The faces of terror: Violence during the Franco dictatorship

Unearthing Franco's Legacy: Mass Graves and the Recovery of Historical Memory in Spain

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 90-120

  Casanova, Julián ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

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EID: 84873434280     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (11)

1. A version of this essay first appeared in Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco, edited by Julián Casanova and Santos Juliá.
2. The data was obtained from investigations carried out by the historians who appear in the collection Víctimas de la Guerra Civil, edited by Santos Juliá (411-12), which separate the executions into the war and the postwar period. See also Souto Blanco; D. Jiménez 691-705; I. Jiménez; and Pérez. Ángel David Martín Rubio provides data on nineteen provinces that does not always coincide with that found in Víctimas de la guerra civil. He puts the number of deaths from the "nationalist repression of the post-war" at 25, 229, and clari fies that although one might investigate the rest of the provinces (Vizcaya, Badajoz, Toledo, etc.), "the total will not exceed by much that number."
3. The best studies about the application of the law are those of Conxita Mir, Fabiá Corretgé, Judit Farré, and Joan Sagués in Mir, Repressió. See also Vila-nova i Vila-Abadal (511), who includes the statistics from the different regional tribunals.
4. Ricard Vinyes, "Territoris", has carried out one of the best studies on this subject. Data on the prison in Valencia comes from Gabarda (52). Information about the Modelo of Barcelona is found in Torrent. According to Vicente Comes, the book had actually been written by Luis Lucía Lucía, former leader of the Valencia Regional Right (Derecha Regional Valenciana). It had been commissioned by the chaplain of the Modelo jail in Barcelona, Father Martín Torrent, who signed the book as his own; see Comes.
5. The Livre Blanc (Paris in 1953) is analyzed in detail by Ricard Vinyes, "Territoris", 43-55.
6. See Richards 86-89 for the link between jails and factories in this repressive system; see also his extensive investigation into the idea of "purifying" Spain (24-70). Francisco Moreno (360-61) also insists that benefits arose from the work camps and the purging of the government carried out by the victors. The information about the Central Organization of Social Redemption through Work can be found in Torrent 98-105. One of the first studies that concentrated on the theme of the clergy's assistance to the prisoners was that of María Encarna Nicolás's Instituciones murcianas en el franquismo (1939-1962), 90-101.
7. For all the information about the prison Les Corts in Barcelona, see Vinyes, "'Nada.'" For testimonies about life and death in women's jails
8. see Cuevas, Cárcel, Mujeres de la resistencia, Mujeres en las cárceles, and Testimonios; Doña. For information about the shaving of heads and the use of castor oil, see Richards 58-59.
9. For a study of the different modalities of this repression, see Mir, "Violencia." See also Moreno; Cenarro, "Muerte"; and Casanova, "Guerra."
10. See Sánchez, Ortiz, and Ruiz. The study on Aragón, which is still unpublished, has been carried out by Ester Casanova and José Luis Ledesma. For information on the "General Cause" as an instrument of denouncements used by the state, see Cenarro, "Violence", a study that was presented at the third Social Control Conference, Lisbon, in February 2000. On the impossibility of creating a legal system of denunciation in Nazi Germany, see Toro Muñoz 121-22. The best study to date on social control and the wretchedness of social relations in those years is Conxita Mir's Vivir es sobrevivir.
11. Citations are from Casanova, "España", a translation of the chapter that José Casanova dedicates to Spain in his book Public Religions in the Modern World, in which he performs a comparative analysis between the Catholic Church in Brazil and the Church in Poland. (There is a version in Spanish published by PPC, Madrid, in 2000.) Stanley G. Payne also studies those changes, the impact of Vatican II, and the dissidences in the Basque and Catalan Church dating from the sixties in El catolicismo español (242-48). See also Ruiz Rico; Botti; and Lannon. For the earlier years the following studies are useful: José Angel Tello Lázaro's Ideología y política and Javier Tusell's Franco y los católicos.