Double crystal melting peak generation for expanded polypropylene bead foam manufacturing

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Volumn 52, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2297-2303

  Nofar, Mohammadreza ^a   Guo, Yanting ^a,b   Park, Chul B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b SOUTH CHINA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BATCH-FOAMING PROCESS; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETERS; DOUBLE CRYSTALS; DOUBLE PEAK; DOUBLE PEAK STRUCTURE; FOAMING PROCESS; GEOMETRIC SHAPE; HIGH TEMPERATURE; ISOTHERMAL TREATMENT; MELTING PEAK; PERFECT CRYSTALS; PLASTICIZATION EFFECTS; SATURATION PRESSURE; SATURATION TEMPERATURE; SATURATION TIME; SENSITIVE PARAMETER;

CARBON DIOXIDE; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; MELTING; SINTERING; THERMOPLASTICS;

POLYPROPYLENES;

EID: 84873641829     PISSN: 08885885     EISSN: 15205045     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ie302625e     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. http://www.arpro.com/product/properties.php.
2. http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/brand/NEOPOLEN-P.
3. http://www.jsp.com/products/beads.php.
4. Yamaguchi, T.; Yamaguchi, M.; Senda, K. U.S. Patent 6,355,696, 2002.
5. Lee, E. K. Novel Manufacturing Processes for Polymer Bead Foams. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, 2010.
6. Fagerdala Deutschland GmbH, Ohrdruf, Germany. http://www.fagerdala.de/ english/start.htm.
7. Klempner, D.; Frisch, K. C. Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology; Hanser Verlag: Munich, 1991.
8. Zhang, X.; Zhu, Z.; Park, C. B.; Lee, E. K.; Chen, N.; Naguib, H. E.; Pop-Iliev, R. Presented at the SPE, ANTEC Conference, Cincinnati, OH, May 6-10, 2007; Paper No. 303886.
9. Braun, F.; Gluck, G.; Hahn, K.; De Grave, I.; Tatzel, H. U.S. Patent 6,677,040, 2004.
10. Kogel, W.; De Grave, I.; Hahn, K.; Fischer, J. U.S. Patent 5,925,686, 1999.
11. Yoshimura, S.; Yamaguchi, T.; Kanbe, M.; Kuwabara, H. U.S. Patent 4,704,239, 1987.
12. Sasaki, H.; Sakaguchi, M.; Akiyama, M.; Tokoro, H. U.S. Patent 6,077,875, 2000.
13. Fischer, J.; Dietzen, F. J.; Ehrrmann, G.; De Grave, I.; Rieger, J. U.S. Patent 5,744,505, 1998.
14. Choi, J. B.; Chung, M. J.; Yoon, J. S. Formation of Double Melting Peak of Poly(propylene- co -ethylene- co -1-butene) during the Preexpansion Process for Production of Expanded Polypropylene Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 2776
15. Tripathi, D. Practical Guide to Polypropylene; Rapra Technology Ltd.: Telford, U.K., 2002; pp 9-10.
16. Ito, J.; Mitani, K.; Mizutani, Y. Annealing Of Commercial Block Polypropylene. II. Behavior Of Poly(Ethylene- Co -Propylene) Component J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1992, 46, 1235
17. Tjong, S. C.; Xu, S. A. Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Calcium Carbonate Filled β-Crystalline Phase Polypropylene Composites Polym. Int. 1997, 44, 95
18. Sasaki, H.; Ogiyama, K.; Hira, A.; Hashimoto, K.; Tokoro, H. U.S. Patent 6,838,488, 2005.
19. Braun, F. U.S. Patent 6,723,760, 2004.
20. Sasaki, H.; Sakaguchi, M.; Akiyama, M.; Tokoro, H. U.S. Patent 6,313,184, 2001.
21. Hira, A.; Hashimoto, K.; Sasaki, H. U.S. Patent 7,182,896, 2007.
22. Schweinzer, J.; Fischer, J.; Kogel, W. U.S. Patent 5,703,135, 1997.
23. Guo, Y.; Hossieny, N.; Chu, R.; Park, C. B.; Zhou, N. Critical Processing Parameters for Foamed Bead Manufacturing in a Lab-Scale Autoclave System Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 214, 180
24. Harriso, I. R. Modelling Melting in Macromolecules Polymer 1985, 26, 3
25. Padden, J.; Keith, H. D. Spherulitic Crystallization in Polypropylene J. Appl. Phys. 1959, 30, 1479
26. Kardos, J. L.; Christiansen, A. W.; Baer, E. Structure of pressure-crystallized polypropylene J. Polym. Sci., Part A 1966, 4, 777
27. Pae, K. D. γ-α Solid-Solid Transition of Isotactic Polypropylene J. Polym Sci., Part A 1968, 6, 657
28. Samuels, R. J. Quantitative Structural Characterization of the Melting Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene J. Polym. Sci. 1975, 13, 1417
29. Ruiyun, Z.; Xiaolie, L.; Qunhua, W.; Dezhu, M. Melting Behavior of Low Ethylene Content Polypropylene Copolymers with and without Nucleating Agents Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 1994, 12 (3) 246
30. Sasaki, H.; Hira, A.; Tokoro, H. U.S. Patent 2003/0162012 A1, 2003.
31. Napolitano, R.; Pirozzi, B.; Varriale, V. Temperature Dependence of the Thermodynamic Stability of the Two Crystalline α Forms of Isotactic Polypropylene J. Polym. Sci., Part B 1990, 28, 139
32. Turner-Jones, A. Development of The γ-Crystal Form in Random Copolymers of Propylene and their Analysis by DSC and X-Ray Methods Polymer 1971, 12, 487
33. Janimak, J. J.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Isotacticity Effect on Crystallization and Melting in Polypropylene Fractions: 3. Overall Crystallization and Melting Behaviour Polymer 1992, 33, 728
34. Guerra, G.; Petraccone, V.; Corradini, P. Crystalline Order and Melting Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene (α Form) J. Polym. Sci., Part B 1984, 22, 1029
35. 2 Transitions in Isotactic Polypropylene Samples Eur. Polym. J. 1984, 20, 937
36. Petraccone, V.; Guerra, G.; De Rosa, C. Extrapolation to the Equilibrium Melting Temperature for Isotactic Polypropylene Macromolecules 1985, 18, 813
37. Hikosaka, M.; Seto, T. The Order of the Molecular Chains in Isotactic Polypropylene Crystals Polym. J. 1973, 5, 111
38. Zhai, W. T.; Kim, Y. W.; Park, C. B. Steam-Chest Molding of Expanded Polypropylene Foams. 1. DSC Simulation of Bead Foam Processing Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49 (20) 9822
39. Zhai, W. T.; Kim, Y. W.; Jung, D. W.; Park, C. B. Steam-Chest Molding of Expanded Polypropylene Foams. 2. Mechanism of Interbead Bonding Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50 (9) 5523
40. Mills, N. J.; Gilchrist, A. Shear and Compressive Impact of Polypropylene Bead Foam Cell. Polym. 1999, 18 (3) 157
41. Suh, K. W.; Klempner, D.; Frisch, C. Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology; Hanser Publishers: Munich, 1991; Chapter 8, pp 151-186.
42. Mills, N. J. Time Dependence of the Compressive Response of Polypropylene Bead Foam Cell. Polym. 1997, 16, 194
43. Nakai, S.; Taki, K.; Tsujimura, I.; Ohshima, M. Numerical Simulation of a Polypropylene Foam Bead Expansion Process Polym. Eng. Sci. 2008, 48 (1) 107
44. Yang, C. T.; Lee, S. T. Dimensional Stability Analysis of Foams Based on LDPE and Ethylene-Styrene Interpolymer Blends J. Cell. Plast. 2003, 39, 59
45. Frederick, G.; Kaepp, G. A.; Kudelko, C. M.; Schuster, P. J.; Domas, F.; Haardt, U. G.; Lenz, W. Optimization of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Coring to Improve Bumper Foam Core Energy Absorbing Capability SAE Tech. Pap. 1995, 950549) 394
46. Mahapatro, A.; Mills, N. J.; Sims, G. L. A. Experiments and Modelling of the Expansion of Crosslinked Polyethylene Foams Cell. Polym. 1998, 17, 252
47. Beverte, I. Elastic Constants of Monotropic Plastic Foams. 2. Deformation Parallel to Foam Rise Direction. Numerical Calculations Mech. Compos. Mater. 1998, 34, 115
48. Behravesh, A. H.; Park, C. B. Formation and Characterization of Polyethylene Blends for Autoclave-Based Expanded-Bead Foams Polym. Eng. Sci. 2009, 50 (6) 1161
49. Braun, F.; Gluck, G.; Hahn, K.; Tatzel, H. U.S. Patent 6,677,040, 2004.
50. Bellehumeur, C. T.; Kontopoulou, M.; Vlachopoulos, J. The Role of Viscoelasticity in Polymer Sintering Rheol. Acta 1998, 37, 270
51. Wang, J.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, H.; Park, C. B. Continuous Processing of Low-Density, Microcellular Poly(lactic acid) Foams with Controlled Cell Morphology and Crystallinity Chem. Eng. Sci. 2012, 75 (1) 390
52. Tol, R. T.; Mathot, V. B. F.; Groeninckx, G. Confined Crystallization Phenomena in Immiscible Polymer Blends with Dispersed Micro- and Nanometer Sized PA6 Droplets, Part 3 Polymer 2005, 46, 2955
53. Turner-Jones, A.; Aizlewood, J. M.; Beckett, D. R. Crystalline Forms of Isotactic Polypropylene Makromol. Chem. 1964, 75, 134
54. Guidetti, G. P.; Busi, P.; Guilianelli, I. Structure-Properties Relationships in some Random Copolymers of Propylene Eur. Polym. J. 1983, 19 (9) 757
55. Hindeleh, A. M.; Johnson, D. J. Crystallinity and Crystallite Size Measurement in Polyamide and Polyester Fibres Polymer 1978, 19, 27
56. 2 on the Crystallization Behavior of Linear and Branched PLA Polymer 2012, 53 (15) 3341
57. Li, G.; Wang, J.; Park, C. B.; Simha, R. Measurement of Gas Solubility in Linear/Branched PP Melts J. Polym. Sci., Part B 2007, 45 (17) 2497
58. 2 in Linear and Branched Polypropylene Using a Magnetic Suspension Balance and a PVT Apparatus J. Chem. Eng. Data 2010, 55 (11) 4885