Unexpected seasonal variation in offspring size and performance in a viviparous ectoparasite

Parasitology

Volumn 140, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 229-236

  Härkönen, Laura ^a   Hurme, Eija ^a   Kaitala, Arja ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Hippoboscidae; host effect; moose; off host survival; seasonality; viviparity

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTUMN; BREEDING; DEER; DIAPAUSE; ECTOPARASITE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; LIPOPTENA CERVI; MATERNAL AGE; NONHUMAN; PERFORMANCE; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; PUPA (LIFE CYCLE STAGE); SEASONAL VARIATION; SPRING; SURVIVAL; VIVIPARITY; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; DEER; DIPTERA; ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS; ENVIRONMENT; LINEAR MODELS; MATERNAL AGE; SEASONS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84873339936     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: 14698161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182012001503     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Bequaert, J. C. (1953). The hippoboscidae or louse-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part 1. Structure, physiology and natural history. Entomologica Americana 32, 1-209.
2. Bownds, C., Wilson, R. and Marshall, D. J. (2010). Why do colder mothers produce larger eggs? An optimality approach. The Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 3796-3801.
3. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1984). Reproductive effort and terminal investment in iteroparous animals. The American Naturalist 123, 212-229.
4. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
5. Colinet, H., Hance, T. and Vernon, P. (2006). Water relations, fat reserves, survival and longevity of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Environmental Entomology 35, 228-236. doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-35.2.228.
6. Fischer, K., Brakefield, P. M. and Zwaan, B. J. (2003). Plasticity in butterfly egg size: Why larger offspring at lower temperatures? Ecology 84, 3138-3147.
7. Fox, C.W. (1993). The influence of maternal age and mating frequency on egg size and offspring performance in Callosobruchus maculates (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Oecologia 96, 139-146.
8. Fox, C.W. (1994). The influence of egg size on offspring performance in the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. Oikos 71, 321-325.
9. Haarløv, N. (1964). Life cycle and distribution pattern of Lipoptena cervi (L.) (Dipt., Hippobosc.) on Danish deer. Oikos 15, 93-129.
10. Härkönen, L. (2012). Seasonal variation in the life-histories of a viviparous ectoparasite, the deer ked. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oulu, Finland.
11. Härkönen, L., Härkönen, S., Kaitala, A., Kaunisto, S., Kortet, R., Laaksonen, S. and Ylönen, H. (2010). Predicting range expansion of an ectoparasite - the effect of spring and summer temperatures on deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) performance along a latitudinal gradient. Ecography 33, 906-912.
12. Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Kaunisto, S. and Repo, T. (2012). High cold tolerance through four seasons and all free-living stages in an ectoparasite. Parasitology 139, 926-935. doi:10.1017/S0031182012000091
13. Ivanov, V. I. (1981). Spread of the deer ked Lipoptena cervi L. (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) in Belarus, its biology and deleterious effects. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Parasitology and Trophic Medicine, Veterinary Academy of Moscow. (In Russian.)
14. Kaunisto, S., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Härkönen, S., Ylönen, H. and Laaksonen, S. (2009). New bedding site examination-based method to analyse deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) infection in cervids. Parasitology Research 104, 919-925.
15. Kaunisto, S., Välimäki, P., Kortet, R., Koskimäki, J., Härkönen, S., Kaitala, A., Laaksonen, S., Härkonen, L. and Ylönen, H. (2012). Avian predation on a parasitic fly of cervids during winter: Can host-related cues increase the predation risk? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 106, 275-286.
16. Kennedy, J. A., Smith, J. R. and Smyth, M. (1975). Diapause in Ornithomya biloba dufour (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) parasitic on fairy martins in South Australia. Journal of Parasitology 61, 369-372.
17. Kindsvater, H. K., Alonzo, S. H., Mangel, M. and Bonsall, M. B. (2010). Effects of age- and state-dependent allocation on offspring size and number. Evolutionary Ecology Research 12, 327-346.
18. Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Hokkanen, P., Härkönen, S., Kaitala, A., Kaunisto, S., Laaksonen, S., Kekäläinen, J. and Ylönen, H. (2010). Experiments on the ectoparasitic deer ked that often attacks humans; preferences for body parts, colour and temperature. Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, 279-285.
19. Landa, K. (1992). Adaptive seasonal variation in grasshopper offspring size. Evolution 46, 1553-1558.
20. Langley, P. A. and Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1998). Does reproductive investment change with age in tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)? Functional Ecology 12, 866-870.
21. Leather, S. R., Walters, K. F. A. and Bale, J. S. (1993). The Ecology of Insect Overwintering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
22. Marshall, D. J., Heppell, S. S, Munch, S. B. and Warner, R. R. (2010). The relationship between maternal phenotype and offspring quality: Do older mothers really produce the best offspring? Ecology 91, 2862-2873.
23. Marshall, D. J. and Uller, T. (2007). When is a maternal effect adaptive? Oikos 116, 1957-1963.
24. Matsuo, Y. (2006). Costs of prolonged diapause and its relationship to body size in a seed predator. Functional Ecology 20, 300-306.
25. Mousseau, T. A. and Dingle, H. (1991). Maternal effects in insect life histories. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 511-534. doi: 10.1146/annurev. en.36.010191.002455.
26. Paakkonen, T., Mustonen, A.-M., Roininen, H., Niemelä, P., Ruusila, V., and Nieminen, P. (2010). Parasitism of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, on the moose, Alces alces, in eastern Finland. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 24, 411-417.
27. Parker, G. A. and Begon, M. (1986). Optimal egg size and clutch size: Effects of environment and maternal phenotype. American Naturalist 128, 573-592.
28. Peters, R. H. (1983). The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
29. Plaistow, S., St. Clair, J., Grant, J. and Benton, T. (2007). How to put all your eggs in one basket: Empirical patterns of offspring provisioning throughout a mother's lifetime. American Naturalist 170, 520-529.
30. Roff, D.A. (1992). The Evolution of Life Histories: Theory and Analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA.
31. Roulin, A., Brinkhof, M.W. G., Bize, P., Richner, H., Jungi, T.W., Bavoux, C., Boileau, N. and Burneleau, G. (2003). Which chick is tasty to parasites? The importance of host immunology vs. parasite life history. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 75-81.
32. Sæther, B.-E. and Gravem, A. J. (1988). Annual variation in winter body condition of Norwegian moose calves. Journal of Wildlife Management 52, 333-336.
33. Schrader, M. and Travis, J. (2008). Testing the viviparity-driven- conflict hypothesis: Parent-offspring conflict and the evolution of reproductive isolation in a poeciliid fish. American Naturalist 172, 806-817.
34. Smith, C. C. and Fretwell, S. D. (1974). The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. American Naturalist 108, 499-506.
35. Stearns, S. C. (1992). The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
36. Tauber, M. J., Tauber, C. A. and Masaki, S. (1986). Seasonal Adaptations of Insects. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
37. Tinsley, C. R. (1999). Overview: Extreme temperatures. Parasitology 119(Suppl.), S1-S6.
38. Tschirren, B., Bischoff, L. L., Saladin, V. and Richner, H. (2007). Host condition and host immunity affect parasite fitness in a bird-ectoparasite system. Functional Ecology 21, 372-378.
39. Välimäki, P., Kaitala, A., Madslien, K., Härkönen, L., Várkonyi, G., Heikkilä, J., Jaakola, M., Ylönen, H., Kortet, R. and Ytrehus, B. (2011). Geographical variation in host use of a blood-feeding ectoparasitic fly: Implications for population invasiveness. Oecologia 166, 985-995. doi: 10.1007/s00442-011-1951-y.