Epidemiological Study of Hazelnut Bacterial Blight in Central Italy by Using Laboratory Analysis and Geostatistics

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Lamichhane, Jay Ram ^a,b   Fabi, Alfredo ^a,b   Ridolfi, Roberto ^a   Varvaro, Leonardo ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TUSCIA   (Italy)

^b Hazelnut Research Center   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; NITROGEN; RAIN;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL BLIGHT; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY; GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS; HAZELNUT; HEAT SHOCK; ITALY; LABORATORY TEST; NONHUMAN; ORGANISMS BY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; PH MEASUREMENT; PHENOTYPE; PLANT AGE; PLANT PATHOGEN INTERACTION; PLANT TISSUE; SOIL ANALYSIS; XANTHOMONAS; XANTHOMONAS ARBORICOLA;

CLIMATE; CORYLUS; ITALY; LABORATORIES; PLANT DISEASES; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; XANTHOMONAS;

EID: 84873730172     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056298     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. FAO statistics (2010) Available: http://www.faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx. Accessed 2012 Feb 9.
2. Me G, Valentini N, (2006) La corilicoltura in Italia e nel mondo. Petria 16: 7-18.
3. Pedica A, Vittori D, Ciofo A, De Pace C, Bizzarri S, et al. (1997) Evaluation and utilization of C. avellana. Genetic resources to select clones for hazelnut varietal turnover in the Latium region (Italy). Acta Hort 445: 123-134.
4. Vauterin L, Hoste B, Kersters K, Swings J, (1995) Reclassification of Xanthomonas. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45: 472-489.
5. Barss HP, (1913) A new filbert disease in Oregon. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Biennial Crop Pest and Horticulture. Rep 14: 213-223.
6. Bradbury JF (1987) Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 896. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
7. OEPP/EPPO (1986) Data sheet on quarantine organisms, 134: Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina (Milleret al. 1940) Dye 1978. OEPP/EPPO Bull 16: 13-16.
8. OEPP/EPPO (1990) Specific quarantine requirements. EPPO Technical Documents No. 1008.
9. OEPP/EPPO (2004) Diagnosis protocols for regulated pests Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. OEPP/EPPO Bull 179: 179-181.
10. OEPP/EPPO (2004) Diagnosis protocols for regulated pests Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. OEPP/EPPO Bull 34: 155-157.
11. Kazempour MN, Ali B, Elahinia SA, (2006) First report of bacterial blight of hazelnut caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina in Iran. J Plant Pathol 88: 341.
12. Poschenrieder G, Czech I, Friedrich-Zorn M, Huber B, Theil S, et al. (2006) Ester nachweiss von Pseudomonas syringae pv. coryli (pv. nov.) und Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina an Corylus avellana (Haselnuss) in Deutschland. Bayerische Landesanstalt fur Landwirtschaft-Insitut fur Pflanzenschutz. Jahrb pp. 32-33.
13. Pulawska J, Kaluzna M, Kolodziejska A, Sobiczewski P, (2010) Identification and characterization of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina causing bacterial blight of hazelnut: a new disease in Poland. J Plant Pathol 92: 803-806.
14. Lamichhane JR, Grau P, Varvaro L, (2012) Emerging hazelnut cultivation and the severe threat of bacterial blight in Chile. J Phytopathol doi:10.1111/jph.12004.
15. Petri L, (1932) Rassegna dei casi fitopatologici osservati nel 1931. Bollettino R. stazione Pat. Veg Roma 12: 1-64.
16. Petri L, (1933) Rassegna dei casi fitopatologici osservati nel 1931. Bollettino R. stazione Pat. Veg Roma 13: 1-73.
17. Noviello C, (1968) Osservazioni sulle malattie parassitarie del nocciolo con particolare riferimento alla Campania. Annali della Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie dell'Università di Napoli, Portici. Ann 4: 3-31.
18. Scortichini M, Rossi MP, (1991) Presenza endemica di Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina in noccioleti del Lazio. Inf Fitopatol 41: 251-256.
19. Fiori M, Loru L, Marras PM, Virdis S, (2006) Le principali avversità del nocciolo in Sardegna. Petria 16: 71-88.
20. Siscaro G, Longo S, Catara V, Cirvilleri G, (2006) Le principali avversità del nocciolo in Campania. Petria 16: 59-70.
21. Virdis S (2008) Studio delle principali malattie del nocciolo in Sardegna. Phd Thesis, University of Sassari, Sardegna, Italy. 72 p.
22. Varvaro L, (1993) Le fitopatie del nocciolo nell'alto Lazio: un triennio di osservazioni e di strategie di lotta. Inf Fitopatol 2: 54-58.
23. Lamichhane JR, Fabi A, Varvaro L, (2012) Severe outbreak of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina on hazelnut, cv. Tonda di Giffoni, in central Italy. Plant Dis 96: 1577.
24. Mazzone P, Ragozzino A, (2006) Le principali avversità del nocciolo in Campania. Petria 16: 19-30.
25. Chakraborty S, Newton AC, (2011) Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview. Plant Pathol 60: 2-14.
26. Fitt BDL, Fraaije BA, Chandramohan P, Shaw MW, (2011) Impacts of changing air composition on severity of arable crop disease epidemics. Plant Pathol 60: 44-53.
27. Luck J, Spackman M, Freeman A, Trebicki P, Griffiths W, et al. (2011) Climate change and diseases of food crops. Plant Pathol 60: 113-121.
28. Pangga R, Hanan J, Chakraborty S, (2011) Pathogen dynamics in a crop canopy and their evolution under changing climate. Plant Pathol 60: 70-81.
29. Broders KD, Wallhead MW, Austin GD, Lipps PE, Paul PA, et al. (2009) Association of soil chemical and physical properties with Pythium species diversity, community composition, and disease incidence. Phytopathology 99: 957-967.
30. Duffy BK, Ownley BH, Weller DM, (1997) Soil Chemical and Physical Properties Associated with Suppression of Take-all of Wheat by Trichoderma koningii. Phytopathology 87: 1118-1124.
31. Miller PW (1949) Filbert bacteriosis and its control. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 6.
32. Campbell CL, Noe JP, (1985) The spatial analysis of soil-borne pathogens and root diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 23: 129-148.
33. Chellemi DO, Rohrbach KJ, Yost RS, Sonoda RM, (1988) Analysis of the spatial pattern of plant pathogens and diseased plants using geostatistics. Phytopathology 78: 221-226.
34. Gent DH, Farnsworth JL, Johnson DA, (2011) Spatial analysis and incidence-density relationships for downy mildew on hop. Plant Pathol 61: 37-47.
35. Henne DC, Workneh F, Rush CM, (2012) Spatial patterns and spread of potato zebra chip disease in the Texas Panhandle. Plant Dis 96: 948-956.
36. Orum TV, Bigelow DM, Nelson MR, Howell DR, Cotty PJ, (1997) Spatial and temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus strain composition and propagule density in Yuma County, Arizona, soils. Plant Dis 81: 911-916.
37. Ferrin DM, Mitchell DJ, (1986) Influence of initial density and distribution of inoculums on the epidemiology of tobacco black shank. Phytopathology 76: 1153-1158.
38. Gray SM, Moyer JW, Bloomfield P, (1986) Two dimensional distance class model for quantitative description of virus-infected plant distribution lattices. Phytopathology 76: 243-248.
39. Madden LV, Louie R, Abt JJ, Knoke JK, (1982) Evaluation of tests for randomness of infected plants. Phytopathology 72: 195-198.
40. Martins L, Castro J, Macedo W, Marques C, Abreu C, (2007) Assessment of the spread of chestnut ink disease using remote sensing and geostatistical methods. Eur J Plant Pathol 119: 159-164.
41. Nicot PC, Rouse DI, Yandell BS, (1984) Comparision of statistical methods for studying spatial patterns of soilborne plant pathogens in the field. Phytopathology 74: 1399-1402.
42. Noe JP, Campbell CL, (1985) Spatial pattern analysis of plant parasite nematodes. J Nematol 17: 86-93.
43. Proctor CH, (1984) On the detection of clustering and anisotrophy using binary data from a lattice patch. Commun Stat Theror Meth 13: 617-638.
44. Ramirez BN, Michell DJ, (1975) Relationship of density of chlamydospores and zoospores of Phytopthora palmivora in soil to infection of papaya. Phytopathology 65: 780-785.
45. Clark I (1979) Pratical Geostatistics. Elsever Applied Science Publishers, Essex, England. 129 p.
46. Cliff AD, Ord JK (1977) Spatial Autocorrelation. Pion, London, 178 p.
47. Goodchild MF (1993) The state of GIS for environmental problem solving. In: Goodchild M F, Parks BO, Steyaert LT, editors. Environmental Modeling with GIS. Oxford University Press, London. pp. 8-15.
48. Nelson MR, Felix-Gastelum R, Orum TV, Stowell LJ, Myers DE, (1994) Geographic information systems and geostatistics in the design and validation of regional plant virus management programs. Phytopathology 84: 898-905.
49. Nelson MR, Orum TV, (1997) Geographic information systems and geostatistics in the design of regional plant disease and insect pest management programs. AAAS Annu Meet Sci Innov Expo 163: A22.
50. Nelson MR, Orum TV, Jaime-Garcia R, Nadeem A, (1999) Applications of geographic information systems and geostatistics in plant disease epidemiology and management. Plant Dis 83: 308-319.
51. Orum TV, Bigelow DM, Nelson MR, Howell DR, Cotty PJ, (1997) Spatial and temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus strain composition and propagule density in Yuma County, Arizona, soils. Plant Dis 81: 911-916.
52. Wu BM, Van Bruggen AHC, Subbarao KV, Pennings GGH, (2001) Spatial analysis of lettuce downy mildew using geostatistics and geographic information systems. Phytopathology 91: 134-142.
53. Broders KD, Wallhead MW, Austin GD, Lipps PE, Paul PA, et al. (2009) Association of soil chemical and physical properties with Pythium species diversity, community composition, and disease incidence. Phytopathology 99: 957-967.
54. Martins LM, Oliveira MT, Abreu CG, (1999) Soils and climatic characteristic of chestnut stands that differ on the presence of the Ink Disease. Acta Hort 494: 447-449.
55. Martins LM, Lufinha MI, Marques CP, Abreu CG, (2001) Small format aerial photography to assess Chestnut Ink Disease. For Snow Landsc Res 73: 357-360.
56. Martins LM, Macedo FW, Marques CP, Abreu CG, (2005) Assessment of Chestnut Ink Disease spread by geostatistical methods. Acta Hort 693: 621-625.
57. Gottwald TR, Avinent L, Llácer G, de Mendoza Hermoso A, Cambra M, (1995) Analysis of the spatial spread of sharka (Plumb pox virus) in apricot and peach orchards in eastern Spain. Plant Dis 79: 266-278.
58. Larkin RP, Gumpertz ML, Ristaino JB, (1995) Geostatistical analysis of Phytophthora epidemic development in commercial bell pepper fields. Phytopathology 85: 191-203.
59. Stein A, Kocks CG, Zadoks JC, Frinking HD, Ruissen MA, et al. (1994) A geostatistical analysis of the spatio-temporal development of the downy mildew epidemics in cabbage. Phytopathology 84: 1227-1239.
60. Eastman JR (2001) Guide to GIS and Image Processing. Vol I, Clark University Worcester, MA USA. 171 p.
61. Eastman JR (2001) Guide to GIS and Image Processing. Vol II, Idrisi Release Worcester, MA:Clark University. 144 p.
62. Deutsch CV, Journel AG (1992) GSLIB, Geostatistical Software Library and Users Guide. New York: Oxford Press. 340 p.
63. Yamamoto JK, (1999) Quantification of Uncertainty in Ore-Reserve Estimation: Applications to Chapada Copper Deposit, State of Goias, Brazil. Natural Res J 8: 153-163.
64. Star J, Estes JE (1990) Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood.Cliffs, New Jersey. 303 p.
65. Gardan L, (1986) Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina. EPPO Data sheets on quarantine organisms. EPPO/EPO Bull 16: 13-16.
66. Gardan L, Devaux N, (1983) Bacterial blight of hazelnut caused by Xanthomonas corylina. Proc. International congress on hazelnut, Avellino, Italy pp. 443-450.
67. Seem RC, (1984) Disease incidence and severity relationships. Ann Rev Phytopathol 22: 133-150.
68. Lee YA, Hildebrand DC, Schroth MN, (1992) Use of quinate metabolism as a phenotypic property identify members of Xanthomonas campestris dna homology group 6. Phytopathology 82: 971-973.
69. Lamichhane JR, Fabi A, Varvaro L, (2012) Bacterial species associated to brown spots of hazelnut in central Italy: Survey, isolation and characterization. Acta Hort In press.
70. Lelliot RA, Stead DE (1987) Methods for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases of plants. In: Preece TF editor. Methods in Plant Pathology, Volume 2. Blackwell Scientific Press, London, UK. 216 p.
71. Schaad NW, Jones JB, Chun W (2001) Laboratory Guide for the Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Third edition, 373 p.
72. Ayers SH, Rupp P, Johnson WT, (1919) A study of the alkali forming bacteria in milk. USDA Bull pp. 882.
73. Klement Z, Lovrekovich L, (1961) Defence Reactions Induced by Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Bean Pods. J Phytopathol 41: 217-227.
74. Klement Z, Goodman RN, (1967) The hypersensitive reaction to infection by bacterial plant pathogens. Ann Rev Phytopathol 5: 17-44.
75. Roberts SJ, (1997) Effect of weather conditions on local spread and infection by pea bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi). Eur J Plant Pathol 103: 711-719.
76. Agrios GN (2005) Plant Pathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier-Academic Press. 948 p.
77. Balestra GM, Varvaro L (1997) Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the colonization of olive phylloplane by Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi. In: Rudolph K, Burr TJ, Mansfield JW, Stead D, Vivian A, et al. editors. Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars and Related Pathogens. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 88-92.
78. Shear GM, Wingard SA, (1944) Some ways by which nutrition may affect severity of disease in plants. Phytopathology 34: 603-605.
79. Barnett HL, (1959) Plant disease resistance. Ann Rev Microbiol 13: 191-210.
80. Dordas C, (2008) Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 28: 33-46.
81. Melakeberhan H, Jones AL, Hanson E, Bird GW, (1995) Effect of low soil pH on aluminium availability and on mortality of cherry seedlings. Plant Dis 79: 886-892.
82. Vigoroux A, Bussi C, (1993) Influence of water availability and soil calcic amendment on susceptibility of apricot to bacterial canker. Acta Hort 384: 607-611.
83. Weaver DJ, Wehunt EJ, (1975) Effect of soil pH on susceptibility of peach to Pseudomonas syringae. Phytopathology 65: 984-989.
84. Fabi A, Varvaro L, (2009) Application of geostatistics in studying epidemiology of hazelnut diseases: a case study. Acta Hort 845: 507-514.
85. Fabi A, Varvaro L (2006) Spatial and temporal distribution of dieback of hazelnut on Cimini hills (Central Italy) by use of Geographic Information System and Geostatistics. Proc. 12th Congr. Medit. Phytopath. Union, June 11-15, Rhodes Island (Greece), 217-219.
86. Tangmar BB, Yost RS, Uehara G, (1985) Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties. Adv Agron 38: 45-94.
87. Guo XD, Fu BJ, Ma KM, Chen LD, (2000) Spatial variability of soil nutrients based on geostatistics combined with GIS - A case study in Zunhua City of Hebei Province. Study on spatial variation of Chinese J Appl Ecol 11: 557-563 (in Chinese).
88. Cambardella CA, Moorman TB, Parkin TB, Karlen DL, Novak JM, et al. (1994) Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58: 1501-1511.
89. Oliver MA, Webster R, (1990) Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 4: 313-332.
90. Cressie N, (1985) Fitting variogram models by weighted least squares. Math Geol 17: 563-586.
91. Cressie N, (1988) Spatial Prediction and Ordinary Kriging. Math Geol 20: 405-421. Erratum, (1989). Math Geol 21: 493-49.
92. Boccacci P, Torello MD, Botta R, Rovira M, (2009) Genetic diversity and relationships among Italian and Spanish hazelnut cultivars. Acta Hort 845: 127-132.
93. Tombesi A, Limongelli F (2002) Varietà e miglioramento genetico del nocciolo. Atti del Convegno Nazionale sul Nocciolo, le frontiere delle corilicoltura italiana. Giffoni Valle Piana (SA), 5-6 ottobre; pp. 11-27.
94. Cristofori V, Bignami C, De Salvador R, Rugini E, (2011) Il nocciolo in Italia: valorizzazione del prodotto e innovazione colturale per garantire competitività. Frutticol 5: 44-53.
95. Scortichini M, Rossi MP, Marchesi U, (2002) Genetic, phenotypic and pathogenic diversity of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina strains question the representative nature of the type strain. Plant Pathol 51: 374-381.
96. Fabi A, Belli C, Vuono G, Balestra GM, Varvaro L, (2005) Innovative strategies in epidemiological studies of Hazelnut dieback by using G.P.S./G.I.S. and A.Sp.I.S. Technology. Acta Hort 686: 427-433.
97. Isaaks EH, Srivastava RM (1989) An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York. 561 p.
98. Goovaerts P (1997) Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation. Oxford University Press, New York. 483 p.
99. Stein ML (1999) Interpolation of Spatial Data. Some Theory for Kriging. Springer, New York. 247 p.
100. Franke J, Gebhardt S, Menz G, Helfrich HP, (2009) Geostatistical analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of powdery mildew and leaf rust in wheat. Phytopathology 99: 974-984.
101. Jaime-Garcia R, Orum TV, Felix-Gastelum R, Trinidad-Correa R, VanEtten HD, et al. (2001) Spatial analysis of Phytophthora infestans genotypes and late blight severity on tomato and potato in the Del Fuerte Valley using geostatistics and geographic information systems. Phytopathology 91: 1156-1165.
102. Van Maanen A, Xu XM, (2003) Modelling plant disease epidemics. Eur J Plant Pathol 109: 669-682.
103. Ristiano JB, Gumpertz ML, (2000) New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus phytopthora. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38: 541-576.
104. Brent KJ, Hollomon DW (1998) Fungicide Resistance: The Assessment of Risk.Brussels, Belgium: Global Crop Prot Fed 48 p.
105. Cooksey DA, (1990) Genetics of bactericide resistance in plant pathogenic bacteria. Ann Rev Phytopathol 28: 201-219.
106. Genet JL, Jaworska G, Deparis F, (2006) Effect of dose rate and mixtures of fungicides on selection for QoI resistance in populations of Plasmopara viticola. Pest Manag Sci 62: 188-194.
107. Gisi U, Waldner M, Kraus N, Dubuis PH, Sierotzki H, (2007) Inheritance of resistance to carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides in Plasmopara viticola. Plant Pathol 56: 199-208.
108. Martin HL, Hamilton VA, Kopittke RA, (2004) Copper tolerance in Australian populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria contributes to poor field control of bacterial spot of pepper. Plant Dis 88: 921-924.
109. Sudin GW, Bender CL, (1993) Ecological and genetic analysis of copper and streptomycin resistance in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 1018-1024.
110. Vanneste JL, McLaren GF, Yu J, Cornish DA, Boyd R, (2005) Copper and streptomycin resistance in bacterial strains isolated from stone fruit orchards in New Zealand. N Z Plant Prot 58: 101-105.
111. Snoeijer SS, Pérez-García A, Joosten MHAJ, De Wit PJGM, (2000) The effect of nitrogen on disease development and gene expression in bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Eur J Plant Pathol 106: 493-506.
112. Bianco M, Danise B (2002) La difesa fitosanitaria del nocciolo. Proceeding of the II National congresso on hazelnut. Giffoni, Valle Piana, Italy. pp. 52-61.
113. Pietrarelli L, Balestra GM, Varvaro L, (2006) Effects of simulated rain on Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato populations on tomato plants. J Plant Pathol 88: 245-251.
114. Butterworth J, McCartney HA, (1991) The dispersal of bacteria from leaf surfaces by water splash. J Appl Microbiol 71: 484-496.
115. Hirano SS, Upper CD, (1990) Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae. Annu Rev Phytopathology 28: 155-177.
116. Leben C, Daft GC, Schmitthenner AF, (1968) Bacterial blight of soybeans: population levels of Pseudomonas glycinea in relation to symptom development. Phytopathology 58: 1143-1146.
117. Haas JH, Rotem J, (1976) Pseudomonas lachrymans inoculum on infected cucumber leaves subjected to dew- and rain-typewetting. Phytopathology 66: 1219-1223.
118. MilesWG, Daines RH, Rue JW, (1977) Presymptomatic egress of Xanthomonas prunii from infected peach leaves. Phytopathology 67: 895-897.
119. Roberts SJ (1985) Bacterial diseases of woody ornamental plants. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Leeds.
120. Aloj B, Bartoletti F, Caporossi U, D'Errico FP, Di Dato F, et al. (1987) Una moria del nocciolo di natura ignota nel Viterbese. Inf Agrario 26: 55-57.
121. Moore LW, Lagerstedt HB, Hartmann N, (1974) Stress predisposes young filbert trees to bacterial blight. Phytopathology 64: 1537-1540.
122. Hannan JM (2011) Potassium-magnesium antagonism in high magnesium vineyard soils. Ms Theses and Dissertations. Iowa State University, USA.
123. Jacobsen ST, (1993) Interaction between Plant Nutrients: III. Antagonism between Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium. Acta Agric Scandinav 43: 1-5.
124. Pathak AN, Kalra YP, (1971) Antagonism between Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in Several Varieties of Hybrid Corn. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 130: 118-124.
125. Voisin A (1963) Mineral balances of soil and mineral balances of grass. In: Thomas CC editor. Grass Tetany. 262 p.
126. Johansson OAH, Hahlin JM (1977) Potassium/Magnesium Balance in Soil for Maximum Yield. Proc. Int. Sem. on Soil Environ. and Fert. Manage. In: Intensive Agric. Soc. Sci. Soil and Manure, pp. 487-495.
127. Marschner H (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed., Academic Press, London. 889p.
128. Pettiet JV (1988) The Influence of Exchangeable Magnesium on Potassium Uptake in Cotton Grown on Mississippi Delta Soils. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. pp. 517-518.
129. Tewari SN, Sinha MK, Mandal SC, (1971) Studies on the Interrelationship among Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium in Plant Nutrition. Proc Int Symp Soil Fert Eval New Delhi 1: 317-325.
130. Prince A, Zimmerman A, Bear FE, (1947) The Magnesium-supplying Powers of 20 New Jersey Soils. Soil Sci 63: 69-78.
131. Omar MA, El Kobbia T, (1966) Some Observations on the Interrelationships of Potassium and Magnesium. Soil Sci 101: 437-440.
132. Barbieri M, Peccerillo A, Poli G, Tolomeo L, (1988) Major, trace element and Sr isotopic composition of lavas from Vico volcano central Italy and their evolution in an open system. Contrib Mineral Petrol 99: 485-497.
133. White PJ, Brown PH, (2010) Plant nutrition for sustainable development and global health. Ann Bot 105: 1073-1080.
134. Wilkinson SR, Welch RM, Mayland HF, Grunes DL (1990) Magnesium in plants: uptake, distribution, function, and utilization by man and animals. In: Helmut S, editor. Metal Ions in Biological Systems Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, Switzerland. pp, 33-56.
135. Scortichini M, Sbaraglia M, Di Prospero P, Angelucci L, Petricca P, et al. (2001) Moria del nocciolo nel Viterbese e terreni acidi. Inf Agrario 21: 85-88.
136. Tombesi A (1991) Il Nocciolo. Frutticol Speciale. Reda Rome, pp. 614-630.
137. Delhaize E, Ryan PR, (1995) Aluminium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Plant Physiol 107: 315-321.
138. Foy CD, Chaney RL, White MC, (1978) The Physiology of Metal Toxicity in Plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 29: 511-566.
139. Kinraide TB, Ryan PR, Kochian LV, (1992) Interactive effects of Al3+, H+, and other cations on root elongation considered in terms of cell-surface electrical potential. Plant Physiol 99: 1461-1468.
140. Cannon R, (1998) The implications of predicted climate change for insect pests in the UK, with emphasis on non indigenous species. Global Change Biology 4: 785-796.
141. Pimentel D, McNair S, Janecka J, Wightman J, Simmonds C, et al. (2001) Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal and microbe invasions. Agr Ecosyst Environ 84: 1-20.
142. Rosenzweig C, Iglesias A, Yang X, Epstein P, Chivian E, (2001) Climate change and extreme weather events; implications for food production, plant diseases and pests. Global change Hum Health 2: 90-104.
143. Anderson P, Cunnigham A, Patel N, Morales F, Epstein P, et al. (2004) Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 19: 535-544.
144. Berry P, Dawson T, Harrison P, Pearson R, (2002) Modelling potential impacts of climate change on the bioclimatic envelop of species in Britain and Ireland. Global Ecol Biogeogr 11: 453-462.
145. Coakley S, Scherm H, Chakraborthy S, (1999) Climate change and plant disease management. Ann Rev Phytopathol 37: 399-426.
146. Fuhrer J, (2003) Agroecosystem response to combinations of elevated CO2, ozone and global climate change. Agr, Ecosyst Environ 97: 1-20.
147. Chakraborthy S, Dutta S, (2003) How will plant pathogens adapt to host plant resistance at elevated CO2 under changing climate? New Phytol 159: 733-742.
148. Melloy P, Hollaway G, Luck J, Norton R, Aitken ESC, (2010) Production and fitness of Fusarium pseudograminearum inoculums at elevated carbon dioxide in FACE. Global Change and Biology 16: 3363-3373.