES; ION TRANSPORTS;

ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES;

EID: 84873836943     PISSN: 00201685     EISSN: 16083172     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1134/S0020168512130055     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Hickner, M.A., Ghassemi, H., Kim, Y.S., Einsla, B.R., and McGrath, J.E., Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs), Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 4587–4612.
2. Uvarov, N.F. and Boldyrev, V.V., Size Effects in Chemistry of Heterogeneous Systems, Russ. Chem. Rev., 2001, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 265–284.
3. Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Composite Materials with Ionic Conductivity: from Inorganic Composites to Hybrid Membranes, Russ. Chem. Rev., 2009, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 1013–1029.
4. Liang, C.C., Conduction Characteristics of the Lithium Iodide-Aluminum Oxide Solid Electrolytes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1973, vol. 120, pp. 1289–1292.
5. Shahi, K. and Wagner, J.B., Fast Ion Transport in Silver Halide Solid Solutions and Multiphase Systems, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1980, vol. 37, pp. 757–759.
6. Jamnik, J., Habermeier H.-U., and Maier J., Information on Ionic Boundary Effects by a Novel Penetration Impedance Technique, Physica B: Condens. Matter, 1995, vol. 204, pp. 57–64.
7. 2, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1985, vol. 46, pp. 309–320.
8. Wonnell, S.K. and Slifkin L.M., Subsurface Ionic Space Charges in Silver-Chloride and Silver Bromide, Solid State Ionics, 1995, vol. 75, pp. 101–106.
9. Stoneham, A.M., Wade, E., and Kilner, J.A., Model for the Fast Ionic Diffusion in Alumina-Doped LiI., Mat. Res. Bull., 1979, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 661–666.
10. Wagner, J.B., Transport: Compound Containing a Dispered Second Phase, Mat. Res. Bull., 1980, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1691–1701.
11. Jamnik, J. and Maier, J., Transport Across Boundary Layers in Ionic Crystals. Part II: Stationary Chemical Diffusion, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1998, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1555–1569.
12. 2 Composites, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 955–960.
13. 3 Composites, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995, vol. 142, no. 10, pp. 3469–3473.
14. Maier, J., Defect Chemistry at Interfaces, Solid State Ionics, 1994, vol. 70–71, pp. 43–51.
15. 2 by Grain Boundary Activation Using Lewis Acids, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995, vol. 142, no. 9, pp. 3078–3083.
16. Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Mirak’yan, A.L., Chuvaev, V.F., and Sokolova, L.N., Proton Mobility on the Surface of Some Acid Salt Crystal Hydrates, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 1997, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 806–809.
17. Maier, J., Defect Chemistry and Ion Transport in Nano-structured materials. Part II. Aspects of Nanoionics, Solid State Ionics, 2003, vol. 157, no. 1– 4, pp. 327–334.
18. 3 Nanocomposites, Solid State Ionics, 1996, vol. 90, no. 1–4, pp. 201–207. erties
19. Uvarov, N.F., Brezneva, L.I., and Hairetdinov, E.F., Effect of Nanocrystalline Alumina on Ionic Conductivity and Phase Transition in CsCl, Solid State Ionics, 2000, vol. 136–137, pp. 1273–1277.
20. 4, Solid State Ionics, 1998, vol. 106, no. 1–2, pp. 137–141.
21. 2 System, Solid State Ionics, 1999, vol. 118, no. 3–4, pp. 317–323.
22. 3 Composite Electrolytes. Evidence for a Highly Conducting 7-Layer AgI Polytype, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000, vol. 147, no. 6, pp. 2407–2418.
23. Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Solid State Chemistry, Moscow, Russia: Nauchniy Mir, 2009.
24. Maier, J., Ionic Conduction in Space Charge Regions, Progress Sol. State Chem., 1995, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 171–263.
25. Uvarov, N.F., Ponomareva, V.G., and Lavrova, G.V., Composite Solid Electrolytes, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2010, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 722–733.
26. Bunde, A., Application of Percolation Theory in Composites and Glasses, Solid State Ionics, 1995, vol. 75, pp. 147–155.
27. 3 Nanocomposites, Solid State Ionics, 1996, vol. 86–88, no. 1, pp. 573–576.
28. 3 (A=Li, K, Ba and B = Nb, Ti) Composite Solid Electrolyte Systems, Solid State Ionics, 1998, vol. 111, no. 1–2, pp. 85–92.
29. Vinod, M.P. and Bahnemann, D., Materials for All-Solid-State Thin-Film Rechargeable Lithium Batteries by Sol-Gel Processing, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2002, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 498–501.
30. 3 by Dispersed Oxide Inclusions, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2003, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1131–1137.
31. 3 Aerogel and Xerogel, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000, vol. 147, no. 11, pp. 4061–4064.
32. Liang, C.C., Joshi, A.V., and Hamilton N.E., Solid-state Storage Batteries, J. Applied Electrochem., 1978, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 445–454.
33. 3 (Me = Li, Na, K), Solid State Ionics, 1996, vol. 86–88, no. 1, pp. 577–580.
34. Nakamura, O. and Goodenough, J.B., Fast Lithium-ion Transport in Composites Containing Lithium-bromide Dihydrate, Solid State Ionics, 1982, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 125–128.
35. 3, Solid State Ionics, 2006, vol. 177, no. 26–32, pp. 2787–2790.
36. 4 Electrolytes at Intermediate Temperatures, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2006, vol. 153, no. 6, pp. A1077–A1080.
37. 2, Solid State Ionics, 2001, vol. 145, no. 1–4, pp. 205–210.
38. 4 in Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2005, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 485–487.
39. 2 Composites, Solid State Ionics, 2005, vol. 176, no. 7–8, pp. 767–771.
40. Ponomareva, V. and Lavrova, G., Controlling the Proton Transport Properties of Solid Acids via Structural and Microstructural Modification, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2010, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 213–221.
41. Ponomareva, V.G. and Lavrova, G.V., Protonˆ Composite Electrolytes Based on Solid Acids, in Fast Pro-ton-Ion Transport Compounds, Mioc, U.B. and Davidovic’, M., Eds., 2010, Kerala, India: Transworld Research Network, pp. 10–42.
42. 4 and Its Composite with Silica in Dry and Humid Atmospheres, Solid State Ionics, 2003, vol. 156, no. 3–4, pp. 357–369.
43. 2 with High Proton Conductivity, Solid State Ionics, 2005, vol. 176, no. 39–40, pp. 2905–2908.
44. 2 Composite Electrolytes, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2006, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 343–346.
45. Sata, N., Ebermann, K., Eberl, K., and Maier, J., Mesoscopic Fast Ion Conduction in Nanometre-scale Planar Heterostructures, Nature, 2000, vol. 408, no. 6815, pp. 946–949.
46. 2 Heterolayers and Their Influences on Ionic Conductivity, J. Chem. Phys., 2004, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 2375–2381.
47. Mauritz, K.A. and Moore, R.B., State of Understanding of Nafion, Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 4535–4586.
48. Hsu, W.Y. and Gierke, T.D., Ion Transport and Clustering in Nafion Perfluorinated Membranes, J. Membrane Sci., 1983, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 307–326.
49. Jones, D.J. and Roziere, J., Inorganic/Organic Composite Membranes, in Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, vol. 3, Viels-tich, W., Gasteiger, H.A., and Lamm, A., Eds., 2003, New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 447–455.
50. Yaroslavtsev, A.B. and Nikonenko, V.V., Ion-exchange Membrane Materials: Properties, Modification, and Practical Application, Nanotechnologies in Russia, 2009, vol. 4, no. 3–4, pp. 137–159.
51. Sata, T. and Izuo, R., Modification of Transport Properties of Ion Exchange Membrane. XI. Electrodialytic Properties of Cation Exchange Membranes Having Polyethyleneimine Layer Fixed by Acid–Amide Bonding, J. Applied Polymer Sci., 1990, vol. 41, no. 9– 10, pp. 2349–2362.
52. Hu, Y., Wang, M., Wang, D., Gao, X., and Gao, C., Feasibility Study on Surface Modification of Cation Exchange Membranes by Quaternized Chitosan for Improving Its Selectivity, J. Membrane Sci., 2008, vol. 319, no. 1–2, pp. 5–9.
53. Karavanova, Yu.A., Fedina, K.G., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Diffusion Characteristics of Surface-Mod-ified MK-40 Mixed-Cation Ion-Exchange Membranes, Inorg. Mater. (English Translation), 2011, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 329–333.
54. Xian, Y., Liu, F., Feng, L., Wu, F., Wang, L., and Jin, L., Nanoelectrode Ensembles Based on Conductive Polyaniline/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Using Porous Sol–Gel Films as Template, Electrochem. Comm., 2007, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 773–780.
55. Xu, T., Ion Exchange Membranes: State of Their Development and Perspective, J. Membrane Sci., 2005, vol. 263, no. 1–2, pp. 1–29.
56. Tang, H., Wan, Z., Pan, M., and Jiang, S.P., Self-Asembled Nafion–Silica Nanoparticles for Elevated-High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, Electrochem. Comm., 2007, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 2003–2008.
57. Voropaeva, E.Yu., Stenina, I.A., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Transport Properties of Hydrous-Silica-Modified MF-4SK Membranes, Russ. J. of Inorg. Chem., 2008, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 1531–1535.
58. Voropaeva, E.Yu., Stenina, I.A., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Ion Transport in MF-4SK Membranes Modified with Hydrous Zirconia, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2008. vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1677–1680.
59. Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Bi, C., and Zhu, X., An Inorganic/Organic Self-humidifying Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application, Electrochim. Acta, 2008, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 4096–4103.
60. Ren, S., Sun, G., Li, C., Liang, Z., Wu, Z., Jin, W., Qin, X., and Yang, X., Organic Silica/Nafion Composite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells Bull., 2006, vol. 2006, no. 12, pp. 12–16.
61. D’Epifanio, A., Mecheri, B., Fabbri, E., Rainer, A., Traversa, E., and Licoccia, S., Composite Ormo-sil/Nafion Membranes as Electrolytes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2007, vol. 154, no. 11, pp. B1148–B1151.
62. Tominaga, Y., Hong, I.-C., Asai, S., and Sumita, M., Proton Conduction in Nafion Composite Membranes Filled with Mesoporous Silica, J. Power Sources, 2007, vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 530–534.
63. 2– ePTFE Composite Membrane of PEM Fuel Cell, J. Membrane Sci., 2008, vol. 312, no. 1–2, pp. 41–47.
64. Lin, Y.-F., Ma, C.-C.M., Lin, Y.-Y., Yen, C.-Y., and Hung, C.-H., High Proton-Conducting Sulfonated Poly (Ether Ether Ketone)/ Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Composite Membranes, Key Engineering Mater., 2007, vol. 334–335, pp. 945–948.
65. Yen, C.-Y., Lee, C.-H., Lin, Y.-F., Lin, H.-L., Hsiao, Y.-H., Liao, S.-H., Chuang, C.-Y., and Ma, C.-C.M., Sol–Gel Derived Sulfonated-silica/Nafion Composite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, J. Power Sources, 2007, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 36–44.
66. Ladewig, B.P., Knott, R.B., Hill, A.J., Riches, J.D., White, J.W., Martin, D.J., Da Costa, J.C.D., and Lu, G.Q., Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Nanocomposite Membranes of Nafion and Functionalized Silicon Oxide, Chem. Mater., 2007, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2372–2381.
67. Kim, H.-J., Shul, Y.-G., and Han, H., Sulfonic-Functionalized Heteropolyacid–Silica Nanoparticles for High Temperature Operation of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, J. Power Sources, 2006, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 137–142.
68. 2 as Addition Self-humidifying Composite Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, vol. 52, no. 17, pp. 5479–5483.
69. Ramani, V., Kunz, H.R., and Fenton, J.M., Metal Dioxide Supported Heteropolyacid/Nafion Composite Membranes for Elevated Temperature/Low Relative Humidity PEFC Operation, J. Membrane Sci., 2006, vol. 279, no. 1–2, pp. 506–512.
70. Ramani, V., Kunz, H.R., and Fenton, J.M., Investigation of Nafion/HPA Composite Membranes for High Temperature/Low Relative Humidity PEMFC Operation, J. Membrane Sci., 2004, vol. 232, no. 1– 2, pp. 31–44.
71. Li, C., Sun, G., Ren, S., Liu, J., Wang, Q., Wu, Z., Sun, H., and Jin, W., Casting Nafion–Sulfonated Organosilica Nano-composite Membranes Used in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, J. Membrane Sci., 2006, vol. 272, no. 1–2, pp. 50–57.
72. Costamagna, P., Yang, C., Bocarsly, A.B., and Srinivasan, S., Nafion 115/Zirconium Phosphate Composite Membranes for Operation of PEMFCs above 100°C, Electrochim. Acta, 2002, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1023–1033.
73. Bauer, F. and Willert-Porada, M., Comparison between Nafion and a Nafion Zirconium Phosphate Nano-Composite in Fuel Cell Applications, Fuel Cells, 2006, vol. 6, no. 3–4, pp. 261–269.
74. Shalimov, A.S., Novikova, S.A., Stenina, I.A., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Ion Transport in MF-4SK Cation-Exchange Membranes Modified with Acid Zirconium Phosphate, Russ. J. of Inorg. Chem., 2006, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 700–705.
75. Paciaroni, A., Casciola, M., Cornicchi, E., Marconi, M., Onori, G., Pica, M., Narducci, R., and Orecchini, A., Dynamics of Water Confined in Fuel Cell Nafion Membranes Containing Zirconium Phosphate Nanofiller, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2006, vol. 18, no. 33, pp. S2029–S2038.
76. Alberti, G., Casciola, M., Capitani, D., Donnadio, A., Narducci, R., Pica, M., and Sganappa, M., Novel Nafion–Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes with Enhanced Stability of Proton Conductivity at Medium Temperature and High Relative Humidity, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, vol. 52, no. 28, pp. 8125–8132.
77. 2+ Transfer Property Investigation, J. Membrane Sci., 2007, vol. 305, no. 1–2, pp. 118–124.
78. Tripathi, B.P. and Shahi, V.K., SPEEK–Zirconium Hydrogen Phosphate Composite Membranes with Low Methanol Permeability Prepared by Electro-Migration and in situ Precipitation, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2007, vol. 316, no. 2, pp. 612–621.
79. Helen, M., Viswanathan, B., and Murthy, S.S., Synthesis and Characterization of Composite Membranes Based on α-Zirconium Phosphate and Silicotungstic Acid, J. Membrane Sci., 2007, vol. 292, no. 1–2, pp. 98–105.
80. 2 Composite Membrane at Elevated Temperature and Low Relative Humidity, J. Power Sources, 2007, vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 363–372.
81. y (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta and W): Part I. Synthesis, Properties and Vibrational Studies, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1618–1627.
82. 2 Nanocomposites for a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, Polymer International, 2007, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 371–375.
83. Matos, B.R,. Santiago, E.I., Fonseca, F.C., Linardi, M., Lavayen, V., Lacerda, R.G., Ladei-ra, L.O., and Ferlauto, A.S., Nafion-Titanate Nano-tube Composite Membranes for PEMFC Operating at High Temperature, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2007, vol. 154, no. 12, pp. B1358–B1361.
84. Silva, V.S., Ruffmann, B., Silva, H., Silva, V.B., Mendes, A., Madeira, L.M., and Nunes, S., Zirconium Oxide Hybrid Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells—Evaluation of Transport Properties, J. Membrane Sci., 2006, vol. 284, no. 1–2, pp. 137–144.
85. Shao, Z.-G., Xu, H., Hsing, I.-M., and Zhang, H., Tungsten Trioxide Hydrate Incorporated Nafion Composite Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Operated above 100°C, Chem. Engin. Comm., 2007, vol. 194, no. 5, pp. 667–674.
86. 4 Solid Superacid Composite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, J. Membrane Sci., 2008, vol. 313, no. 1–2, pp. 336–343.
87. 2)/ Nafion Composite Membranes for PEMFC Operation at High Temperature/Low Humidity, J. Membrane Sci., 2006, vol. 280, no. 1–2, pp. 148–155.
88. 2/Nafion® Composite Membrane for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Operation at High Temperature and Low Humidity, J. Power Sources, 2008, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 247–253.
89. Byun, S.C., Jeong,, Y.J., Park, J.W., Kim, S.D., Ha, H.Y., and Kim, W.J., Effect of Solvent and Crystal Size on the Selectivity of ZSM-5/Nafion Composite Membranes Fabricated by Solution-casting Method, Solid State Ionics, 2006, vol. 177, no. 37–38, pp. 3233–3243.
90. Ahmad, M.I., Zaidi, S.M.J., and Rahman, S.U., Proton Conductivity and Characterization of Novel Composite Membranes for Medium-temperature Fuel Cells, Desalination, 2006, vol. 193, no. 1–3, pp. 387–397.
91. Fernandez-Carretero, F.J., Compan, V., and Riande, E., Hybrid Ion-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells and Separation Processes, J. Power Sources, 2007, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 68–76.
92. Lee, W., Kim, H., Kim, T.K., and Chang, H., Nafion Based Organic/Inorganic Composite Membrane for Air-Breathing Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, J. Membrane Sci., 2007, vol. 292, no. 1–2, pp. 29–34.
93. Li, X., Roberts, E.P.L., Holmes, S.M., and Zholo-benko, V., Functionalized Zeolite A–Nafion Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Solid State Ionics, 2007, vol. 178, no. 19–20, pp. 1248–1255.
94. Liang, Z.X., Zhao, T.S., and Prabhuram, J., Diphe-nylsilicate-Incorporated Nafion Membranes for Reduction of Methanol Crossover in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, J. Membrane Sci., 2006, vol. 283, no. 1–2, pp. 219–224.
95. Kim, Y.-T., Kim, K.-H., Song, M.-K., and Rhee, H.-W., Nafion/ZrSPP Composite Membrane for High Temperature Operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Current Appl. Phys., 2006, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 612–615.
96. Nemat-Nasser, S., Zamani, S., and Tor, Y., Effect of Solvents on the Chemical and Physical Properties of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites, J. Applied Phys., 2006, vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 104902–104918.
97. Novikova, S.A., Yurkov, G.Yu., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Synthesis and Transport Properties of Membrane Materials with Incorporated Metal Nanoparticles, Mendeleev Comm., 2010, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 89–91.
98. Berezina, N.P., Kubaisi, A.A.-R., Timofeev, S.V., and Karpenko, L.V., Template Synthesis and Electrotrans-port Behavior of Polymer Composites Based on Perfluorinated Membranes Incorporating Polyaniline, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2007, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 378–389.
99. Stenina, I.A., Il’ina, A.A., Pinus, I.Yu., Sergeev, V.G., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Cation Mobility in Systems Based on High-Molecular-Weight Sulfonic Acids and Polyaniline, Russ. Chem. Bull., 2008, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 2261–2264.
100. Hibino, M., Itoh, H., and Kinosita, K., Time Courses of Cell Electroporation as Revealed by Submicrosec-ond Imaging of Transmembrane Potential, Biophys. J., 1993, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1789–1800.
101. 2 Hybrid Membranes Modified with Tungstophosphoric Heteropolyacid, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2010, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 13–17.
102. Kreuer, K.D., Paddison, S., Spohr, E., and Schus-ter, M., Transport in Proton Conductors for Fuel-Cell Applications: Simulations, Elementary Reactions, and Phenomenology, Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 4637–4678.
103. Voropaeva, E.Yu., Sanginov, E.A., Volkov, V.I., Pavlov, A.A., Shalimov, A.S., Stenina, I.A., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Transport Properties of MF-4SK Membranes Modified with Inorganic Dopants, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2008, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 1536–1541.
104. Novikova, S.A., Safronova, E.Yu., Lysova, A.A., and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Influence of Incorporated Nanoparticles on the Ionic Conductivity of MF-4SC Membrane, Mendeleev Comm., 2010, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 156–157.
105. Safronova, E.Yu. and Yaroslavtsev, A.B., Transport Properties of Materials Based on MF-4SC Membranes and Silica Manufactured by a Casting Method, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2010, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 1499–1502.
106. 133Cs NMR Spectroscopy, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2010, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 318–324.
107. Haile, S.M., Boysen, D.A., Chisholm, C.R.I., and Merle, R.B., Solid Acids as Fuel Cell Electrolytes, Nature, 2001, vol. 410, no. 6831, pp. 910–913.
108. Haile, S.M., Materials for Fuel Cells, Materials Today, 2003, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 24–29.
109. Shao, Z.P., Haile, S.M., Ahn, J.M., Ronney, P.D., Zhan, Z.L., and Barnett, S.A., A Thermally Self-sus-tained Micro Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with High Power Density, Nature, 2005, vol. 435, no. 7043, pp. 795–798.
110. Haile, S.M., Chisholm, C.R.I., Sasaki, K., Boysen, D.A., and Uda, T., Solid Acid Proton Conductors: From Laboratory Curiosities to Fuel Cell Electrolytes, Faraday Discussions, 2007, vol. 134, pp. 17–39.
111. Ghassemi, H., Kim, Y.S., Einsla, B.R., and McGrath, J.E., Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs), Chem. Rev., 2004, vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 4587–4612.
112. Rusanov, A.L., Likhachev, D.Yu., and Müllen, K., Proton-Conducting Electrolyte Membranes Based on Aromatic Condensation Polymers, Russ. Chem. Rev., 2002, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 761–774.
113. oC Employing Perfluorosulfonic Acid Silicon Oxide Composite Membranes, J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 356–364.
114. Sahu, A.K., Selvarani, G., Pitchumani, S., Sridhar, P., and Shukla, A.K., A Sol-gel Modified Alternative Nafion-Silica Composite Membrane for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2007, vol. 154, no. 2, pp. B123–B132.
115. Huang, L.-N., Chen, L.-C., Yu, T.L., and Lin, H.-L., Nafion/PTFE/silicate Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, J. Power Sources, 2006, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 1096–1105.
116. Chen, L.-C., Yu, T.L., Lin, H.-L., and Yeh, S.-H., Nafion/PTFE and Zirconium Phosphate Modified Nafion/PTFE Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, J. Membrane Sci., 2008, vol. 307, no. 1, pp. 10–20.