99Mo/99mTc separation: An assessment of technology options

Nuclear Medicine and Biology

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 167-176

  Dash, Ashutosh ^a   Knapp, F F ^b   Pillai, M R A ^a  

^a BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

^b OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

(n, )99Mo; 99Mo 99mTc generator; Chromatography; Electrochemical separation; Nanomaterial; Post elution concentration; Solvent extraction; Supported liquid membrane (SLM); Zirconium molybdate gel generator (ZMG)

Indexed keywords

MOLYBDENUM 99; NANOMATERIAL; SORBENT; TECHNETIUM 99M; MOLYBDENUM; RADIOISOTOPE; TECHNETIUM;

AQUEOUS BIPHASIC SYSTEM; CHROMATOGRAPHY; COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL SEPARATION; EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; GEL; GENERATOR; LIQUID MEMBRANE; MICROTECHNOLOGY; MULTICOLUMN SELECTIVITY INVERSION GENERATOR; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; POST ELUTION CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE; PRECIPITATION; RADIOACTIVITY; REVIEW; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; THERMOCHROMATOGRAPHY; CHEMISTRY; FRACTIONATION; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; RADIOCHEMISTRY;

CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION; HUMANS; MOLYBDENUM; RADIOCHEMISTRY; RADIOISOTOPES; TECHNETIUM;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84872901936     PISSN: 09698051     EISSN: 18729614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.10.005     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Verbeek P. Report on molybdenum-99 production for nuclear medicine 2010-2020. State of the art, Association of Imaging Producers & Equipment Suppliers (AIPES) Report, November 2008 Available at. http://www.oecd-nea.org/med-radio/docs/200902_AIPESMolySupplyReport.pdf.
2. Radioisotopes in medicine. Foresight of the use of reactor isotopes until 2025. Technopolis Report, December 2008 Technopolis Group, Available at. http://www.technopolis-group.com/resources/downloads/life_sciences/ENRadioisotopesin_Medicine_final.pdf.
3. Eckelman W.C. Unparalleled contribution of technetium-99m to medicine over 5 decades. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2009, 2:364-368.
4. Srivastava S.C. Is there life after technetium: what is the potential for developing new broad-based radionuclides?. Semin Nucl Med 1996, 26(2):119-131.
5. International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) Technical Report Series 466: technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals: manufacture of kits. IAEA 2008 Available at. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PubDetails.asp?pubId=7867.
6. 99mTc: radioisotopes critical to nuclear medicine Available at. http://www.lantheus.com/SupplyUpdate/pdf/Moly-FactSheet-v3_07Oct10.pdf.
7. IAEA Staff Report IAEA helps to close radioisotope production gap Available at. http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/prodgap.html.
8. Pillai M R A, Dash A, Knapp F F (Russ) Jr. Sustained availability of technetium-99m-possible paths forward. J Nucl Med In press.
9. Pillai M R A, Knapp F F (Russ) Jr. Overcoming the Tc-99m shortage: are options being overlooked? J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 15N-16N and 28 N.
10. Pillai M.R.A., Knapp F.F.(Russ) Molybdenum-99 production from reactor irradiation of molybdenum targets - a viable strategy for enhanced availability of technetium-99m. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012, 56(4):385-399.
11. Mushtaq A. Can enriched molybdenum-98 replace enriched uranium?. Nonprolif Rev 2009, 16(2):285-292.
12. 99mTc: an approach to the medical isotope crisis. J Nucl Med 2010, 51:13N-16N.
13. Beaver J.E., Hupf H.B. Production of Tc-99m on a medical cyclotron-feasibility study. J Nucl Med 1971, 12:739-741.
14. Lagunas-Solar M.C., Kiefer P.M., Carvacho O.F., Lagunas C.A., Cha Y.P. Cyclotron production of nca Tc-99m and Mo-99- an alternative non-reactor supply source of instant Tc-99m and Mo-99/Tc-99m generators. Appl Radiat Isot 1991, 42:643-657.
15. Gellie R.W., Lokan K.H. Photodisintegration of molybdenum. Nucl Phys 1964, 60:343-348.
16. 99mTc on a medical cyclotron: a feasibility study. J Nucl Med 1971, 12:739-741.
17. Lyra M., Charalambatou P., Roussou E., Fytros S., Baka I. Alternative production methods to face global molybdenum-99 supply shortage. Hell J Nucl Med 2011, 14(1):49-55.
18. 99Mo. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010, 37(10):1817-1820.
19. Ballinger J.R. Short-and long-term responses to molybdenum-99 shortages in nuclear medicine. Br J Radiol 2010, 83(995):899-901.
20. 99Mo shortage in nuclear medicine: crisis or challenge?. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm 2010, 53(4):167-168.
21. Ruth T. Accelerating production of medical isotopes. Nature 2009, 457:536-537.
22. 99mTc. Nucl Med Biol 2012, 39(8):1286-1291.
23. 99gTc excitation functions from 8 to 18 MeV. Nucl Med Biol 2011, 38(6):907-916.
24. Committee on medical isotope production without highly enriched uranium. Medical isotope production without highly enriched uranium. Report 14, Jan. 2009. National Academy of Sciences; 2009.
25. 100Mo metal targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2012, 70(8):1685-1690.
26. -. Nucl Med Biol 2012, 39(4):551-559.
27. Lebowitz E., Richards P. Radionuclide generator systems. Semin Nucl Med 1974, 4:257-268.
28. Yano Y. Radionuclide generators: current and future applications in nuclear medicine. Radionuclide generators: Current and future applications in nuclear medicine 1978, 236-245. Society of Nuclear Medicine, New York, US. G.S. Radiopharmaceuticals, B.A. Rhodes, J.F. Cooper, V.J. Sood (Eds.).
29. Boyd R.E. Technetium-99m generators-the available options. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1982, 33(10):801-809.
30. Lambrecht R.M. Radionuclide generators. Radiochim Acta 1984, 34:9-24.
31. Rösch F., Knapp F.F.(Russ) Radionuclide generators, Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry 2011, 1935-1976. Springer Science, Business Media, B.V. Van Godewijckstraat, Dordrecht, Netherlands. A. Vértes, S. Nagy, Z. Klencsár, R.G. Lovas, F. Rösch (Eds.).
32. Callahan A.P., Mirzadeh S., Brihaye C., Guillaume M. Development of new radionuclide generator systems for nuclear medicine applications. Development in Nuclear Medicine Series, Vol. 22 (ISBN 0-7923-1525-1) 1992, 67-88. Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Progress in Radiopharmacy, P.A. Schubiger, G. Westera, Kluwer (Eds.).
33. Finn R.D., Molinski V.J., Hupf H.B., Kramer H. Radionuclide generators for biomedical applications. Nuclear Sciences Series, Nuclear Medicine, United States Department of, Energy, NAS-NS-3202 (DE83016360) 1983, 97-157.
34. Mausner L.F., Straub R.F., Srivastava S.C. The in vivo generator for radioimmunotherapy. J Label Compd Radiopharm 1989, 26:177-178.
35. Knapp F.F.(Russ), Mirzadeh S. The continuing important role of radionuclide generator systems for nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med 1994, 21(10):1151-1165.
36. Mirzadeh S., Knapp F.F.(Russ) Biomedical radioisotope generator systems. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1996, 203(2):471-488.
37. Vucina J.J. Technetium-99m production for use in nuclear medicine. Med Pregl 2000, 53(11-12):631-634.
38. Hansell C. Nuclear medicine's double hazard: imperiled treatment and the risk of terrorism. Nonprolif Rev 2008, 15(2):185-208.
39. Vinberg N., Kristensen K. Fission Mo-99/Tc-99m generators - a study of their performance and quality. Eur J Nucl Med 1980, 5(5):435-438.
40. Bremer K. Large-scale production and distribution of Tc-99m generators for medical use. Radiochim Acta 1987, 41:73-81.
41. 99mTc generator. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1975, 26:301-303.
42. Chakravarty R., Dash A., Pillai M.R.A. Electrochemical separation is an attractive strategy for development of radionuclide generators for medical applications. Curr Radiopharm 2012, 5(3):271-287.
43. 99Mo. Nucl Med Biol 2010, 37:21-28.
44. Jassin L E. Radiochemical separation advancements using extraction chromatography: A review of recent Eichrom users' group workshop presentations with a focus on matrix interferences. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 163(1), 93-96. 2005.
45. Dietz M.L., Horwitz E.P. Applications of extraction chromatography in the development of radionuclide generator systems for nuclear medicine. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000, 39(9):3181-3188.
46. 99mTc for nuclear medicine. Appl Radiat Isot 1997, 48(8):1027-1033.
47. Evans J.V., Moore P.W., Shying M.E., Sodeau J.M. Zirconium molybdate gel as a generator for technetium-99m-I. The concept and its evaluation. Int J Rad Appl Instrum A 1987, 38(1):19-23.
48. 99mTc] sodium pertechnetate production. Appl Radiat Isot 1995, 46(1):13-16.
49. 99mTc nuclear reaction in cyclotron. Indian J Chem 2007, 46A(10):1615-1617.
50. 99mTc generator concept. J Radioanal Nucl Chem Lett 1987, 119(4):315-325.
51. 99Mo of low/medium specific activity based on solid phase column extraction technique: suitability for use in diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 2009, 50:1885.
52. 99mTc in neutron irradiated molybdenum trioxide and its application to separation. J Nucl Sci Technol 1971, 8:295-301.
53. 99mTc from irradiated molybdenum trioxide. Isotopenpraxis 1975, 11(8):290-292.
54. 99Mo mutual separation and their transport across supported liquid membrane extraction system. Czechoslov J Phys 2000, 50(2):271-279.
55. 99Mo by Using TOPO-kerosene supported liquid membrane. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2000, 246(3):665-669.
56. Tachimori S., Amano H., Nakaura H. Diffusion of Tc-99m in neutron irradiated molybdenum trioxide and Its application to separation. J Nucl Sci Technol 1971, 8(6):295-301.
57. 94mTc from enriched molybdenum targets and its large scale production for nuclear medical application. Radiochim Acta 1994, 64:113-120.
58. Pinajian J.J. A technetium-99m generator using hydrous zirconium oxide. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1966, 17:664-670.
59. 99mTc generators. Radiochim Acta 2011, 99(4):231-235.
60. Meloni S., Brandone A. A new technetium-99m generator using manganese dioxide. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1968, 19(2):164-166.
61. 99Mo. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2002, 254(3):625-628.
62. 99mTc generator by use of silica gel as adsorbent. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 1971, 92(12):1211-1212.
63. 2- ions on commercial hydrotalcites. Radiochim Acta 2005, 93(9-10):605-609.
64. 99mTc generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2005, 63:37-40.
65. 99mTc Generators - a study of their quality. Nuklearmedizin 1989, 28(5):201-207.
66. Moore P.W. Technetium-99 in generator systems. J Nucl Med 1984, 25(4):499-502.
67. 99mTc-generators. Eur J Nucl Med 1976, 30(1):219-233.
68. 99mTc generator technology. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1982, 33:811-819.
69. 99Mo. Appl Radiat Isot 1997, 48:607-611.
70. 188Re nuclide pair separation. Sep Sci Technol 2009, 44(5):1074-1098.
71. 99mTc generator column 2007, Available at. http://aiche.confex.com/aiche/2007/preliminaryprogram/abstract_93290.htm.
72. Lee JS, Han HS, Park UJ, SonKJ, Shin HY, Hong SB, Jang KD, Lee JS. Adsorbents for radioisotopes, preparation method thereof, and radioisotope generators using the same. US Patent No. 2009/027782 A1; November 12, 2009.
73. 99mTc generator for biomedical applications. Chromatographia 2010, 72:875-884.
74. 188Re generator technology. Anal Chem 2011, 83(16):6342-6348.
75. 3 as column matrix. Nucl Med Biol 2012, 39(7):916-922.
76. Horwitz E.P., Bond A.H. Purification of radionuclides for nuclear medicine: the multicolumn selectivity inversion generator concept. Czechoslov J Phys 2003, 53(Suppl A):A713-A716.
77. Horwitz E P, Bond AH. Multicolumn selectivity inversion generator for production of ultrapure radionuclides. US Patent no. 6998052, Feb, 14 2006.
78. Chattopadhyay S., Das S.S., Das M.K., Goomer N.C. Recovery of Tc-99m from Na2[Mo-99]MoO4 solution obtained from reactor-produced (n, gamma) Mo-99 using a tiny Dowex-1 column in tandem with a small alumina column. Appl Radiat Isot 2008, 66:1814-1817.
79. McAlister D.R., Horwitz E.P. Automated two column generator systems for medical radionuclides. Appl Radiat Isot 2009, 67:1985-1991.
80. TechneGen, NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, LLC, Available at: http://wwwtrademarkia.com/technegen-85420367.html.
81. Knapp F.F.(Russ), Beets A.L., Guhlke S., Zamora P.O., Bender H., Palmedo H., et al. Development of the alumina-based tungsten-188/Rhenium-188 generator and use of Rhenium-188-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. Anticancer Res 1997, 17:1783-1796.
82. 99mTc generator: a simple and convenient method for concentrating generator eluate for clinical use. Nucl Med Commun 1993, 14(1):995-999.
83. Knapp F F (Russ) Jr, Beets A L, Mirzadeh S, Guhlke S. Concentration of perrhenate and pertechnetate solutions. U.S. Patent 5,729,821, March 17, 1998.
84. Knapp F.F.(Russ), Beets A.L., Mirzadeh S., Guhlke S. Use of a new tandem cation/anion exchange system with clinical-scale generator provides high specific volume solution of technicium-99m and rhenium-188 1998.
85. Mirzadeh S, Knapp F F (Russ) Jr, Collins E D. A tandem radioisotope generator system for preparation of highly concentrated solutions of Tc-99m from low specific activity Mo-99. U.S. Patent 5,774,782, June 30, 1998.
86. 99Mo by liquid-liquid extraction. J Nucl Med 1968, 9:298-299.
87. Tachimori S., Amano H., Nakamura H. Preparation of Tc-99m by direct adsorption from organic solution. J Nucl Sci Technol 1971, 8(7):357-362.
88. 99mTc generator system I. An Indian experience: process design considerations. Isotopenpraxis 1986, 22(2):53-57.
89. 99mTc from MEK extracts. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1990, 190(4):235-244.
90. 99mTc radiopharmaceutical. Radiochemistry 2001, 43(3):297-300.
91. 99mTc couple. Radiochemistry 2010, 52(1):90-94.
92. 99mTc/VII/with methylene blue into nitrobenzene. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2005, 135(2):77-83.
93. 99mTc by liquid-liquid extraction using trioctylamine as extractant. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010, 183(3):661-663.
94. Iqbal M., Ejaz M. Solvent extraction of technetium(VII) by 4-(5-nonyl)pyridine and its separation from uranium and some fission products. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2006, 23(1-2):51-62.
95. Minh T.L., Lengyel T. On the separation of molybdenum and technetium crown ether as extraction agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2005, 135(6):403-407.
96. Baker R.J. System for routine production of concentrated Tc-99m by solvent extraction of Mo-99. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1971, 22:483.
97. Allen J.F. An improved technetium-99m generator for medical applications. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1965, 16:332-334.
98. 99mTc in clinical laboratory. J Nucl Med 1970, 11(6):386.
99. World Health Organization. Sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) injection (non-fission). In: International Pharmacopeia, Document QAS/08.283/Final; 2009.
100. 99mTc by methyl-ethyl-ketone extraction. S Afr Med J 1974, 48(23):995-997.
101. Baker R.J. A system for the routine production of concentrated technetium-99m by solvent extraction of molybdenum-99. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1971, 22(8):483-485.
102. Khlopin Radium Institute Research and production section for radiopharmaceuticals fabrication on the basis of reactor nuclide Available at. http://www.khlopin.ru/english/radiopharm_fabricating.php.
103. 99mTc solvent extraction system Available at. http://www.rcrusia.com.ar/espanol/cooperacion/pub4.pdf.
104. Rogers R.D., Bond A.H., Bauer C.B. Aqueous biphase systems for liquid/liquid extraction of f-elements utilizing polyethylene glycols. Sep Sci Technol 1993, 28:139-153.
105. 129I from simulated Hanford tank wastes using polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems. Solvent Extr Ion Exch 1995, 13:689-713.
106. Rogers R.D., Zhang J., Bond A.H., Bauer C.B., Jezl M.L., Roden D.M. Selective and quantitative partitioning of pertechnetate in polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems. Solvent Extr Ion Exch 1995, 13:665-688.
107. Rogers R.D., Bond A., Zhang J., Horwitz E. New technetium-99m generator technologies utilizing polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems, Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications No 9. Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications No 9, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 1997; 32(1-4) 1997, 867-882.
108. Rogers R.D., Bond A.H., Griffin S.T., Horwitz E.P. New technologies for metal Ion separations: aqueous biphasic extraction chromatography (ABEC). Part I. uptake of pertechnetate. Solvent Extr Ion Exch 1996, 14:919-946.
109. Rogers R.D., Bond A.H., Zhang J., Bauer C.B. Polyethylene glycol based-aqueous biphasic systems as technetium-99m generators. Appl Radiat Isot 1996, 47(5-6):497-499.
110. - in polyethylene/polypropylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996, 680:231-236.
111. Rogers R.D., Bond A.H., Zhang J., Horwitz E.P. New technetium-99m generator technologies utilizing polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems. Sep Sci Technol 1997, 32:867-882.
112. Rogers R.D., Zhang J., Griffin S.T. The effects of halide anions on the partitioning behavior of pertechnetate in polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems. Sep Sci Technol 1997, 32:699-707.
113. Spear S.K., Griffin S.T., Huddleston J.G., Rogers R.D. Radiopharmaceutical and hydrometallurgical separations of perrhenate using aqueous biphasic systems and the analogous aqueous biphasic extraction chromatographic resins. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000, 39:3173-3180.
114. Rogers R.D., Zhang J. New technologies for metal ion separations polyethylene glycol based-aqueous biphasic systems and aqueous biphasic extraction chromatography. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction 1997, Vol. 13:141-193. Marcel Dekker, New York, Ch. 4. J.A. Marinsky, Y. Marcus (Eds.).
115. 99mTc from molybdenum trioxide from the standpoint of its possible use in technetium generator. Radiochem Radioanal Lett 1974, 20(1):33-44.
116. 99Mo and the radiation dose from the impurities. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1974, 25(1):35-41.
117. 99mTc from molybdenum trioxide. I. Radioisotopy 1974, 16(3):413-451.
118. 99mTc from molybdenum trioxide at temperatures above 650°C. Radiochem Radioanal Lett 1974, 20(1):23-31.
119. 2. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1976, 27(9):495-498.
120. 3. Radiochem Radioanal Lett 1976, 25(3):173-178.
121. 99mTc from molybdenum trioxide using a carrier gas. Radiochem Radioanal Lett 1976, 25(3):179-186.
122. Tomicic M, Separation of 99mTc from 99MoO3. A high performance sublimation generator, Report No. Risø-M-1943, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 1977.
123. Macháň V., Vilček S., Kalinčák M. Technetium-99m sublimation from molybdenum trioxide eutectic mixtures. J Inorg Nucl Chem 1981, 43(12):3063-3066.
124. 99mTc sublimation generators. Radiochim Acta 1987, 41:91-96.
125. 99mTc isotope generator: SUBLITECH. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1988, 128(1):71-79.
126. Christian J.D., Pett D.A., Kirkham R.J., Bennett R.G. Advances in sublimation separation of technetium from low specific activity molybdenum-99. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000, 39(9):3157-3168.
127. Domanov V.P. Thermochromatographic isolation of Os, Ru, Re, and Tc radioisotopes in the form of lower oxides. Radiochemistry 2002, 44(2):109-113.
128. Domanov V.P. Preparation of volatile oxygen-containing americium compounds separated by gas thermochromatography. Radiochemistry 2010, 52(3):230-236.
129. 67Ga from metallic zinc targets. Isotopenpraxis 1990, 26(3):118-121.
130. Hanson D.E., Garrison J.R., Hall H.L. Assessing thermochromatography as a separation method for nuclear forensics: current capability vis-à-vis forensic requirements. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011, 289(1):213-223.
131. Wacker L., Krähenbühl U., Eichler B. Direct separation of plutonium by thermo-chromatography from environmental samples. Radiochim Acta 2002, 90(3):133-139.
132. 94mTc. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm 1994, 35:267-269.
133. Moore P.W., Shying M.E., Sodeau J.M., Evans J.V., Maddalena D.J., Farrington K.H. Zirconium molybdate gel as a generator for technetium-99m-II. High activity generators. Int J Rad Appl Instrum A 1987, 38(1):25-29.
134. 99mTc generator performance based on zirconium molybdate gels. Appl Radiat Isot 2003, 59(1):27-34.
135. 99mTc gel generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2009, 67(10):1796-1801.
136. International Atomic Energy Agency. Alternative Technologies for 99mTc Generators. IAEA TECDOC Report 852. Vienna, Austria, 1995.
137. 99mTc zirconium molybate gel generators at semi-automatic device: DISIGEG. Appl Radiat Isot 2012, 70(1):103-111.
138. Korkisch J. Combined ion exchange solvent extraction (CIESE): A novel separation technique for inorganic ions. Sep Sci Technol 1966, 1:159-171.
139. Muraviev D. Application of extraction and ion exchange chromatographic technique for the separation of metal ion mixtures: problems and perspectives. Solv Extr Ion Exch 2000, 18(4):753-778.
140. 99mTc into MEK from large quantity of molybdate retained on alumina column. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1990, 145(4):311-320.
141. Hasegawa K., Shirokawa Y., Aoshimia A., Sano Y. Electrochemical separation of actinides and lanthanides in the aqueous Solution. J Nucl Sci Technol 2002, S3:343-346.
142. Khan J., Tripathi B.P., Saxena A., Shahi V.K. Electrochemical membrane reactor: in situ separation and recovery of chromic acid and metal ions. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:6719-6727.
143. Economou A., Clark A.K., Fielden P.R. Determination of Co(II) by chemi-luminescence after in situ electrochemical pre-separation on a flow-through mercury film electrode. Analyst 2001, 126:109-113.
144. Rosíková K., John J., Šebesta F. Separation of radionuclides from chemical and electrochemical decontamination wastes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2003, 255:397-402.
145. Eichler B., Kratz J.V. Electrochemical deposition of carrier-free radionuclides. Radiochim Acta 2000, 88:475-482.
146. 90Y suitable for targeted therapy. Nucl Med Biol 2008, 35:245-253.
147. Chakravarty R., Dash A., Pillai M.R.A., Venkatesh M. A novel 188W/188Re electro-chemical generator with potential for medical applications. Radiochim Acta 2009, 97:309-317.
148. 188Re. Appl Radiat Isot 2010, 68(12):2302-2305.
149. 99mTc generator. J Radioanla Nucl Chem 2011, 290(1):45-51.
150. 90Y generator Available at. http://www.elexcomm.com/kamadhenu-eng.html.
151. Chen L., Wang H., Zeng Q., Xu Y., Sun L., Xu H.L. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to liquid chromatography - a review. J Chromatogr Sci 2009, 47(8):614-623.
152. Elwaer S.M. Extraction chromatography of technetium-99 by TOPO supported on chromosorb from aqueous solution. Czechoslov J Phys Suppl 2003, 53(1):A497-A499.
153. Bartosova A., Rajec P., Reich M. Preparation and characterization of an extraction chromatography column for technetium separation based on Aliquat-336 and silica gel support. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2004, 261(1):119-124.
154. 99Tc determination. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012, 293(1):309-312.
155. Chen J., Boerrigter H., Veltkamp A.C. Technetium(VII) transport across supported liquid membranes (SLMs) containing 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE). Radiochim Acta 2001, 89:523-528.
156. Stepinski D.C., Vandegrift G.F., Shkrob I.A. Extraction of tetra-oxo anions into a hydrophobic ionic liquid-based solvent without concomitant ion exchange. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010, 49(12):5863-5868.
157. Chiarizia R. Application of supported liquid membranes for removal of nitrate, technetium (VII) and chromium (VI) from groundwater. J Membr Sci 1991, 55(1-2):39-64.