Tracking episomal HIV DNA: Implications for viral persistence and eradication of HIV

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 93-99

  Sharkey, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

HIV eradication; HIV persistence; two LTR circle

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; VIRUS DNA;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; DISEASE MARKER; DRUG EFFICACY; ERADICATION THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; DNA, VIRAL; DRUG MONITORING; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES; PLASMIDS; VIROLOGY;

EID: 84873451320     PISSN: 1746630X     EISSN: 17466318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32835d08c2     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Chun TW, Justement JS, Murray D, et al. Rebound of plasma viremia following cessation of antiretroviral therapy despite profoundly low levels of HIV reservoir: Implications for eradication. AIDS 2010; 24:2803-2808.
2. Palmer S, Josefsson L, Coffin JM. HIV reservoirs and the possibility of a cure for HIV infection. J Intern Med 2011; 270:550-560; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02457.x.
3. Buzó n MJ, Massanella M, Llibre JM, et al. HIV-1 replication and immune dynamics are affected by raltegravir intensification of HAART-suppressed subjects. Nat Med 2010; 16:460-465.
4. Sharkey ME, Teo I, Greenough T, et al. Persistence of episomal HIV-1 infection intermediates in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nat Med 2000; 6:76-81.
5. Agosto LM, Liszewski MK, Mexas A, et al. Patients on HAART often have an excess of unintegrated HIV DNA: Implications for monitoring reservoirs. Virology 2011; 409:46-53.
6. Doyle T, Smith C, Vitiello P, Cambiano V, et al. Plasma HIV-1 RNA detection below 50 copies/ml and risk of virologic rebound in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:724-732.
7. Maggiolo F, Callegaro A, Cologni G, et al. Ultrasensitive assessment of residual low-level HIV viremia in HAART-treated patients and risk of virological failure. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60:473-482.
8. Sahu GK, Sarria JC, Cloyd MW. Recovery of replication-competent residual HIV-1 from plasma of a patient receiving prolonged, suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2010; 84:8348-8352.
9. Chun TW, Murray D, Justement JS, et al. Relationship between residual plasma viremia and the size of HIV proviral DNA reservoirs in infected individuals receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:135-138.
10. Cohen J. HIV/AIDS research. Tissue says blood is misleading, confusing HIV cure efforts. Science 2011; 334:1614.
11. Horiike M, Iwami S, Kodama M, et al. Lymph nodes harbor viral reservoirs that cause rebound of plasma viremia in SIV-infected macaques upon cessation of combined antiretroviral therapy. Virology 2012; 423:107-118.
12. Hunt PW, Landay AL, Sinclair E, et al. A low T regulatory cell response may contribute to both viral control and generalized immune activation in HIV controllers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15924.
13. Llibre JM, Buzó n MJ, Massanella M, et al. Treatment intensification with raltegravir in subjects with sustained HIV-1 viraemia suppression: A randomized 48-week study. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:355-364; doi: 10.3851/IMP1917.
14. Butler SL, Johnson EP, Bushman FD. Human immunodeficiency virus cDNA metabolism: notable stability of two-long terminal repeat circles. J Virol 2002; 76:3739-3747.
15. Pierson TC, Kieffer TL, Ruff CT, et al. Intrinsic stability of episomal circles formed during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. J Virol 2002; 76:4138-4144.
16. Sharkey M, Triques K, Kuritzkes DR, Stevenson M. In vivo evidence for instability of episomal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA. J Virol 2005; 79:5203-5210.
17. Mexas AM, Graf EH, Pace MJ, et al. Concurrent measures Of total and integrated HIV DNA monitor reservoirs and ongoing replication in eradication trials. AIDS 2012; 26:2295-2306.
18. Koelsch KK, Liu L, Haubrich R, et al. Dynamics of total, linear nonintegrated, and integrated HIV-1 DNA in vivo and in vitro. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:411-419.
19. Buzó n MJ, Codon? er FM, Frost SD, et al. Deep molecular characterization of HIV-1 dynamics under suppressive HAART. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7: E1002314.
20. Sharkey M, Babic DZ, Greenough T, et al. Episomal viral cDNAs identify a reservoir that fuels viral rebound after treatment interruption and that contributes to treatment failure. PloS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001303; doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001303.
21. Fourati S, Lambert-Niclot S, Soulie C, et al. HIV-1 genome is often defective in PBMCs and rectal tissues after long-term HAART as a result of APOBEC3 editing and correlates with the size of reservoirs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2323-2326.
22. Vallejo A, Gutierrez C, Hernandez-Novoa B, et al. The effect of intensification with raltegravir on the HIV-1 reservoir of latently infected memory CD4 T cells in suppressed patients. AIDS 2012; 26:1885-1894.
23. Gutié rrez C, Díaz L, Vallejo A, et al. Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with a CCR5 antagonist in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection: Effect on T cells latently infected. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27864.
24. Gandhi RT, Coombs RW, Chan ES, et al. No effect of raltegravir intensification on viral replication markers in the blood of HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 59: 229-235.
25. Bukrinsky MI, Stanwick TL, Dempsey MP, Stevenson M. Quiescent T lymphocytes as an inducible virus reservoir in HIV-1 infection. Science 1991; 254:423-427.
26. Pierson TC, Zhou Y, Kieffer TL, et al. Molecular characterization of preintegration latency in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2002; 76:8518-8531.
27. Chege D, Kovacs C, la Porte C, et al. Effect of raltegravir intensification on HIV proviral DNA in the blood and gut mucosa of men on long-term therapy: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS 2012; 26:167-174.
28. Lam YM, McBride KL, Amin J, et al. Switching virally suppressed, treatmentexperienced patients to a raltegravir-containing regimen does not alter levels of HIV-1 DNA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31990.