Cryogen-free heterodyne-enhanced mid-infrared Faraday rotation spectrometer

Optics Express

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 740-755

  Wang, Yin ^a   Nikodem, Michal ^a   Wysocki, Gerard ^a  

^a Princeton University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INFRARED DEVICES; NITRIC OXIDE; PARAMAGNETISM; POLARIZATION; QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS; ROTATION; SHOT NOISE; SPECTROMETERS;

CRYOGENIC COOLING; DETECTION LIMITS; DETECTION METHODS; FARADAY ROTATION SPECTRA; FARADAY ROTATION SPECTROSCOPY; HETERODYNE DETECTION; MIDINFRARED; MOLECULAR SPECIES; NOISE LEVELS; POLARIZATION ROTATION; RADIO FREQUENCY RANGE; RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE; SENSITIVITY LIMIT; THERMOELECTRICALLY-COOLED;

HETERODYNING;

NITRIC OXIDE;

ARTICLE; DIODE LASER; EQUIPMENT; ROTATION; SPECTROSCOPY;

LASERS, SEMICONDUCTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; ROTATION; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS;

EID: 84872736561     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.000740     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. G. Litfin, C. R. Pollock, R. F. Curl, and F. K. Tittel, "Sensitivity Enhancement of Laser-Absorption Spectroscopy by Magnetic Rotation Effect," J. Chem. Phys. 72(12), 6602-6605 (1980).
2. H. Adams, D. Reinert, P. Kalkert, and W. Urban, "A differential detection scheme for Faraday rotation spectroscopy with a color center laser," Appl. Phys. B 34(4), 179-185 (1984).
3. M. Koch, X. Luo, P. Murtz, W. Urban, and K. Morike, "Detection of small traces of 15N2 and 15N2 by Faraday LMR spectroscopy of the corresponding isotopomers of nitric oxide," Appl. Phys. B 64(6), 683-688 (1997).
4. H. Ganser, W. Urban, and A. M. Brown, "The sensitive detection of NO by Faraday modulation spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser," Mol. Phys. 101(4-5), 545-550 (2003).
5. T. Fritsch, M. Horstjann, D. Halmer, P. Sabana, P. Hering, and M. Mürtz, "Magnetic Faraday modulation spectroscopy of the 1-0 band of 14NO and 15 NO," Appl. Phys. B 93(2-3), 713-723 (2008).
6. R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty 3rd, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, "Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 microm by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(31), 12587-12592 (2009).
7. P. Kluczynski, S. Lundqvist, J. Westberg, and O. Axner, "Faraday rotation spectrometer with sub-second response time for detection of nitric oxide using a cw DFB quantum cascade laser at 5.33 μm," Appl. Phys. B 103(2), 451-459 (2011).
8. J. M. Smith, J. C. Bloch, R. W. Field, and J. L. Steinfeld, "Trace Detection of NO2 by Frequency-Modulation- Enhanced Magnetic Rotation Spectroscopy," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12(6), 964-969 (1995).
9. W. Dillenschneider and R. F. Curl, Jr., "Color center laser spectroscopy of ν1 + ν2 + ν3 of NO2 using magnetic rotation," J. Mol. Spectrosc. 99(1), 87-97 (1983).
10. R. J. Brecha, L. M. Pedrotti, and D. Krause, "Magnetic rotation spectroscopy of molecular oxygen with a diode laser," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14(8), 1921-1930 (1997).
11. S. G. So, E. Jeng, and G. Wysocki, "VCSEL based Faraday rotation spectroscopy with a modulated and static magnetic field for trace molecular oxygen detection," Appl. Phys. B 102(2), 279-291 (2011).
12. J. Pfeiffer, D. Kirsten, P. Kalkert, and W. Urban, "Sensitive Magnetic Rotation Spectroscopy of the Oh Free- Radical Fundamental-Band with a Color Center Laser," Appl. Phys. B 26(3), 173-177 (1981).
13. W. Zhao, G. Wysocki, W. Chen, E. Fertein, D. Le Coq, D. Petitprez, and W. Zhang, "Sensitive and selective detection of OH radicals using Faraday rotation spectroscopy at 2.8 μm," Opt. Express 19(3), 2493-2501 (2011).
14. M. Nikodem and G. Wysocki, "Molecular dispersion spectroscopy-new capabilities in laser chemical sensing," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1260(1), 101-111 (2012).
15. A. Hinz, D. Zeitz, W. Bohle, and W. Urban, "A Faraday Laser Magnetic-Resonance Spectrometer for Spectroscopy of Molecular Radical Ions," Appl. Phys. B 36(1), 1-4 (1985).
16. H. Adams, D. Reinert, P. Kalkert, and W. Urban, "A Differential Detection Scheme for Faraday-Rotation Spectroscopy with a Color Center Laser," Appl. Phys. B. 34(4), 179-185 (1984).
17. R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, "Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69(11), 3763-3769 (1998).
18. P. C. D. Hobbs, "Shot noise limited optical measurement at baseband with noisy lasers," in Laser Noise, R. Roy, ed. (Proc. SPIE, 1991), pp. 216-221.
19. K. L. Haller and P. C. D. Hobbs, "Double-beam laser absorption spectroscopy: shot noise-limited performance at baseband with a novel electronic noise canceler," in Optical Methods for Ultrasensitive Detection and Analysis: Techniques and Applications,(1991), pp. 298-309.
20. G. Durry, I. Pouchet, N. Amarouche, T. Danguy, and G. Megie, "Shot-noise-limited dual-beam detector for atmospheric trace-gas monitoring with near-infrared diode lasers," Appl. Opt. 39(30), 5609-5619 (2000).
21. X. Wang, M. Jefferson, P. C. D. Hobbs, W. P. Risk, B. E. Feller, R. D. Miller, and A. Knoesen, "Shot-noise limited detection for surface plasmon sensing," Opt. Express 19(1), 107-117 (2011).
22. P. Vogel and V. Ebert, "Near shot noise detection of oxygen in the A-band with vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. B 72(1), 127-135 (2001).
23. N. C. Wong and J. L. Hall, "Servo control of amplitude-modulation in frequency-modulation spectroscopy - demonstration of shot-noise-limited detection," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2(9), 1527-1533 (1985).
24. B. Willke, N. Uehara, E. K. Gustafson, R. L. Byer, P. J. King, S. U. Seel, and R. L. Savage, Jr., "Spatial and temporal filtering of a 10-W Nd:YAG laser with a Fabry-Perot ring-cavity premode cleaner," Opt. Lett. 23(21), 1704-1706 (1998).
25. P. Kwee, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, "Shot-noise-limited laser power stabilization with a high-power photodiode array," Opt. Lett. 34(19), 2912-2914 (2009).
26. M. Jurna, J. P. Korterik, C. Otto, and H. L. Offerhaus, "Shot noise limited heterodyne detection of CARS signals," Opt. Express 15(23), 15207-15213 (2007).
27. M. C. Teich, "Infrared heterodyne detection," Proc. IEEE 56(1), 37-46 (1968).
28. S. F. Jacobs, "Optical heterodyne (coherent) detection," Am. J. Phys. 56(3), 235-245 (1988).
29. E. N. Gilbert, and H. O. Pollak, "Amplitude Distribution of Shot Noise," AT&T Tech J 39, 333-350 (1960).
30. M. Xiao, L. A. Wu, and H. J. Kimble, "Precision measurement beyond the shot-noise limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 59(3), 278-281 (1987).
31. T. Gensty, W. Elsäßer, and C. Mann, "Intensity noise properties of quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 13(6), 2032-2039 (2005).
32. F. Rana and R. J. Ram, "Current noise and photon noise in quantum cascade lasers," Phys. Rev. B 65(12), 125313 (2002).
33. Y. Wang, M. Nikodem, J. Hoyne, and G. Wysocki, "Heterodyne-enhanced Faraday rotation spectrometer," Proc. SPIE 8268, 2F1-8 (2012).
34. A. Abramovici, W. E. Althouse, R. W. P. Drever, Y. Gürsel, S. Kawamura, F. J. Raab, D. Shoemaker, L. Sievers, R. E. Spero, K. S. Thorne, R. E. Vogt, R. Weiss, S. E. Whitcomb, and M. E. Zucker, "LIGO - the Laser- Interferometer-Gravitational-Wave-Observatory," Science 256(5055), 325-333 (1992).
35. Y. Wang, M. Nikodem, B. Brumfield, and G. Wysocki, "Compact multi-pass cell based Faraday rotation spectrometer for nitric oxide detection," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO)(2012), p. CW3B.
36. E. J. Galvez and P. M. Koch, "Use of four mirrors to rotate linear polarization but preserve input-output collinearity. II," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14(12), 3410-3414 (1997).
37. C. D. Boone, F. W. Dalby, and I. Ozier, "Magnetic rotation molecular spectroscopy using an oscillating field," J. Chem. Phys. 113(19), 8594-8607 (2000).