Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: A qualitative descriptive study

Harm Reduction Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Bottorff, Joan L ^a,c   Bissell, Laura JL ^a   Balneaves, Lynda G ^b   Oliffe, John L ^b   Capler, N Rielle ^b   Buxton, Jane ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Legal consequences; Medical marijuana; Social consequences; Stigma

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; RECREATIONAL DRUG;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CANNABIS FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COPING BEHAVIOR; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DRUG USE; FAMILY ATTITUDE; FEMALE; FRIEND; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; MALE; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; PERCEPTION; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; SOCIAL STIGMA; THERAPY EFFECT; ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CANADA; CHRONIC DISEASE; DRUG LEGISLATION; HUMAN RELATION; LEGAL ASPECT; LICENSING; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT RIGHT; PHYTOTHERAPY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; AGED; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANNABIS; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LEGISLATION, DRUG; LICENSURE, MEDICAL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT RIGHTS; PERCEPTION; PHYTOTHERAPY; SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY; SOCIAL STIGMA; STEREOTYPING;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84873720918     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14777517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-10-2     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Tramer MR, Carroll D, Campbell F, Reynolds DJM, Moore A, McQuay H. Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: Quantitative systematic review. BMJ 2001, 323(16):1-8. 1120656, 11440920.
2. Ware M, Rueda S, Singer J, Kilby D. Cannabis use by persons living with HIV/AIDS: Patterns and prevalence of use. J Cannabis Therapeutics 2003, 3(2):3-15.
3. Hathaway AD. Cannabis users' informal rules for managing stigma and risk. Deviant Behav 2004, 25(6):559-577.
4. Tjepkema M. Use of cannabis and other illicit drugs. Health Rep 2004, 15(4):41-47.
5. Stockwell T, Sturge J, Jones W, Fischer B, Carter C. Cannabis use in British Columbia: Patterns of use, perceptions, and public opinion as assessed in the 2004 Canadian Addiction Survey - Bulletin 2 2004, Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia (CARBC), Vancouver, Canada, http://carbc.ca/Portals/0/PropertyAgent/558/Files/19/CARBCBulletin2.pdf.
6. Savas D. Public opinion and illicit drugs: Canadian attitudes towards decriminalizing the use of marijuana 2001, The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
7. Hathaway AD, Erickson PG, Lucas P. Canadian public opinion on cannabis: How far out of step is it with the existing law?. Can Rev Soc Pol 2007, 59:44-55.
8. Johnson BD, Ream GL, Dunlap E, Sifaneck SJ. Civic norms and etiquettes regarding marijuana use in public settings in New York City. Subst Use Misuse 2008, 43(7):895-918. 10.1080/10826080701801477, 2562729, 18570024.
9. Lucas P. Moral regulation and the presumption of guilt in Health Canada's medical cannabis policy and practice. Int J Drug Policy 2009, 20(4):296-303. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.09.007, 19124233.
10. Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity 1963, Prentice - Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
11. Link B, Struening E, Rahav M, Phelan J, Nuttbrock L. On stigma and its consequences: Evidence from a longitudinal study of men with dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance abuse. J Health Soc Behav 1997, 38(2):177-190. 10.2307/2955424, 9212538.
12. Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: Rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med 2006, 11(3):277-287. 10.1080/13548500600595053, 17130065.
13. Young M, Stuber J, Ahern J, Galea S. Interpersonal discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2005, 31(3):371-391. 10.1081/ADA-200056772, 16161724.
14. Corrigan PW. The impact of stigma on severe mental illness. Cogn Behav Pract 1998, 5(2):201-222.
15. Holzemer WL, Human S, Arudo J, Rosa ME, Hamilton MJ, Corless I, et al. Exploring HIV stigma and quality of life for persons living with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2009, 20(3):41-50.
16. Jacoby A, Snape D, Baker A. Epilepsy and social identity: The stigma of a chronic neurological disorder. Lancet Neurol 2005, 4(3):171-178.
17. Looper KJ, Kirkmayer LJ. Perceived stigma in functional somatic syndromes and comparable medical conditions. J Psychosom Res 2004, 57:373-378.
18. Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S. Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007, 88(2-3):188-196.
19. Corrigan PW, Sachiko AK, O'Shaughnessy J. The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: Findings from a stratified random sample. J Soc Work 2009, 9(2):139-147.
20. Krieger N, Sidney S. Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay discrimination: A study of black and white women and men in the CARDIA cohort. Int J Health Serv 1997, 27(1):157-176. 10.2190/HPB8-5M2N-VK6X-0FWN, 9031018.
21. Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Gibbs J, Manning V, Lund M. Physical and psychiatric correlates of gender discrimination: An application of the schedule of sexist events. Psychol Women Q 1995, 19(4):473-492.
22. Canadian AIDS Society Cannabis as Therapy for People Living with HIV/AIDS: 'Our Right, Our Choice' 2006, Canadian AIDS Society, Ottawa, Ontario, Canadian AIDS Society.
23. Page SA, Verhoef MJ. Medicinal marijuana use: Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis. Can Fam Physician 2006, 52:64-72. 1479734, 16926966.
24. Curry WNL. Hyperemesis gravidarum and clinical cannabis: To eat or not to eat?. J Cannabis Therapeutics 2002, 2(3/4):61-81.
25. Sandelowski M. Whatever happened to qualitative description?. Res Nurs Health 2000, 23(4):334-340. 10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G, 10940958.
26. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic Inquiry 1985, Sage, Newbury Park.
27. Sullivan-Bolyai S, Bova C, Harper D. Developing and refining interventions in persons with health disparities: The use of qualitative description. Nurs Outlook 2005, 53(3):127-133. 10.1016/j.outlook.2005.03.005, 15988449.
28. Canada H. Information for the patient- marihuana (cannabis) 2006, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON.
29. Canadian AIDS Society Submission of the Canadian AIDS society on the Proposed Amendments to the Marihuana Access Regulations 2004, Canadian AIDS Society, Ottawa, ON, Canadian AIDS Society.
30. Canadian Cancer Society Medicinal use of marijuana 2002, Canadian Cancer Society, Toronto, ON, Canadian Cancer Society.
31. Canadian Medical Association Journal Marijuana: Federal smoke clears, a little. CMAJ 2001, 164(10):1397. 81049, 11387904, Canadian Medical Association Journal.
32. Capler R, Black H. Up in smoke: The illusion of legal medical marijuana Living+ 2003, Nov-Dec:19-21. https://www.thecompassionclub.org/sites/default/files/documents/BCCCS_up_in_smoke.pdf.
33. Capler R, Black H. British Columbia Compassion Club Society Response to MMAR amendments 2004, British Columbia Compassion Club Society, Vancouver, BC.
34. Mernagh R. 2011, http://www.marijuanalaws.ca/pdf/Mernagh-Ruling-Apr13-2011.pdf.
35. Capler R, Lucas P. Guidelines for the Community-Based Distribution of Medical Cannabis in Canada 2006, British Columbia Compassion Club Society and Vancouver Island Compassion Society, Vancouver, BC.
36. Statistics Canada Low income cut-offs for 2008 and low income measures for 2007 - income research paper series 2009, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Statistics Canada.
37. Fischer B, Ala-Leppilampi K, Single E, Robins A. Cannabis law reform in Canada: Is the "saga of promise, hesitation and retreat" coming to an end?. CJCCJ 2003, 45(3):265-297.
38. The Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA) Medico-legal Handbook for Physicians in Canada 2010, Canadian Medical Protective Association, Ottawa, ON, The Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA).
39. Parker RV. Ontario Court of Appeal, ONCA 5762 2000, http://www.ontariocourts.on.ca/decisions/2000/july/parker.htm.
40. Lucas PG. Regulating compassion: An overview of Canada's federal medical cannabis policy and practice. Harm Reduct J 2008, 5:5. 10.1186/1477-7517-5-5, 2267789, 18226254.
41. Campbell C. The medical use of marihuana and the right to equality 2009, Research and Planning Branch of the Commission des Droits de la Personne et des Droits de la Jeunesse, Quebec, Canada.
42. Patriquin M. The limits on compassion. Macleans 2010, [Online]. http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/07/01/the-limits-on-compassion/ [2010, 07/25].
43. Corrigan PW, Matthews AK. Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet. J Ment Health 2003, 12(3):235-248.
44. Sirey JA, Bruce M, Alexopolous GS, Perlick DA, Raue P, Friedman SJ, et al. Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:479-481. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479, 11229992.
45. Lichtenstein B. Stigma as a barrier to sexually transmitted infection in the American deep south: Issues of race, gender and poverty. Soc Sci Med 2003, 57:2435-2445. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.002, 14572849.
46. Hathaway AD, Comeau NC, Erickson PG. Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminol Crim Justice 2011, 11(5):451-469.
47. Brown L, Macintyre K, Trujillo L. Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned?. AIDS Educ Prev 2003, 15(1):49-69. 10.1521/aeap.15.1.49.23844, 12627743.
48. Heijnders M, Van der Meij S. The fight against stigma: An overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychol Health Med 2006, 11(3):353-363. 10.1080/13548500600595327, 17130071.
49. Gaebel W, Baumann AE. Interventions to reduce the stigma associated with severe mental illness: Experiences from the open doors program in Germany. Can J Psychiatry 2003, 48(10):657-662.