Chromium-plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria interactions: Toxicity and management

Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Legumes and Bioremediation

Volumn 9783709107300, Issue , 2012, Pages 67-88

  Khan, Mohammad Saghir ^a   Zaidi, Almas ^a   Wani, Parvaze Ahmad ^b  

^a ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b Crescent University   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873478359     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0730-0_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Abbas-Zadeh P, Saleh-Rastin N, Asadi-Rahmani H, Khavazi K, Soltani A, Shoary-Nejati AR, Miransari M. (2010). Plant growth-promoting activities of fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from the Iranian soils. Acta Physiol Plant 32: 281-288
2. Abdel-Sabour MF. (2007). Chromium in receiving environment in Egypt (An overview). Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 6: 2178-2198
3. Ahemad A, Khan MS. (2011). Functional aspect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: recent advancements. Insight Microbiol 1: 39-54
4. Ahluwalia SS, Goyal D. (2007). Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 98: 2243-2257
5. Amoozegar MA, Ghasemi A, Razavi MR, Naddaf S. (2007). Evaluation of hexavalent chromium reduction by chromate-resistant moderately halophile, Nesterenkonia sp. strain MF2. Process Biochem 42: 1475-1479
6. Antizar-Ladislao B. (2010). Bioremediation: working with Bacteria. Elements 6: 389-394
7. Armienta-Hernandez MA, Rodriguez-Castillo R. (1995). Environmental exposure to chromium compounds in the valley of Leon, Mexico. Environ Health Perspect 103: 47-51
8. Baldi F, Vaughan AM, Olson GJ. (1990). Chromium (vi) resistant yeast isolated from a sewage treatment plant receiving tannery wastes. Appl Environ Microbiol 56: 913-918
9. Barnhart J. (1997). Occurrences, uses, and properties of chromium. Regul Toxicol Pharm 26: S3-S7
10. Belyaeva ON, Haynes RJ, Birukova OA. (2005). Barley yield and soil microbial and enzyme activities as affected by contamination of two soils with lead, zinc or copper. Biol Fertil Soils 41: 85-94
11. Braud A, Jezequel K, Bazot S, Lebeau T. (2009). Enhanced phytoextraction of an agricultural Cr-And Pb-contaminated soil by bioaugmentation with siderophore-producing bacteria. Chemosphere 74: 280-286
12. Camargo FAO, Okeke BC, Bento FM, Frankenberger WT. (2003). In vitro reduction of hexavalent chromium by a cell free extract of Bacillus SP. ES 29 stimulated by Cu2+. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62: 569-573
13. Caravelli AH, Giannuzzi K, Zaritzky NE. (2008). Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Sphaerotilus natans a filamentous micro-organism present in activated sludges. J Hazard Mater 156: 214-222
14. Cerventes C, Garcia JC, Devers S, Corona FG, Tavera HL. (2001). Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25: 335-347
15. Chatterjee S, Sau GB, Mukherjee SK. (2009). Plant growth promotion by a hexavalent chromium reducing bacterial strain, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans KUCr3. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 1829-1836
16. Chaturvedi MK. (2011). Studies on chromate removal by chromium-resistant Bacillus sp. isolated from tannery effluent. J Environ Prot 2: 76-82
17. Chen XC, Wang YP, Lin Q, Shi JY, Wu WX, Chen YX. (2005). Biosorption of copper (II) and zinc (II) from aqueous solution by Pseudomonas putida CZ1. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 46: 101-107
18. Cheng G, Li X. (2009). Bioreduction of chromium (vi) by Bacillus sp. isolated from soils of iron mineral area. Eur J Soil Biol 45: 483-487
19. Cheung KH, Gu JD. (2007). Mechanism of hexavalent chromium detoxification by microorganisms and bioremediation application potential: a review. Int Biodeter Biodegr 59: 8-15
20. Chirayu D, Kunal J, Datta M. (2008). Hexavalent chromate reductase activity in cytosolic fractions of Pseudomonas sp. G1DM21 isolated from Cr (vi) contaminated industrial landfill. Process Biochem 43: 713-721
21. Christl I, Imseng M, Tatti E, Frommer J, Viti C, Giovannetti L, Kretzschmar R. (2011). Aerobic reduction of chromium (vi)by Pseudomonas corrugata 28: Influence of metabolism and fate of reduced chromium. Geophys Res Abst 13: EGU2011-2430
22. Costa M. (2003). Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharm 188: 1-5
23. Costa M, Klein CB. (2006). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 36: 155-163
24. Dary M, Chamber-Pérez MA, Palomares AJ, Pajuelo E. (2010). In situ phytostabilisation of heavy metal polluted soils using Lupinus luteus inoculated with metal resistant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria. J Hazard Mater 177: 323-330
25. Das AP, Mishra S. (2010). Biodegradation of the metallic carcinogen hexavalent chromium Cr (vi) by an indigenously isolated bacterial strain. J Carcinog 9: 6
26. De Filippi LJ, Lupton FS. (1992). Bioremediation of soluble Cr (vi) using sulfate reducing bacteria. In: Allied signal research. National R and B conference on the control of hazardous materials, San Francisco, CA, p 138
27. De J, Ramaiah N, Vardanyan L. (2008). Detoxification of toxic heavy metals by marine bacteria highly resistant to mercury. Mar Biotechnol. doi: 10.1007/s10126-008-9083-2
28. Desai C, Jain K, Madamwar D. (2008). Evaluation of in vitro Cr (vi)reduction potential in cytosolic extracts of three indigenous Bacillus sp. isolated from Cr (vi)polluted industrial landfill. Bioresour Technol 99: 6059-6069
29. Dhal B, Thatoi H, Das N, Pandey BD. (2010). Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Bacillus sp. isolated from chromite mine soils and characterization of reduced product. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85: 1471-1479
30. Dogan NM, Kantar C, Gulcan S, Dodge CJ, Yilmaz BC, Mazmanci MA. (2011). Chromium (vi) bioremoval by Pseudomonas bacteria: role of microbial exudates for natural attenuation and biotreatment of Cr (vi) contamination. Environ Sci Technol 45: 2278-2285
31. Donati E, Oliver C, Curutchet G. (2003). Reduction of chromium (vi) by the indirect action of Thiobacillus thioparus. Braz J Chem Eng 20: 69-73
32. Eary LE, Rai D. (1991). Chromate reduction by subsurface soils under acidic conditions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55: 676
33. Elangovan R, Abhipsa S, Rohit B, Ligy P, Chandraraj K. (2006). Reduction of Cr (vi) by a Bacillus sp. Biotechnol Lett 28: 247-252
34. Faisal M, Hasnain S. (2005). Bacterial Cr (vi) reduction concurrently improves sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) growth. Biotechnol Lett 27: 943-947
35. Faisal M, Hasnain S. (2006). Growth stimulatory effect of Ochrobacterium intermedium and Bacillus cereus on Vigna radiata plants. Lett Appl Microbiol 43: 461-466
36. Ganguli A, Tripathi AK. (2002). Bioremediation of toxic chromium from electroplating effluent by chromate-reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa A2Chr in two bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58: 416-420
37. Gavrilescu M. (2004). Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Eng Life Sci 4: 219-232
38. Gilmour C, Riedel G. (2009). Biogeochemistry of trace metals and metalloids. In: Likens GE (ed) Encyclopedia of inland waters. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 7-15
39. Guh H, Jayachandran K, Maurrasse F. (2001). Kinetics of chromium (vi) reduction by a type strain Shewanella alga under different growth conditions. Environ Pollut 115: 209-218
40. Gupta A, Rai V, Bagdwal N, Goel R. (2005). In situ characterization of mercury resistant growth promoting fluorescent Pseudomonads. Microbiol Res 160: 385-388
41. Hallberg KB, Johnson DB. (2005). Microbiology of a wetland ecosystem constructed to remediate mine drainage from a heavy metal mine. Sci Total Environ 338: 53-66
42. He Z, Gao F, Sha T, Hu Y, He C. (2009). Isolation and characterization of a Cr (VI)-reduction Ochrobacterium sp. strain CSCr-3 from chromium landfill. J Hazard Mater 163: 869-873
43. He CQ, Tan GE, Liang X, Du W, Chen YL, Zhi GY, Zhu Y. (2010). Effect of Zn-Tolerant bacterial strains on growth and Zn accumulation in Orychophragmus violaceus. Appl Soil Ecol 44: 1-5
44. He M, Li X, Liu H, Miller SJ, Wang G, Rensing C. (2011). Characterization and genomic analysis of a highly chromate resistant and reducing bacterial strain Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZC1. J Hazard Mater 185: 682-688
45. Horikoshi K. (1999). Alkaliphiles: some applications of their products for biotechnol. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63: 735-750
46. Horikoshi K. (2011). Extremophiles handbook, vols 1 and 2. Springer, Berlin
47. Ibrahim ASS, El-Tayeb MA, Elbadawi YB, Al-Salamah AA. (2011). Bioreduction of Cr (vi)by potent novel chromate resistant alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSUCr5 isolated from hypersaline Soda lakes. Afr J Biotechnol 10: 7207-7218
48. Ilias M, Rafiqullah IM, Debnath BC, Mannan KSB, Hoq MM. (2011). Isolation and characterization of chromium (VI)-reducing bacteria from tannery effluents. Ind J Microbiol 51: 76-81
49. Jeyasingh J, Philip L. (2005). Bioremediation of chromium contaminated soil: optimization of operating parameters under laboratory conditions. J Hazard Mater 118: 113-120
50. Jimenez-Mejia R, Campos-Garcia J, Cervantes C. (2006). Membrane topology of the chromate transporter ChrA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 262: 178-184
51. Joseph B, Ranjan Patra R, Lawrence R. (2007). Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria associated with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). Int J Plant Prod 2: 141-152
52. Kamaludeen SP, Megharaj M, Juhasz AL, Sethunathan N, Naidu R. (2003). Chromium microorganism interactions in soil: remediation implications. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 178: 93-164
53. Karami A, Shamsuddin ZHJ. (2010). Phytoremediation of heavy metals with several efficiency enhancer methods. Afr J Biotechnol 9: 3689-3698
54. Karnachuk OV. (1995). Influence of hexavalent chromium on hydrogen sulfide formation by sulfate reducing bacteria. Microbiology 64: 262
55. Khan AG. (2005). Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 18: 355-64
56. Khan MS, Zaidi A, Wani PA, Oves M. (2009). Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the remediation of metal contaminated soils. Environ Chem Lett 7: 1-19
57. Khasim DI, Kumar NV, Hussain RC. (1989). Environmental contamination of chromium in agricultural and animal products near a chromate industry. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43: 742-746
58. Kiliç NK, Stensballe A, Otzen DE, Donmez G. (2010). Proteomic changes in response to chromium (vi) toxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioresour Technol 101: 2134-2140
59. Kolembkiewicz I. (1999). Chromium in soils and some aspects of its analysis, Lab Apparatus Res 3: 9 (in Polish
60. Landa ER. (2005). Microbial biogeochemistry of uranium mill tailings. Adv Appl Microbiol 57: 113-130
61. Li Y, Gary KCL, Jason AS, Rose A. (2007). Microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium by landfill leachate. J Hazard Mater 142: 153-159
62. Liu YG, Xu WH, Zeng GM, Tang CF, Li CF. (2004). Experimental study on reduction Cr (vi) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Environ Sci 16: 797-801
63. Liu YG, Xu WH, Zeng GM, Li X, Gao H. (2006). Cr (vi) reduction by Bacillus sp. isolated from chromium landfill. Process Biochem 41: 1981-1986
64. Lloyd JR. (2002). Bioremediation of metals: The application of microorganisms that make and break minerals. Microbiol Today 29: 67-69
65. Losi ME, Amrhein C, Frankenberger WT. (1994). Environmental biochemistry of chromium. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 136: 92
66. Loukidou MX, Zouboulis AI, Karapantsios TD, Matis KA. (2004). Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of chromium (vi) biosorption by Aeromonas caviae. Colloids Surf A 242: 93-104
67. Lovley DR, Phillips EJP. (1994). Bioremediation of metal contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 726
68. Lu Z, An X, Zhang W. (2011). Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of chromium (vi) reducing bacteria of a magnetite mine drainage from Hebei China. Modern Appl Sci 5: 113-118
69. Ma Z, Zhu W, Long H, Chai L, Qingwei Wang Q. (2007). Chromate reduction by resting cells of Achromobacter sp. Ch-1 under aerobic conditions. Process Biochem 42: 1028-1032
70. Mangaiyarkarasi MS, Vincenta S, Janarthanan S. (2011). Bioreduction of Cr (vi) by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis and interaction of the membrane groups. Saud J Biol Sci 18: 157-167
71. Marsh TL, Mclnerney MJ. (2001). Relationship of hydrogen bioavailability to chromate reduction in aquifer sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 517
72. Mary Mangaiyarkarasi MS, Vincent S, Janarthanan S, Subba Rao T, Tata BVR. (2011). Bioreduction of Cr (vi) by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis and interaction of the membrane groups. Saudi J Biol Sci 18: 157-167
73. Mclean J, Beveridge TJ. (2001). Chromate reduction by a Pseudomonad isolated from a site contaminated with chromated copper arsenate. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 1076-1084
74. Mclean J, Beveridge TJ, Phipps D. (2000). Isolation and characterization of a chromium-reducing bacterium from a chromated copper arsenate contaminated site. Environ Microbiol 2: 611-619
75. Megharaj M, Avudainayagam S, Naidu R. (2003). Toxicity of hexavalent chromium and its reduction by bacteria isolated from soil contaminated with tannery waste. Curr Microbiol 47: 51-54
76. Mistry K, Desai C, Patel K. (2010). Chromate reduction by Vogococcus sp. isolated from Cr (vi) contaminated industrial effluent. Electron J Biol 6: 6-12
77. Morais PV, Branco R, Francisco R. (2011). Chromium resistance strategies and toxicity: what makes Ochrobactrum tritici 5bvl1 a strain highly resistant. Bio Metals 24: 401-410
78. Morales DK, Ocampo W, Zambrano MM. (2007). Efficient removal of hexavalent chromium by a tolerant Streptomyces sp. affected by the toxic effect of metal exposure. J Appl Microbiol 103: 2704-2712
79. Myers CR, Carstens BP, Antholine WE. (2000). Chromium (vi) reductase activity is associated with the cytoplasmic membrane of anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. J Appl Microbiol 88: 98-106
80. Oewietlik R, Trojanowska M. (2004). Fractionation of chromium in soil heavily polluted by tannery wastes. Case study of the Radom Region (Poland). Polish J Environ Stud 13 (Suppl IV): 19
81. Okeke BC. (2008). Bioremoval of hexavalent chromium from water by a salt tolerant bacterium, Exiguobacterium sp. GS1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35: 1571-1579
82. Okeke BC, Laymon J, Crenshaw S, Oji C. (2008). Environmental and kinetic parameters for Cr (vi) bioreduction by a bacterial monoculture purified from Cr (VI)-resistant consortium. Biol Trace Element Res 123: 229-241
83. Opperman DJ, Piater LA, Heerden E. (2008). A novel chromate reductase from Thermus scotoductus SA-01 related to old yellow enzyme. J Bacteriol 190: 3076-3082
84. Ozturk S, Aslim B, Suludere Z. (2009). Evaluation of chromium (vi)removal behavior by two isolates of Synechocystis sp. in terms of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and monomer composition. Bioresour Technol 100: 5588-5593
85. Pal A, Paul AK. (2004). Aerobic chromate reduction by chromium resistant bacteria isolated from serpentine soil. Microbiol Res 159: 347-354
86. Pal A, Dutta S, Paul AK. (2005). Reduction of hexavalent chromium by cell free extract of Bacillus sphaericus AND 303 isolated from serpentine soil. Curr Microbiol 51: 327-330
87. Park CH, Keyhan M, Wielinga B, Fendorf S, Martin A. (2000). Purification to homogeneity and characterization of a novel Pseudomonas putida chromate reductase. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 1788
88. Pattanapipitpaisal P, Brown NL, Macaskie LE. (2001). Chromate reduction by Microbacterium liquefaciens immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol. Biotechnol Lett 23: 257-261
89. Pattanapipitpaisal P, Brown NL, Macaskie LF. (2001). Chromate reduction and 16 S rRNA identification of bacteria isolated from a Cr6+ contaminated site. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57: 257-261
90. Pei QH, Shahir S, Raj ASS, Zakaria ZA, Ahmad WA. (2009). Chromium (vi) resistance and removal by Acinetobacter haemolyticus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 1085-1093
91. Puzon GJ, Peterson JN, Roberts AG, Kramer DM, Xun L. (2002). Bacterial flavin reductase system reduces chromate to soluble chromium (III)-NAD complex. Biophys Biochem Res Commun 294: 76
92. Puzon GJ, Roberts AG, Kramer DM, Xun L. (2005). Formation of soluble organochromium (III) complexes after chromate reduction in the presence of cellular organics. Environ Sci Technol 39: 2811-2817
93. Rahman M, Gul S, Haq MZ. (2007). Reduction of chromium (vi) by locally isolated Pseudomonas sp. C-171. Turk J Biol 31: 161-166
94. Rajwade JM, Salunkhe PB, Paknikar KM. (1999). Biochemical basis of chromate reduction by Pseudomonas mendocina. Process Metallurgy 9: 105-114
95. Ramírez-Diáz MI, Diáz-Pérez C, Vargas E, Riveros-Rosas H, Campos-Garciá J, Cervantes C. (2008). Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to chromium compounds. BioMetals 21: 321-332
96. Rehman A, Zahoor A, Muneer B, Hasnain S. (2008). Chromium tolerance and reduction potential a Bacillus sp.ev3 isolated from metal contaminated wastewater. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 25-29
97. Reichman SM. (2007). The potential use of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis for the remediation of arsenic contaminated sites. Soil Biol Biochem 39: 2587-2593
98. Richard FC, Bourg ACM. (1991). Aqueous geochemistry of chromium. A review. Water Res 25: 807-816
99. Romanenko VI, Korenkov VN. (1977). A pure culture of bacterial cells assimilating chromates and bichromates as hydrogen acceptors when grown under anaerobic conditions. Mikrobiologiya 46: 414-417
100. Sarangi A, Krishnan C. (2008). Comparison of in vitro Cr (vi) reduction by CFEs of chromate resistant bacteria isolated from chromate contaminated soil. Bioresour Technol 99: 4130-4137
101. Seng JK, Bielefeldt AR. (2002). Low temperature chromium (vi) biotransformation in soil with varying electron acceptor. J Environ Qual 31: 1831-1841
102. Shakoori AR, Makhdoom M, Haq RU. (2000). Hexavalent chromium reduction by a dichromate resistant gram-positive bacterium isolated from effluents of tanneries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 53: 348-351
103. Shi W, Bischoff M, Turco R, Konopka A. (2002). Long-Term effects of chromium and lead upon the activity of soil microbial communities. J Appl Soil Ecol 21: 169-177
104. Shiny KJ, Remani KN, Jalaja TK, Sasidharan VK. (2004). Removal of chromium by two aquatic pteridophytes. Ind J Environ Health 46: 249-251
105. Shun-hong H, Bing P, Zhi-hui Y, Li-yuan C, Li-cheng Z. (2009). Chromium accumulation, microorganism population and enzyme activities in soils around chromium-containing slag heap of steel alloy factory. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 19: 241-248
106. Silva B, Figueiredo H, Neves IC, Tavares T. (2009). The role of pH on Cr (vi) reduction and removal by Arthrobacter viscosus. Int J Chem Biol Eng 2: 100-103
107. Singanan M, Abebaw A, Singanan V. (2007). Studies on the removal of hexavalent chromium from industrial wastewater by using biomaterials. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 6: 2557-2564
108. Singh A, Prasad SM. (2011). Reduction of heavy metal load in food chain: technology assessment. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. doi: 10.1007/s11157-011-9241-z
109. Sultan S, Hasnain S. (2007). Reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium by Ochrobacterium intermedium strain SDCr-5 stimulated by heavy metals. Bioresour Technol 98: 340-344
110. Thacker U, Madamwar D. (2005). Reduction of toxic chromium and partial localization of chromium reductase activity in bacterial isolate DM1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21: 891-899
111. Thacker U, Parikh R, Shouche Y, Madamwar D. (2006). Hexavalent chromium reduction by Providencia sp. Process Biochem 41: 1332-1337
112. Thacker U, Parikh R, Shouche Y, Madamwar D. (2007). Reduction of chromate by cell-free extract of Brucella sp. isolated from Cr (vi) contaminated sites. Bioresour Technol 98: 1541-1547
113. Urvashi T, Parikh R, Shouche Y, Datta M. (2007). Reduction of chromate cell free extract of Brucella sp. isolated from Cr (vi) contaminated sites. Bioresour Technol 98: 1541-1547
114. Vaxevanidou K, Papassiopi N, Paspaliaris I. (2008). Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from contaminated soils using bioremediation and chelant extraction techniques. Chemosphere 70: 1329-1337
115. Viti C. (2006). Response of microbial communities to different doses of chromate in soil microcosms. J Appl Soil Ecol 34: 125-139
116. Wang J, Chen C. (2009). Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnol Adv 27: 195-226
117. Wang YT, Xiao C. (1995). Factors affecting hexavalent chromium reduction in pure cultures of bacteria. Water Res 29: 2467-2474
118. Wang P, Mori T, Toda K, Ohtake H. (1990). Membrane associated chromate reductase activity from Enterobacter cloacae. J Bacteriol 172: 1670-1672
119. Wani PA, Khan MS. (2010). Bacillus species enhance growth parameters of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) in chromium stressed soils. Food Chem Toxicol 48: 3262-3267
120. Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A. (2007). Chromium reduction, plant growth promoting potentials and metal solubilization by Bacillus sp. isolated from alluvial soil. Curr Microbiol 54: 237-243
121. Wani R, Kodam KM, Gawai KR, Dhakephalkar PK. (2007). Chromate reduction by Burkholderia cepacia MCMB-821 isolated from the pristine habitat of alkaline crater lake. Appl Microb Cell Phys 75: 627-632
122. Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A. (2008). Chromium reducing and plant growth promoting Mesorhizobium improves chickpea growth in chromium amended soil. Biotechnol Lett 30: 159-163
123. Wani PA, Zaidi A, Khan MS. (2009). Chromium reducing and plant growth promoting potential of Mesorhizobium species under chromium stress. Bioremed J 13: 121-129
124. Wei-hua X, Yun-guo L, Guang-ming XL, Hua-xiao S, Qing-qing P. (2009). Characterization of Cr (vi) resistance and reduction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 19: 1336-1339
125. Wenzel W. (2008). Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-Assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. Plant Soil 321: 385-408
126. Wyszkowska J, Kucharski J, Jastrze?bska E, Hlasko A. (2001). The biological properties of soil as influenced by chromium contamination. Polish J Environ Stud 10: 37-42
127. Xiao W, Wang L, Li ZK, Zhang SW, Ren DM. (2008). Mechanisms and enzymatic characters of hexavalent chromium reduction by Bacillus cereus S5.4. Huan Jing Ke Xue 29: 751-755
128. Zahoor A, Rehman A. (2009). Isolation of Cr (vi) reducing bacteria from industrial effluents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater. J Environ Sci 21: 814-820
129. Zemin M, Wenjie Z, Huaizhong L, Liyuan C, Qingwei W. (2007). chromium reduction by resting cells of Achromobacter sp. Ch-1 under aerobic conditions. Process Biochem 42: 1028-1032
130. Zhu W, Chai L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Xiao H, Zhao K. (2008). Anaerobic reduction of hexavalent chromium by bacterial cells of Achromobacter sp. strain Ch1. Microbiol Res 163: 616-623
131. Zhu W, Yang Z, Ma Z, Chai L. (2008). Reduction of high concentrations of chromate by Leucobacter sp. CRB1 isolated from Changsha, China. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24: 991-996