Biomechanical measurements of surgical drilling force and torque in human versus artificial femurs

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

Volumn 134, Issue 12, 2012, Pages

  MacAvelia, Troy ^a   Salahi, Meisam ^a   Olsen, Michael ^b,c   Crookshank, Meghan ^b,c   Schemitsch, Emil H ^b,c   Ghasempoor, Ahmad ^a   Janabi Sharifi, Farrokh ^a   Zdero, Rad ^a,b  

^a RYERSON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

artificial femur; force; human femur; surgical drilling; torque

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL BONES; ARTIFICIAL FEMUR; BIOMECHANICAL MEASUREMENT; BIOMECHANICAL STUDIES; BONE MINERAL DENSITY; BONE QUALITY; CNC MACHINE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES; FEED-RATES; FORCE; HUMAN BONES; HUMAN CORTICAL BONE; HUMAN FEMORA; HUMAN FEMUR; HUMAN SPECIMENS; LONG BONE; SPEED EFFECT; SPINDLE SPEED; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SURGICAL DRILLING; THRUST FORCE AND TORQUE;

BIOMECHANICS; BONE; COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS; SPEED; SURGERY;

TORQUE;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL ORGAN; BONE DENSITY; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CORTICAL BONE; FEMALE; FEMUR; FORCE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MALE; SURGICAL DRILL; TORQUE; VELOCITY; ANIMAL; BIOMECHANICS; BOVINAE; LIMB PROSTHESIS; MIDDLE AGED; SURGERY; SWINE; VERY ELDERLY; CATTLE;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANIMALS; ARTIFICIAL LIMBS; ARTIFICIAL ORGANS; BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA; CATTLE; FEMALE; FEMUR; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SWINE; TORQUE;

EID: 84873174465     PISSN: 01480731     EISSN: 15288951     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1115/1.4007953     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2007, "Transportation Statistics Annual Report 2007," www.bts.gov
2. Fink, M., Noble, P. C., Kamaric, E., and Alexander, J. W., 1992, "The Effect of Aging on the Shape of the Proximal Femur," Transactions of the 38th Orthopedic Research Society Meeting, 17, p. 339.
3. Martin, R. B., and Atkinson, P. J., 1977, "Age and Sex-Related Changes in the Structure and Strength of the Human Femoral Shaft," J. Biomech., 10, pp. 223-231. (Pubitemid 8100017)
4. Marsh, J. L., Slongo, T. F., Agel, J., Broderick, J. S., Creevey, W., DeCoster, T. A., Prokuski, L., Sirkin, M. S., Ziran, B., Henley, B., and Audigé, L., 2007, "Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium-2007: Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification, Database and Outcomes Committee," J. Orthop. Trauma., 21(10 Suppl), pp. S1-S133. (Pubitemid 351253435)
5. Elstrom, J. A., Virkus, W. W., and Pankovich, A. M., eds., 2006, Handbook of Fractures, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 264-313.
6. Zdero, R., Keast-Butler, O., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2010, "A Biomechanical Comparison of Two Triple-Screw Methods for Femoral Neck Fracture Fixation in a Synthetic Bone Model," J. Trauma, 69(6), pp. 1537-1544.
7. Holmes, C. A., Edwards, W. T., Myers, E. R., Lewallen, D. G., White, A. A., III, and Hayes, W. C., 1993, "Biomechanics of Pin and Screw Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures," J. Orthop. Trauma, 7, pp. 242-247.
8. Kauffman, J. I., Simon, J. A., Kummer, F. J., Pearlman, C. J., Zuckerman, J. D., and Koval, K. J., 1999, "Internal Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures With Posterior Comminution: A Biomechanical Study," J. Orthop. Trauma, 13, pp. 155-159.
9. Blair, B., Koval, K. J., Kummer, F., and Zuckerman, J. D., 1994, "Basicervical Fractures of the Proximal Femur: A Biomechanical Study of 3 Internal Fixation Techniques," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 306, pp. 256-263. (Pubitemid 24324962)
10. Aminian, A., Gao, F., Fedoriw, W. W., Zhang, L. Q., Kalainov, D. M., and Merk, B. R., 2007, "Vertically Oriented Femoral Neck Fractures: Mechanical Analysis of Four Fixation Techniques," J. Orthop. Trauma, 21, pp. 544-548. (Pubitemid 47367962)
11. Baitner, A. C., Maurer, S. G., Hickey, D. G., Jazrawi, L. M., Kummer, F. J., Jamal, J., Goldman, S., and Koval, K. J., 1999, "Vertical Shear Fractures of the Femoral Neck. A Biomechanical Study," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 367, pp. 300-305. (Pubitemid 29503708)
12. Springer, E. R., Lachiewicz, P. F., and Gilbert, J. A., 1991, "Internal Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures: A Comparative Biomechanical Study of Knowles Pins and 6.5-mm Cancellous Screws," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 267, pp. 85-92.
13. Stankewich, C. J., Chapman, J., Muthusamy, R., Quaid, G., Schemitsch, E., Tencer, A. F., and Ching, R. P., 1996, "Relationship of Mechanical Factors to the Strength of Proximal Femur Fractures Fixed With Cancellous Screws," J. Orthop. Trauma, 10, pp. 248-257. (Pubitemid 126432698)
14. Shah, S., Kim, S. Y. R., Dubov, A., Schemitsch, E. H., Bougherara, H., and Zdero, R., 2011, "The Biomechanics of Plate Fixation of Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures Near the Tip of a Total Hip Implant: Cables, Screws, or Both?," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 225(9), pp. 845-856.
15. Dubov. A., Kim, S. Y. R., Shah, S., Schemitsch, E. H., Zdero, R., and Bougherara, H., 2011, "The Biomechanics of Plate Repair of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Near the Tip of a Total Hip Implant: The Effect of Cable-Screw Position," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 225(9), pp. 857-865.
16. Zdero, R., Walker, R., Waddell, J. P., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2008, "Biomechanical Evaluation of Periprosthetic Femoral Fracture Fixation," J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol., 90(5), pp. 1068-1077. (Pubitemid 351632652)
17. Talbot, M., Zdero, R., Garneau, D., Cole, P. A., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2007, "Fixation of Long Bone Segmental Defects: A Biomechanical Study," Injury, 39, pp. 181-186.
18. Lever, J. P., Zdero, R., Nousiainen, M. T., Waddell, J. P., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2010, "The Biomechanical Analysis of Three Plating Fixation Systems for Periprosthetic Femoral Fracture Near the Tip of a Total Hip Arthroplasty," J. Orthop. Surg. Res., 5:45.
19. Bougherara, H., Zdero, R., Miric, M., Shah, S., Hardisty, M., Zalzal, P., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2009, "The Biomechanics of the T2 Femoral Nailing System: A Comparison of Synthetic Femurs With Finite Element Analysis," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 223(H3), pp. 303-314.
20. McConnell, A., Zdero, R., Syed, K., Peskun, C., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2008, "The Biomechanics of Ipsilateral Intertrochanteric and Femoral Shaft Fractures: A Comparison of 5 Fracture Fixation Techniques," J. Orthop. Trauma, 22(8), pp. 517-524.
21. Wolinsky, P., Tejwani, N., Richmond, J. H., Koval, K. J., Egol, K., and Stephen, D. J. G., 2001, "Controversies in Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures," J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol., 83(9), pp. 1404-1415. (Pubitemid 32852038)
22. Cheung, G., Zalzal, P., Bhandari, M., Spelt, J. K., and Papini, M., 2004, "Finite Element Analysis of a Femoral Retrograde Intramedullary Nail Subject to Gait Loading," Med. Eng. Phys., 26(2), pp. 93-108. (Pubitemid 38022001)
23. Kuzyk, P. R. T., Shah, S., Zdero, R., Olsen, M., Waddell, J. P., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2012, "A Biomechanical Comparison of Static Versus Dynamic Lag Screw Modes for Cephalomedullary Nails Used to Fix Unstable Peritrochanteric Fractures," J. Trauma Acute Care Surg., 72(2), E65-E70.
24. Kuzyk, P. R. T., Zdero, R., Shah, S., Olsen, M., Waddell, J. P., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2012, "Femoral Head Lag Screw Position for Cephalomedullary Nails: A Biomechanical Analysis," J. Orthop. Trauma, 26(7), pp. 414-421.
25. Wiggins, K. L., and Malkin, S., 1976, "Drilling of Bone," J. Biomech., 9(9), pp. 553-559.
26. Powers, M. J., 2006, "The Mechanics of Bone Drilling: Experiment and Finite Element Predictions," Ph.D. thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
27. Ong, F. R., and Bouazza-Marouf, K., 1998, "Drilling of Bone: A Robust Automatic Method for the Detection of Drill Bit Break-Through," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 212, pp. 209-221. (Pubitemid 128726314)
28. Allotta, B., Giacalone, G., and Rinaldi, L., 1997, "A Hand-Held Drilling Tool for Orthopedic Surgery," IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron., 2(4), pp. 218-229. (Pubitemid 127772341)
29. Ong, F. R., and Bouazza-Marouf, K., 2000, "Evaluation of Bone Strength: Correlation Between Measurements of Bone Mineral Density and Drilling Force," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 214, pp. 385-399.
30. Jacob, C. H., Berry, J. T., Pope, M. H., and Hoaglund, F. T., 1976, "A Study of the Bone Machining Process-Drilling," J. Biomech., 9(5), pp. 343-349.
31. Hobkirk, J. A., and Rusiniak, K., 1977, "Investigation of Variable Factors in Drilling Bone," J. Oral Surg., 35, pp. 968-973. (Pubitemid 8242795)
32. Alam, K., Mitrofanov, A. V., and Silberschmidt, V. V., 2011, "Experimental Investigations of Forces and Torque in Conventional and Ultrasonically-Assisted Drilling of Cortical Bone," Med. Eng. Phys., 33, pp. 234-239.
33. Karalis, T., and Galanos, P., 1982, "Research on the Mechanical Impedance Of Human Bone by a Drilling Test," J. Biomech., 15, pp. 561-581. (Pubitemid 12009862)
34. Alam, K., Mitrofanov, A. V., and Silberschmidt, V. V., 2009, "Finite Element Analysis of Forces of Plane Cutting of Cortical Bone," Comput. Mater. Sci., 46, pp. 738-743.
35. Hillery, M. T., and Shuaib, I., 1999, "Temperature Effects in the Drilling of Human and Bovine Bone," J. Mater. Process. Technol., 92-93, pp. 302-308. (Pubitemid 30535040)
36. Lee, J., Gozen, B. A., and Ozdoganlar, O. B., 2012, "Modeling and Experimentation of Bone Drilling Forces," J. Biomech., 45, pp. 1076-1083.
37. Natali, C., Ingle, P., and Dowell, J., 1996, "Orthopaedic Bone Drills: Can They be Improved?," J. Bone Jt. Surg., Br. Vol., 78, pp. 357-362.
38. Tsai, M.-D., Hsieh, M.-S., and Tsai, C.-H., 2007, "Bone Drilling Haptic Interaction for Orthopedic Surgical Simulator," Comput. Biol. Med., 37, pp. 1709-1718. (Pubitemid 47577479)
39. Karmani, S., and Lam, F., 2004, "The Design and Function of Surgical Drills and K-Wires," Curr. Orthop., 18, pp. 484-490. (Pubitemid 40311822)
40. Yilbas, B. S., Yilbas, Z., and Sami, M., 1996, "Thermal Processes Taking Place in the Bone During CO2 Laser Irradiation," Opt. Laser Technol., 48(7), pp. 513-519. (Pubitemid 126380450)
41. Hosseini-Suny, K., Momeni, H., and Janabi-Sharifi, F., 2010, "A Modified Adaptive Controller Design for Teleoperation Systems," Rob. Auton. Syst., 58, pp. 676-683.
42. Sawbones Worldwide, 2012, "Custom Orthopaedic Medical Models for Training," Retrieved Aug. 1, 2012, www.sawbones.com/catalog/pdf/us-catalog. pdf
43. Papini, M., Zdero, R., Schemitsch, E. H., and Zalzal, P., 2007, "The Biomechanics of Human Femurs in Axial and Torsional Loading: Comparison of Finite Element Analysis, Human Cadaveric Femurs, and Synthetic Femurs," J. Biomech. Eng., 129(1), pp. 12-19. (Pubitemid 46712831)
44. Heiner, A. D., and Brown, T. D., 2001, "Structural Properties of a New Design of Composite Replicate Femurs and Tibias," J. Biomech., 34, pp. 773-781. (Pubitemid 32674356)
45. Cristofolini, L., Viceconti, M., Cappello, A., and Toni, A., 1996, "Mechanical Validation of Whole Bone Composite Femur Models," J. Biomech., 29(4), pp. 525-535. (Pubitemid 26065734)
46. Zdero, R., Elfallah, K., Olsen, M., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2009, "Cortical Screw Purchase in Synthetic and Human Femurs," J. Biomech. Eng., 131(9), p. 094503.
47. Zdero, R., Olsen, M., Bougherara, H., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2008, "Cancellous Bone Screw Purchase: A Comparison of Synthetic Femurs, Human Femurs, and Finite Element Analysis," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 222(H8), pp. 1175-1183.
48. Nicayenzi, B., Crookshank, M., Olsen, M., Schemitsch, E. H., Bougherara, H., and Zdero, R., 2012, "Biomechanical Measurements of Cortical Screw Stripping Torque in Human Versus Artificial Femurs," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 226(8), pp. 645-651.
49. Crookshank, M., Coquim, J., Olsen, M., Schemitsch, E. H., Bougherara, H., and Zdero, R., 2012, "Biomechanical Measurements of Axial Crush Injury to the Distal Condyles of Human and Synthetic Femurs," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 226(4), pp. 320-329.
50. Reich, T., and Gefen, A., 2006, "Effect of Trabecular Bone Loss on Cortical Strain Rate During Impact in an In Vitro Model of Avian Femur," Biomed. Eng. Online, 5:45.
51. Passi, N., and Gefen, A., 2005, "Trabecular Bone Contributes to Strength of the Proximal Femur Under Mediolateral Impact in the Avian," J. Biomech. Eng., 127(1) pp. 198-203. (Pubitemid 40463494)
52. Lim, T. Y., 2009, "Investigation on Animal Bone Strength," B.Sc. thesis, School of Science and Technology, SIM University, Singapore.
53. Woo, Y. P., 2008, "Determination of Biomechanical Properties of Chicken Cortical Bone," B.Sc. thesis, School of Science and Technology, SIM University, Singapore.
54. Eshet, Y., Mann, R. R., Anaton, A., Yacoby, R., Gefen, A., and Jerby, E., 2006, "Microwave Drilling of Bones," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 53(6), pp. 1174-1182. (Pubitemid 43860740)
55. Huiskes, R., and Van Rietbergen, B., 2005, "Biomechanics of Bone," Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Mechano-Biology, 3rd ed., V. C. Mow and R. Huiskes, eds., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 123-179.
56. Ema, S., and Marui, E., 2003, "Theoretical Analysis on Chatter Vibration in Drilling and its Suppression," J. Mater. Process. Technol., 138, pp. 572-583.
57. Mellinger, J. C., Ozdoganlar, O. B., Devor, R. E., and Kapoor, S. G., 2002, "Modeling Chip Evacuation Forces and Prediction of Chip-Clogging in Drilling," J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 124, pp. 605-614. (Pubitemid 35202583)
58. Olsen, M., Sellan, M., Zdero, R., Waddell, J. P., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2011, "A Biomechanical Comparison of Epiphyseal Versus Metaphyseal Fixed Bone-Conserving Hip Arthroplasty," J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol., 93(Suppl 2), pp. 122-127.
59. Nicayenzi, B., Shah, S., Schemitsch, E. H., Bougherara, H., and Zdero, R., 2011, "The Biomechanical Effect of Changes in Cancellous Bone Density on Synthetic Femur Behaviour," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 225(11), pp. 1050-1060.
60. Abrao, A. M., Faria, P. E., Campos Rubio, J. C., Reis, P., Paulo Davim, J., 2007, "Drilling of Fiber Reinforced Plastics: A Review," J. Mater. Process. Technol., 186, pp. 1-7. (Pubitemid 46330713)
61. Mohan, N. S., Ramachandra, A., and Kulkarni, S. M., 2005, "Influence of Process Parameters on Cutting Force and Torque During Drilling of Glass-Fiber Polyester Reinforced Composites," Compos. Struct., 71, pp. 407-413. (Pubitemid 41715431)
62. Mather, B. S., 1968, "Observations on the Effects of Static and Impact Loading on the Human Femur," J. Biomech., 1(4), pp. 331-335.
63. Zdero, R., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2009, "The Effect of Screw Pullout Rate on Screw Purchase in Synthetic Cancellous Bone," J. Biomech. Eng., 131(2), p. 024501.
64. Zdero, R., Shah, S., Mosli, M., Bougherara, H., and Schemitsch, E. H., 2010, "The Effect of the Screw Pull-Out Rate on Cortical Screw Purchase in Unreamed and Reamed Synthetic Long Bones," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., 224(3), pp. 503-513.
65. Matthews, L. S., and Hirsch, C., 1972, "Temperatures Measured in Human Cortical Bone When Drilling," J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol., 54, pp. 297-308.
66. Palanikumar, K., and Paulo Davim, J., 2007, "Mathematical Model to Predict Tool Wear on the Machining of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Composites," Mater. Des., 28, pp. 2008-2014. (Pubitemid 46796695)
67. Jindal, A., 2012, "Analysis of Tool Wear Rate in Drilling Operation Using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)," J. Min. Mater. Charact. Eng., 11(1), pp. 43-54.
68. Sanders, R., 2008, Trauma: Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics, Mosby-Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 253-296.
69. Sedlin, E. D., and Hirsch, C., 1966, "Factors Affecting the Determination of the Physical Properties of Femoral Cortical Bone," Acta Orthop. Scand., 37, pp. 29-48.
70. Moss, R. W., 1964, "Histopathologic Reaction of Bone to Surgical Cutting," Oral Surg., Oral Med., Oral Pathol., 17, pp. 405-414.
71. Costich, E. R., Youngblood, P. J., and Walden, J. M., 1964, "A Study of the Effects of High-Speed Rotary Instruments on Bone Repair in Dogs," Oral Surg., Oral Med., Oral Pathol., 17, pp. 563-571.
72. Elias, G. K., Varadarajan, A. S., Rani, J., 2012, "Influence of Process Parameters on Cutting Force and Torque of Drilling of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites," Int. J. Comput. Technol. Electron. Eng., 2(2), pp. 26-31.
73. Bowman, S. M., Zeind, J., Gibson, L. J., Hayes, W. C., and McMahon, T. A., 1996, "The Tensile Behavior of Demineralized Bovine Cortical Bone," J. Biomech., 29(11), pp. 1497-1501. (Pubitemid 26329200)
74. Carter, D. R., Caler, W. E., Spengler, D. M., and Frankel, V. H., 1981, "Fatigue Behavior of Adult Cortical Bone: The Influence of Mean Strain and Strain Range," Acta Orthop. Scand., 52(5), pp. 481-490. (Pubitemid 12237998)
75. Al-Jahwari, A., Schemitsch, E. H., Wunder, J. S., Ferguson, P. C., and Zdero, R., 2012, "The Biomechanical Effect of Torsion on Humeral Shaft Repair Techniques for Completed Pathological Fractures", J. Biomech. Eng., 134(2), p. 024501.
76. Ahmadi, S., Shah, S., Wunder, J. S., Schemitsch, E. H., Ferguson, P. C., and Zdero, R., 2012, "The Biomechanics of Three Different Fracture Fixation Implants for Distal Femur Repair in the Presence of a Tumor-like Defect," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H: J. Eng. Med., in press.
77. Popowics, T. E., Zhub, Z., and Herring, S. W., 2002, "Mechanical Properties of the Periosteum in the Pig, Sus Scrofa," Arch. Oral Biol., 47, pp. 733-741. (Pubitemid 35175768)
78. Bertram, J. E. A., Polevoy, Y., Cullinane, D. M., 1998, "Mechanics of Avian Fibrous Periosteum: Tensile and Adhesion Properties During Growth," Bone, 22, pp. 669-675. (Pubitemid 28284617)
79. Uchiyama, E., Yamakoshi, K., and Sasaki, T., 1998, "Measurement of Mechanical Characteristics of Tibial Periosteum and Evaluation of Local Differences," J. Biomech. Eng., 120, pp. 85-91. (Pubitemid 28110443)
80. Yiannakopoulos, C. K., Kanellopoulos, A. D., Trovas, G. P., Dontas, I. A., and Lyritis, G. P., 2008, "The Biomechanical Capacity of the Periosteum in Intact Long Bones," Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., 128(1), pp. 117-120. (Pubitemid 350055551)