Shifts of the psychometric function: Distinguishing bias from perceptual effects

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 319-337

  García Pérez, Miguel A ^a   Alcalá Quintana, Rocío ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Indecision; Method of single stimuli; Psychometric function; Response bias; Signal detection theory; Two alternative forced choice

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; PERCEPTION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOMETRY; PSYCHOPHYSICS; STATISTICAL BIAS; UNCERTAINTY;

BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CHOICE BEHAVIOR; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOMETRICS; PSYCHOPHYSICS; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 84873194559     PISSN: 17470218     EISSN: 17470226     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.708761     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Alcalá-Quintana, R. and García-Pérez, M. A. 2011. A model for the time-order error in contrast discrimination. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64: 1221-1248. doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.540018
2. Alcalá-Quintana, R. and García-Pérez, M. A. 2012. Fitting psychometric functions to simultaneity and temporal-order judgment data: matlab and R routines, Manuscript submitted for publication.
3. Armstrong, L. and Marks, L. E. 1997. Differential effects of stimulus context on perceived length: Implications for the horizontal-vertical illusion. Perception & Psychophysics, 59: 1200-1213. doi:10.3758/BF03 214208
4. Bailey, P. J., Hodgson, P. and Hill, N. I. 1998. On the strategic weighting of spectral information in consonant identification. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 51: 393-407. doi:10.1080/713755765
5. Cheal, M. L., Lyon, D. R. and Hubbard, D. C. 1991. Does attention have different effects on line orientation and line arrangement discrimination?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 43: 825-857. doi:10.1080/14640749108400959
6. Davis, C. and Kim, J. 2011. What's in a mask? Information masking with forward and backward visual masks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64: 1990-2002. doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.573150
7. Erlebacher, A. and Sekuler, R. 1971. Response frequency equalization: A bias model for psychophysics. Perception & Psychophysics, 9: 315-320. doi:10.3758/BF03212657
8. Estes, W. K. 1956. The problem of inference from curves based on group data. Psychological Bulletin, 53: 134-140. doi:10.1037/h0045156
9. Fechner, G. T. 1966. Elements of psychophysics, New York, NY: Holt. (Original work published 1860)
10. García-Pérez, M. A. 2002. Properties of some variants of adaptive staircases with fixed step sizes. Spatial Vision, 15: 303-321. doi:10.1163/156856802 60174056
11. García-Pérez, M. A. 2010. Denoising forced-choice detection data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63: 75-100. doi:10.1348/000711009X424057
12. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2007. The transducer model for contrast detection and discrimination: Formal relations, implications, and an empirical test. Spatial Vision, 20: 5-43. doi:10.1163/156856807779369724
13. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2009. Fixed vs. variable noise in 2AFC contrast discrimination: Lessons from psychometric functions. Spatial Vision, 22: 273-300. doi:10.1163/156856809788746309
14. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2010a. The difference model with guessing explains interval bias in two-alternative forced-choice detection procedures. Journal of Sensory Studies, 25 876-898. doi:10.1111/j.1745-459X.2010.00310.x
15. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2010b. Reminder and 2AFC tasks provide similar estimates of the difference limen: A reanalysis of data from Lapid, Ulrich, and Rammsayer (2008) and a discussion of Ulrich and Vorberg (2009). Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 72: 1155-1178. doi:10.3758/APP.72.4.1155
16. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2011a. Improving the estimation of psychometric functions in 2AFC discrimination tasks. Frontiers in Psychology-Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 2: 96 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00096
17. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2011b. Interval bias in 2AFC detection tasks: Sorting out the artifacts. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73: 2332-2352. doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0167-x
18. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2012a. Correction to "Reminder and 2AFC tasks provide similar estimates of the difference limen: A reanalysis of data from Lapid, Ulrich, and Rammsayer (2008) and a discussion of Ulrich and Vorberg (2009)". Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 74: 489-492. doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0274-3
19. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. 2012b. Response errors explain the failure of independent-channels models of perception of temporal order. Frontiers in Psychology-Perception Science, 3: 94 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00094
20. García-Pérez, M. A. and Alcalá-Quintana, R. in press. On the discrepant results in synchrony and temporal-order judgment tasks: A quantitative model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0278-y
21. García-Pérez, M. A., Alcalá-Quintana, R., Woods, R. L. and Peli, E. 2011. Psychometric functions for detection and discrimination with and without flankers. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73: 829-853. doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0080-8
22. García-Pérez, M. A. and Peli, E. 1999. Imputation of direction of motion in one dimension. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 16: 1531-1540. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.16.001531
23. García-Pérez, M. A. and Peli, E. 2011. Visual contrast processing is largely unaltered during saccades. Frontiers in Psychology-Perception Science, 2: 247 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00247
24. Gast, A. and Rothermund, K. 2010. When old and frail is not the same: Dissociating category and stimulus effects in four implicit attitude measurement methods. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63: 479-498. doi:10.1080/1747021090 3049963
25. Gegenfurtner, K. R., Mayser, H. M. and Sharpe, L. T. 2000. Motion perception at scotopic light levels. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 17: 1505-1515. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.17.001505
26. Green, D. M. and Swets, J. A. 1966. Signal detection theory and psychophysics, New York, NY: Wiley.
27. Guilford, J. P. 1954. Psychometric methods, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
28. Harris, J. M., Chopin, A., Zeiner, K. and Hibbard, P. B. 2012. Perception of relative depth interval: Systematic biases in perceived depth. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65: 73-91. doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.589520
29. Hellström, Å. 2003. Comparison is not just subtraction: Effects of time- and space-order on subjective stimulus difference. Perception & Psychophysics, 65: 1161-1177. doi:10.3758/BF03194842
30. Irwin, F. W. 1935. Psychophysical measurement methods. Psychological Bulletin, 32: 140-171. doi:10.1037/h0054960
31. Jäkel, F. and Wichmann, F. A. 2006. Spatial four-alternative forced-choice method is the preferred psychophysical method for naïve observers. Journal of Vision, 6: 1307-1322. doi:10.1167/6.11.13
32. Johnston, J. C. and McCann, R. S. 2006. On the locus of dual-task interference: Is there a bottleneck at the stimulus classification stage?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59: 694-719. doi:10.1080/02724980543000015
33. Jones, F. N. 1974. "History of psychophysics and judgment". In Handbook of perception: Vol. II. Psychophysical judgment and measurement, Edited by: Carterette, E. C. and Friedman, M. P. 1-22. New York, NY: Academic Press.
34. Kaernbach, C. 2001. Adaptive threshold estimation with unforced-choice tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 63: 1377-1388. doi:10.3758/BF0319 4549
35. Katkov, M., Tsodyks, M. and Sagi, D. 2006a. Analysis of a two-alternative forced-choice signal detection theory model. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50: 411-420. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2005.11.002
36. Katkov, M., Tsodyks, M. and Sagi, D. 2006b. Singularities in the inverse modeling of 2AFC contrast discrimination data. Vision Research, 46: 259-266. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.022
37. Katkov, M., Tsodyks, M. and Sagi, D. 2007. Inverse modeling of human contrast response. Vision Research, 47: 2855-2867. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.06.024
38. Laming, D. and Laming, J. 1992. F. Hegelmaier: On memory for the length of a line. Psychological Research, 54: 233-239. doi:10.1007/BF01358261
39. Link, S. W. 1992. The wave theory of difference and similarity, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
40. Loftus, A. M., Nicholls, M. E. R., Mattingley, J. B., Chapman, H. L. and Bradshaw, J. L. 2009. Pseudoneglect for the bisection of mental number lines. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62: 925-945. doi:10.1080/17470210802305318
41. Macmillan, N. A. and Creelman, C. D. 2005. Detection theory. A user's guide, 2, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
42. Morgan, M., Dillenburger, B., Raphael, S. and Solomon, J. A. 2012. Observers can voluntarily shift their psychometric functions without losing sensitivity. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 74: 185-193. doi:10.3758/s13414-011-02222-7
43. Morgan, M. J., Ward, R. M. and Castet, E. 1998. Visual search for a tilted target: Tests of spatial uncertainty models. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 51: 347-370. doi:10.1080/713755766
44. Prinzmetal, W., Zvinyatskovskiy, A., Gutierrez, P. and Dilem, L. 2009. Voluntary and involuntary attention have different consequences: The effect of perceptual difficulty. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62: 352-369. doi:10.1080/17470210801 954892
45. Schneider, K. A. and Bavelier, D. 2003. Components of visual prior entry. Cognitive Psychology, 47: 333-366. doi:10.1016/S0010-0285(03)00035-5
46. Sekuler, R. and Erlebacher, A. 1971. The invalidity of "invalid results from the method of constant stimuli": A common artifact in the methods of psychophysics. Perception & Psychophysics, 9: 309-311. doi:10.3758/BF03212655
47. Spence, C. and Parise, C. 2010. Prior-entry: A review. Consciousness and Cognition, 19: 364-379. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.12.001
48. Sternberg, S. and Knoll, R. L. 1973. "The perception of temporal order: Fundamental issues and a general model". In Attention and Performance IV, Edited by: Kornblum, S. 629-685. New York, NY: Academic Press.
49. Swets, J. A. 1961. Is there a sensory threshold?. Science, 134: 168-177. doi:10.1126/science.134.3473.168
50. Treisman, M. 1973. Relation between signal detectability theory and the traditional procedures for measuring thresholds: An addendum. Psychological Bulletin, 79: 45-47. doi:10.1037/h0033771
51. Treisman, M. and Watts, T. R. 1966. Relation between signal detectability theory and the traditional procedures for measuring sensory thresholds: Estimating d′ from results given by the method of constant stimuli. Psychological Bulletin, 66: 438-454. doi:10.1037/h0020413
52. Ulrich, R. 1987. Threshold models of temporal-order judgments evaluated by a ternary response task. Perception & Psychophysics, 42: 224-239. doi:10.3758/BF03203074
53. Ulrich, R. and Vorberg, D. 2009. Estimating the difference limen in 2AFC tasks: Pitfalls and improved estimators. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 71: 1219-1227. doi:10.3758/APP.71.6.1219
54. Urban, F. M. 1907. On the method of just perceptible differences. Psychological Review, 14: 244-253. doi:10.1037/h0073288
55. Urban, F. M. 1910. The method of constant stimuli and its generalizations. Psychological Review, 17: 229-259. doi:10.1037/h0074515
56. van Eijk, R. L. J., Kohlrausch, A., Juola, J. F. and van de Par, S. 2008. Audiovisual synchrony and temporal order judgments: Effects of experimental method and stimulus type. Perception & Psychophysics, 70: 955-968. doi:10.3758/PP.70.6.955
57. van Vleet, T. M. and Robertson, L. C. 2006. Cross-modal interactions in time and space: Auditory influence on visual attention in hemispatial neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18: 1368-1379. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1368
58. Watson, C. S., Kellogg, S. C., Kawanishi, D. T. and Lucas, P. A. 1973. The uncertain response in detection-oriented psychophysics. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99: 180-185. doi:10.1037/h0034736
59. Wearden, J. H., Todd, N. P. M. and Jones, L. A. 2006. When do auditory/visual differences in duration judgements occur?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59: 1709-1724. doi:10.1080/174702 10500314729
60. Woodworth, R. S. and Schlosberg, H. 1954. Experimental psychology, New York, NY: Holt.
61. Yarrow, K., Jahn, N., Durant, S. and Arnold, D. H. 2011. Shifts of criteria or neural timing? The assumptions underlying timing perception studies. Consciousness and Cognition, 20: 1518-1531. doi:10. 1016/j.concog.2011.07.003