The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Weintraub, Sandra ^a   Wicklund, Alissa H ^a   Salmon, David P ^b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PITTSBURGH COMPOUND B;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTENTION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EPISODIC MEMORY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FRONTAL VARIANT FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; LANGUAGE; LEWY BODY; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA; REVIEW; SEMANTIC MEMORY; WORKING MEMORY; AGE; BRAIN; DEMENTIA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

AGE FACTORS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTENTION; BRAIN; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 84872729887     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006171     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. Albert MS. 1996. Cognitive and neurobiologic markers of early Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93: 13547-13551.
2. Albert MS, Blacker D. 2006. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2: 379-388.
3. Albert MS, Dekosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, et al. 2011. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7: 270-279.
4. Aronoff JM, Gonnerman LM, Almor A, Arunachalam S, Kempler D, Andersen ES. 2006. Information content versus relational knowledge: Semantic deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 44: 21-35.
5. Backman L, Small BJ, Fratiglioni L. 2001. Stability of the preclinical episodic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 124: 96-102.
6. Baddeley A. 2003. Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci 4: 829-839.
7. Baddeley AD, Bressi S, Della Sala S, Logie R, Spinnler H. 1991. The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal study. Brain 114: 2521-2542.
8. Ball K, Owsley C. 2003. Driving competence: It's not a matter of age. J Am Geriatr Soc 51: 1499-1501.
9. Ball KK, Beard BL, Roenker DL, Miller RL, Griggs DS. 1988. Age and visual search: Expanding the useful field of view. J Opt Soc Am A 5: 2210-2219.
10. Barber R, Snowden JS, Craufurd D. 1995. Frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Retrospective differentiation using information from informants. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59: 61-70.
11. Barber PA, Varma AR, Lloyd JJ, Haworth B, Snowden JS, Neary D. 2000. The electroencephalogram in dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neurol Scand 101: 53-56.
12. Bayles KA. 1982. Language function in senile dementia. Brain Lang 16: 265-280.
13. Bayles KA, Tomoeda CK. 1983. Confrontation naming impairment in dementia. Brain Lang 19: 98-114.
14. Becker JA, Hedden T, Carmasin J, Maye J, Rentz DM, Putcha D, Fischl B, GreveDN, Marshall GA, Salloway S, et al. 2010. Amyloid-β associated cortical thinning in clinically normal elderly. Ann Neurol 69: 1032-1042.
15. Bier JC, Ventura M, Donckels V, Van Eyll E, Claes T, Slama H, Fery P, Vokaer M, Pandolfo M. 2004. Is the Addenbrooke's cognitive examination effective to detect frontotemporal dementia? J Neurol 251: 428-431.
16. Binetti G, Cappa SF, Magni E, Padovani A, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. 1996. Disorders of visual and spatial perception in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 777: 221-225.
17. Blair M, Marczinski CA, Davis-Faroque N, Kertesz A. 2007. A longitudinal study of language decline in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13: 237-245.
18. Bondi MW, Monsch AU, Butters N, Salmon DP, Paulsen JS. 1993. Utility of a modified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Clin Neuropsychol 7: 161-170.
19. Bondi MW, Monsch AU, Galasko D, Butters N, Salmon DP, Delis DC. 1994. Preclinical cognitive markers of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology 8: 374-384.
20. Bowles NL, Obler LK, Albert ML. 1987. Naming errors in healthy aging and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Cortex 23: 519-524.
21. Bozeat S, Gregory CA, Ralph MA, Hodges JR. 2000. Which neuropsychiatric and behavioural features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 178-186.
22. Braak H, Braak E. 1991. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82: 239-259.
23. Braak H, Braak E. 1996a. Development of Alzheimer-related neurofibrillary changes in the neocortex inversely recapitulates cortical myelogenesis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 92: 197-201.
24. Braak H, Braak E. 1996b. Evolution of the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 165: 3-12.
25. Braak E, Arai K, Braak H. 1999. Cerebellar involvement in Pick's disease: Affliction of mossy fibers, monodendritic brush cells, and dentate projection neurons. Exp Neurol 159: 153-163.
26. Brun A. 1987. Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type. I. Neuropathology. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 6: 193-208.
27. Buckner RL, Snyder AZ, Shannon BJ, LaRossa G, Sachs R, Fotenos AF, ShelineYI, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Morris JC, et al. 2005. Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory. J Neurosci 25: 7709-7717.
28. Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. 2008. The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1124: 1-38.
29. Butters N, Granholm E, Salmon DP, Grant I, Wolfe J. 1987. Episodic and semantic memory: A comparison of amnesic and demented patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 9: 479-497.
30. Butters N, Salmon DP, Cullum CM, Cairns P, Troster AI, Jacobs D, Moss M, Cermak LS. 1988. Differentiation of amnesic and demented patients with the Wechsler memory scale-Revised. Clin Neuropsychol 2: 133-148.
31. Caine D. 2004. Posterior cortical atrophy: A review of the literature. Neurocase 10: 382-385.
32. Caycedo AM, Miller B, Kramer J, Rascovsky K. 2009. Early features in frontotemporal dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 6: 337-340.
33. Chen P, Ratcliff G, Belle SH, Cauley JA, DeKosky ST, Ganguli M. 2001. Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease: A prospective community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 853-858.
34. Cherry BJ, Buckwalter JG, Henderson VW. 2002. Better preservation of memory span relative to supraspan immediate recall in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 40: 846-852.
35. Chertkow H, Bub D. 1990. Semantic memory loss in dementia of Alzheimer's type. What do various measures measure? Brain 113: 397-417.
36. Chui HC, Victoroff JI, Margolin D, Jagust W, Shankle R, Katzman R. 1992. Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology 42: 473-480.
37. Collette F, Van der Linden M, Bechet S, Salmon E. 1999. Phonological loop and central executive functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 37: 905-918.
38. Collie A, Maruff P. 2000. The neuropsychology of preclinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24: 365-374.
39. Cronin-Golomb A, Amick M. 2001. Spatial abilities in aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 6: Aging and dementia, 2nd ed. (ed. Boller F, Cappa S), pp. 119-143. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
40. Dalla Barba G, Goldblum MC. 1996. The influence of semantic encoding on recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 34: 1181-1186.
41. Dalla Barba G, Wong C. 1995. Encoding specificity and intrusion in Alzheimer's disease and amnesia. Brain Cogn 27: 1-16.
42. Delis DC, Massman PJ, Butters N, Salmon DP, Cermak LS, Kramer JH. 1991. Profiles of demented and amnesic patients on the California verbal learning test: Implications for the assessment of memory disorders. Psychol Assessment 3: 19-26.
43. Della Sala S, Spinnler H, Trivelli C. 1996. Slowly progressive impairment of spatial exploration and visual perception. Neurocase 2: 299-323.
44. De Meyer G, Shapiro F, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Coart E, Hansson O, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, et al. 2010. Diagnosis-independent Alzheimer disease biomarker signature in cognitively normal elderly people. Arch Neurol 67: 949-956.
45. Desmond DW, Erkinjuntti T, Sano M, Cummings JL, Bowler JV, Pasquier F, Moroney JT, Ferris SH, Stern Y, Sachdev PS, et al. 1999. The cognitive syndrome of vascular dementia: Implications for clinical trials. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 13 (Suppl 3): S21-S29.
46. de Toledo-Morrell L, Goncharova I, Dickerson B, Wilson RS, Bennett DA. 2000. From healthy aging to early Alzheimer's disease: In vivo detection of entorhinal cortex atrophy. Ann NY Acad Sci 911: 240-253.
47. Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Dekosky ST, Barberger-Gateau P, CummingsJ, Delacourte A, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Jicha G, et al. 2007. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol 6: 734-746.
48. Elfgren C, Brun A, Gustafson L, Johanson A, Minthon L, Passant U, Risberg J. 1994. Neuropsychological tests as discriminators between dementia of Alzheimer's type and frontotemporal dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 9: 635-642.
49. Ferman TJ, Smith GE, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Lucas JA, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Ivnik RJ, Wszolek Z, Uitti R, et al. 2006. Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neuropsychol 20: 623-636.
50. Festa EK, Insler RZ, Salmon DP, Paxton J, Hamilton JM, Heindel WC. 2005. Neocortical disconnectivity disrupts sensory integration in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 19: 728-738.
51. Flicker C, Bartus RT, Crook TH, Ferris SH. 1984. Effects of aging and dementia upon recent visuospatial memory. Neurobiol Aging 5: 275-283.
52. Foster NL, Chase TN, Fedio P, Patronas NJ, Brooks RA, Di Chiro G. 1983. Alzheimer's disease: Focal cortical changes shown by positron emission tomography. Neurology 33: 961-965.
53. Foster JK, Behrmann M, Stuss DT. 1999. Visual attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease: Simple versus conjoined feature search. Neuropsychology 13: 223-245.
54. Fuld PA, Katzman R, Davies P, Terry RD. 1982. Intrusions as a sign of Alzheimer dementia: Chemical and pathological verification. Ann Neurol 11: 155-159.
55. Gliebus G, Bigio E, Caplan D, Mesulam M, Geula C. 2009. Phenotypically concordant TDP-43 neuroanatomy in the PPA3 family with progranulin mutation. Soc Neurosci Abstr Online. 434437/L431.
56. Gomez-Tortosa E, Irizarry MC, Gomez-Isla T, Hyman BT. 2000. Clinical and neuropathological correlates of dementia with Lewy bodies. Ann NY Acad Sci 920: 9-15.
57. Gorno-Tempini ML, Dronkers NF, Rankin KP, Ogar JM, Phengrasamy L, RosenHJ, Johnson JK, Weiner MW, Miller BL. 2004. Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol 55: 335-346.
58. Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, Ogar JM, Rohrer JD, Black S, Boeve BF, et al. 2011. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology 76: 1006-1014.
59. Grady CL, Haxby JV, Horwitz B, Sundaram M, Berg G, Schapiro M, Friedland RP, Rapoport SI. 1988. Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 10: 576-596.
60. Graham NL, Emery T, Hodges JR. 2004. Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 61-71.
61. Greenwood PM, Parasuraman R. 1997. Attention in aging and Alzheimer's disease: Behavior and neural systems. In Attention, development, and psychopathology (ed. Burback JA, Enns JT, et al.), pp. 288-317. Guildford Press, New York.
62. Greenwood PM, Parasuraman R, Alexander GE. 1997. Controlling the focus of spatial attention during visual search: Effects of advanced aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychology 11: 3-12.
63. Gregory CA, Orrell M, Sahakian B, Hodges JR. 1997. Can frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease be differentiated using a brief battery of tests?Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12: 375-383.
64. Grober E, Kawas C. 1997. Learning and retention in preclinical and early Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Aging 12: 183-188.
65. Grossman M. 2010. Primary progressive aphasia: Clinicopathological correlations. Nat Rev Neurol 6: 88-97.
66. Grossman M, Mickanin J, Onishi K, Hughes E. 1996. Verb comprehension deficits in probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain Lang 53: 369-389.
67. Grossman M, Libon DJ, Forman MS, Massimo L, Wood E, Moore P, Anderson C, Farmer J, Chatterjee A, Clark CM, et al. 2007. Distinct antemortem profiles in patients with pathologically defined frontotemporal dementia. Arch Neurol 64: 1601-1609.
68. Guidi M, Paciaroni L, Paolini S, De Padova S, Scarpino O. 2006. Differences and similarities in the neuropsychological profile of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease in the early stage. J Neurol Sci 248: 120-123.
69. Gustafson L. 1987. Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type. II. Clinical picture and differential diagnosis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 6: 209-223.
70. Hamilton JM, Salmon DP, Galasko D, Delis DC, Hansen LA, Masliah E, ThomasRG, Thal LJ. 2004. A comparison of episodic memory deficits in neuropathologically-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10: 689-697.
71. Hamilton JM, Salmon DP, Galasko D, Raman R, Emond J, Hansen LA, Masliah E, Thal LJ. 2008. Visuospatial deficits predict rate of cognitive decline in autopsy-verified dementia with Lewy bodies. Neuropsychology 22: 729-737.
72. Hansen L, Salmon D, Galasko D, Masliah E, Katzman R, DeTeresa R, Thal L, PayMM, Hofstetter R, Klauber M, et al. 1990. The Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease: A clinical and pathologic entity. Neurology 40: 1-8.
73. Henry JD, Crawford JR, Phillips LH. 2004. Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 42: 1212-1222.
74. Henry JD, Crawford JR, Phillips LH. 2005. A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in Huntington's disease. Neuropsychology 19: 243-252.
75. Higuchi M, Tashiro M, Arai H, Okamura N, Hara S, Higuchi S, Itoh M, Shin RW, Trojanowski JQ, Sasaki H. 2000. Glucose hypometabolism and neuropathological correlates in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies. Exp Neurol 162: 247-256.
76. Hillis AE, Oh S, Ken L. 2004. Deterioration of naming nouns versus verbs in primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol 55: 268-275.
77. Hodges JR, Graham NL. 2001. Vascular dementias. In Early onset dementia: A multidisciplinary approach (ed. Hodges JR), pp. 319-337. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
78. Hodges JR, Patterson K. 1995. Is semantic memory consistently impaired early in the course of Alzheimer's disease? Neuroanatomical and diagnostic implications. Neuropsychologia 33: 441-459.
79. Hodges JR, Patterson K. 2007. Semantic dementia: A unique clinicopathological syndrome. Lancet Neurol 6: 1004-1014.
80. Hodges JR, Salmon DP, Butters N. 1991. The nature of the naming deficit in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Brain 114: 1547-1558.
81. Hodges JR, Salmon DP, Butters N. 1992. Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge?Neuropsychologia 30: 301-314.
82. Hof PR, Archin N, Osmand AP, Dougherty JH, Wells C, Bouras C, Morrison JH. 1993. Posterior cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease: Analysis of a new case and re-evaluation of a historical report. Acta Neuropathol 86: 215-223.
83. Hof PR, Vogt BA, Bouras C, Morrison JH. 1997. Atypical form of Alzheimer's disease with prominent posterior cortical atrophy: A review of lesion distribution and circuit disconnection in cortical visual pathways. Vision Res 37: 3609-3625.
84. Holm IE, Englund E, Mackenzie IR, Johannsen P, Isaacs AM. 2007. A reassessment of the neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66: 884-891.
85. Howieson DB, Dame A, Camicioli R, Sexton G, Payami H, Kaye JA. 1997. Cognitive markers preceding Alzheimer's dementia in the healthy oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 45: 584-589.
86. Ince PG, Perry EK, Morris CM. 1998. Dementia with Lewy bodies. A distinct non-Alzheimer dementia syndrome? Brain Pathol 8: 299-324.
87. Jack CR Jr., Petersen RC, Xu YC, Waring SC, O'Brien PC, Tangalos EG, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E. 1997. Medial temporal atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 49: 786-794.
88. Jack CR Jr., Petersen RC, Xu Y, O'Brien PC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Boeve BF, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. 2000. Rates of hippocampal atrophy correlate with change in clinical status in aging and AD. Neurology 55: 484-489.
89. Jack CR Jr., Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, PetersenRC, Trojanowski JQ. 2010. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 9: 119-128.
90. Jacobs D, Salmon DP, Tröster AI, Butters N. 1990. Intrusion errors in the figural memory of patients with Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 5: 49-57.
91. Jacobs DM, Sano M, Dooneief G, Marder K, Bell KL, Stern Y. 1995. Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer's disease [comment]. Neurology 45: 957-962.
92. Johnson JK, Head E, Kim R, Starr A, Cotman CW. 1999. Clinical and pathological evidence for a frontal variant of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 56: 1233-1239.
93. Johnson DK, Morris JC, Galvin JE. 2005. Verbal and visuospatial deficits in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 65: 1232-1238.
94. Johnson DK, Storandt M, Morris JC, Galvin JE. 2009. Longitudinal study of the transition from healthy aging to Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 66: 1254-1259.
95. Kawas CH, Corrada MM, Brookmeyer R, Morrison A, Resnick SM, ZondermanAB, Arenberg D. 2003. Visual memory predicts Alzheimer's disease more than a decade before diagnosis. Neurology 60: 1089-1093.
96. Kertesz A, Nadkarni N, Davidson W, Thomas AW. 2000. The Frontal Behavioral Inventory in the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6: 460-468.
97. Kim M, Thompson CK. 2004. Verb deficits in Alzheimer's disease and agrammatism: Implications for lexical organization. Brain Lang 88: 1-20.
98. Knopman DS, Ryberg S. 1989. A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 46: 141-145.
99. Knopman DS, Mastri AR, Frey WH 2nd., Sung JH, Rustan T. 1990. Dementia lacking distinctive histologic features: A common non-Alzheimer degenerative dementia. Neurology 40: 251-256.
100. Knopman DS, Jack CR Jr., Kramer JH, Boeve BF, Caselli RJ, Graff-Radford NR, Mendez MF, Miller BL, Mercaldo ND. 2009. Brain and ventricular volumetric changes in frontotemporal lobar degeneration over 1 year. Neurology 72: 1843-1849.
101. Kramer JH, Jurik J, Sha SJ, Rankin KP, Rosen HJ, Johnson JK, Miller BL. 2003. Distinctive neuropsychological patterns in frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 16: 211-218.
102. Kraybill ML, Larson EB, Tsuang DW, Teri L, McCormick WC, Bowen JD, KukullWA, Leverenz JB, Cherrier MM. 2005. Cognitive differences in dementia patients with autopsy-verified AD, Lewy body pathology, or both. Neurology 64: 2069-2073.
103. Lange KW, Sahakian BJ, Quinn NP, Marsden CD, Robbins TW. 1995. Comparison of executive and visuospatial memory function in Huntington's disease and dementia of Alzheimer type matched for degree of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 58: 598-606.
104. Lange KL, Bondi MW, Salmon DP, Galasko D, Delis DC, Thomas RG, Thal LJ. 2002. Decline in verbal memory during preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Examination of the effect of APOE genotype. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8: 943-955.
105. Lefleche G, Albert MS. 1995. Executive function deficits in mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 9: 313-320.
106. Libon DJ, Xie SX, Moore P, Farmer J, Antani S, McCawley G, Cross K, GrossmanM. 2007. Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 68: 369-375.
107. Linn RT, Wolf PA, Bachman DL, Knoefel JE, Cobb JL, Belanger AJ, Kaplan EF, D'Agostino RB. 1995. The "preclinical phase" of probable Alzheimer's disease. A 13-year prospective study of the Framingham cohort. Arch Neurol 52: 485-490.
108. Lipton AM, Ohman KA, Womack KB, Hynan LS, Ninman ET, Lacritz LH. 2005. Subscores of the FAB differentiate frontotemporal lobar degeneration from AD. Neurology 65: 726-731.
109. Locascio JJ, Growdon JH, Corkin S. 1995. Cognitive test performance in detecting, staging, and tracking Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 52: 1087-1099.
110. Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Alafuzoff I, Kril J, Kovacs GG, Ghetti B, Halliday G, Holm IE, et al. 2010. Nomenclature and nosology for neuropathologic subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: An update. Acta Neuropathol 119: 1-4.
111. Mapstone M, Steffenella TM, Duffy CJ. 2003. A visuospatial variant of mild cognitive impairment: getting lost between aging and AD. Neurology 60: 802-808.
112. Martin A, Fedio P. 1983. Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: The breakdown of semantic knowledge. Brain Lang 19: 124-141.
113. Martin A, Brouwers P, Cox C, Fedio P. 1985. On the nature of the verbal memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Lang 25: 323-341.
114. Mathias JL, Burke J. 2009. Cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's and vascular dementia: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology 23: 411-423.
115. Mathuranath PS, Nestor PJ, Berrios GE, Rakowicz W, Hodges JR. 2000. A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 55: 1613-1620.
116. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O'Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, et al. 2005. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 65: 1863-1872.
117. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan E. 1984. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 34: 939-944.
118. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr., Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, et al. 2011. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7: 263-269.
119. Mendez MF, Cherrier M, Perryman KM, Pachana N, Miller BL, Cummings JL. 1996. Frontotemporal dementia versus Alzheimer's disease: Differential cognitive features. Neurology 47: 1189-1194.
120. Mendez MF, Perryman KM, Miller BL, Cummings JL. 1998. Behavioral differences between frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A comparison on the BEHAVE-AD rating scale. Int Psychogeriatr 10: 155-162.
121. Merdes AR, Hansen LA, Jeste DV, Galasko D, Hofstetter CR, Ho GJ, Thal LJ, Corey-Bloom J. 2003. Influence of Alzheimer pathology on clinical diagnostic accuracy in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 60: 1586-1590.
122. Mesulam M. 1982. Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Ann Neurol 11: 592-598.
123. Mesulam M-M. 2000. Aging, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia: Clinical and neurobiological perspectives. In Principles of cognitive and behavioral neurology, 2nd ed. (ed. Mesulam M-M), pp. 439-522. Oxford University Press, New York.
124. Mesulam M. 2001. Primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol 49: 425-432.
125. Mesulam M. 2003. Primary progressive aphasia-A language-based dementia. N Engl J Med 349: 1535-1542.
126. Mesulam M. 2008. Primary progressive aphasia pathology. Ann Neurol 63: 124-125.
127. Mesulam M, Wicklund A, Johnson N, Rogalski E, Leger GC, Rademaker A, Weintraub S, Bigio EH. 2008. Alzheimer and frontotemporal pathology in subsets of primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol 63: 709-719.
128. Mesulam M, Wieneke C, Rogalski E, Cobia D, Thompson CK, Weintraub S. 2009. Quantitative template for subtyping primary progressive aphasia. Arch Neurol 66: 1545-1551.
129. Miller BL, Ikonte C, Ponton M, Levy M, Boone K, Darby A, Berman N, Mena I, Cummings JL. 1997. A study of the Lund-Manchester research criteria for frontotemporal dementia: Clinical and single-photon emission CT correlations. Neurology 48: 937-942.
130. Minoshima S, Foster NL, Sima AA, Frey KA, Albin RL, Kuhl DE. 2001. Alzheimer's disease versus dementia with Lewy bodies: Cerebral metabolic distinction with autopsy confirmation. Ann Neurol 50: 358-365.
131. Mintun MA, Larossa GN, Sheline YI, Dence CS, Lee SY, Mach RH, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, DeKosky ST, Morris JC. 2006. [11C]PIB in a nondemented population: Potential antecedent marker of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67: 446-452.
132. Monsch AU, Bondi MW, Butters N, Salmon DP, Katzman R, Thal LJ. 1992. Comparisons of verbal fluency tasks in the detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 49: 1253-1258.
133. Moonis M, Swearer JM, Dayaw MP, St George-Hyslop P, Rogaeva E, Kawarai T, Pollen DA. 2005. Familial Alzheimer disease: Decreases in CSF Aβ42 levels precede cognitive decline. Neurology 65: 323-325.
134. Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, MellitsED, Clark C. 1989. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 39: 1159-1165.
135. Morris JC, Storandt M, McKeel DW Jr., Rubin EH, Price JL, Grant EA, Berg L. 1996. Cerebral amyloid deposition and diffuse plaques in "normal" aging: Evidence for presymptomatic and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 46: 707-719.
136. Morrison JH, Hof PR, Bouras C. 1991. An anatomic substrate for visual disconnection in Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 640: 36-43.
137. Neary D, Snowden J. 1996. Fronto-temporal dementia: Nosology, neuropsychology, and neuropathology. Brain Cogn 31: 176-187.
138. Neary D, Brun A, Englund B, Gustafson L, Passant U, Mann DMA, Snowden JS. 1994. Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57: 416-418.
139. Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, Passant U, Stuss D, Black S, Freedman M, Kertesz A, Robert PH, Albert M, et al. 1998. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology 51: 1546-1554.
140. Nebes RD. 1989. Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Bull 106: 377-394.
141. Nestor PJ, Caine D, Fryer TD, Clarke J, Hodges JR. 2003. The topography of metabolic deficits in posterior cortical atrophy (the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease) with FDG-PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74: 1521-1529.
142. Pachana NA, Boone KB, Miller BL, Cummings JL, Berman N. 1996. Comparison of neuropsychological functioning in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2: 505-510.
143. Parasuraman R, Greenwood PM. 1998. Selective attention in aging and dementia. In The attentive brain (ed. Parasuraman R), pp. 461-487. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
144. Parasuraman R, Haxby JV. 1993. Attention and brain function in Alzheimer's disease: A review. Neuropsychology 7: 242-272.
145. Parasuraman R, Greenwood PM, Alexander GE. 1995. Selective impairment of spatial attention during visual search in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 6: 1861-1864.
146. Parasuraman R, Greenwood PM, Alexander GE. 2000. Alzheimer disease constricts the dynamic range of spatial attention in visual search. Neuropsychologia 38: 1126-1135.
147. Perrin RJ, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM. 2009. Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 461: 916-922.
148. Perry RJ, Hodges JR. 1999. Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. A critical review. Brain 122: 383-404.
149. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rabins PV, Ritchie K, Rossor M, Thal L, Winblad B. 2001. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 58: 1985-1992.
150. Price CC, Jefferson AL, Merino JG, Heilman KM, Libon DJ. 2005. Subcortical vascular dementia: Integrating neuropsychological and neuroradiologic data. Neurology 65: 376-382.
151. Rabinovici GD, Rascovsky K, Miller BL. 2008. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Clinical and pathologic overview. Handb Clin Neurol 89: 343-364.
152. Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Ho GJ, Galasko D, Peavy GM, Hansen LA, Thal LJ. 2002. Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD. Neurology 58: 1801-1808.
153. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Kipps CM, Johnson JK, Seeley WW, Mendez MF, Knopman D, Kertesz A, Mesulam M, Salmon DP, et al. 2007a. Diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD): Current limitations and future directions. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 21.
154. Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Galasko D. 2007b. Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 21: 20-30.
155. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Dopper EGP, Onyike CU, et al. 2011. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 134: 2456-2477.
156. Reed BR, Mungas DM, Kramer JH, Ellis W, Vinters HV, Zarow C, Jagust WJ, ChuiHC. 2007. Profiles of neuropsychological impairment in autopsy-defined Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Brain 130: 731-739.
157. Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Yun LS, Chen K, Bandy D, Minoshima S, Thibodeau SN, Osborne D. 1996. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele for apolipoprotein E [see comments]. New Engl J Med 334: 752-758.
158. Renner JA, Burns JM, Hou CE, McKeel DW Jr., Storandt M, Morris JC. 2004. Progressive posterior cortical dysfunction: A clinicopathologic series. Neurology 63: 11751180.
159. Rizzo M, Reinach S, McGehee D, Dawson J. 1997. Simulated car crashes and crash predictors in drivers with Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 54: 545-551.
160. Rohrer D, Wixted JT, Salmon DP, Butters N. 1995. Retrieval from semantic memory and its implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 21: 1127-1139.
161. Rohrer D, Salmon DP, Wixted JT, Paulsen JS. 1999. The disparate effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on semantic memory. Neuropsychology 13: 381-388.
162. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, Amaducci L, Orgogozo JM, Brun A, Hofman A, et al. 1993. Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 43: 250-260.
163. Salmon DP. 2000. Disorders of memory in Alzheimer's disease. In Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 2: Memory and its disorders, 2nd ed. (ed. Cermak LS), pp. 155-195. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
164. Salmon DP, Bondi MW. 2009. Neuropsychological assessment of dementia. Annu Rev Psychol 60: 257-282.
165. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. 2007. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology 69: 2197-2204.
166. Seeley WW, Crawford RK, Zhou J, Miller BL, Greicius MD. 2009. Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks. Neuron 62: 42-52.
167. Skibinski G, Parkinson NJ, Brown JM, Chakrabarti L, Lloyd SL, Hummerich H, Nielsen JE, Hodges JR, Spillantini MG, Thusgaard T, et al. 2005. Mutations in the endosomal ESCRTIII-complex subunit CHMP2B in frontotemporal dementia. Nat Genet 37: 806-808.
168. Slachevsky A, Villalpando JM, Sarazin M, Hahn-Barma V, Pillon B, Dubois B. 2004. Frontal assessment battery and differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 61: 1104-1107.
169. Small BJ, Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Backman L. 2000. The course of cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer disease: Three-and 6-year follow-up of a population-based sample. Arch Neurol 57: 839-844.
170. Snowden JS, Bathgate D, Varma A, Blackshaw A, Gibbons ZC, Neary D. 2001. Distinct behavioural profiles in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70: 323-332.
171. Sonty SP, Mesulam M, Thompson CK, Johnson NA, Weintraub S, Parrish TB, Gitelman DR. 2003. Primary progressive aphasia: PPA and the language network. Ann Neurol 53: 35-49.
172. Sperling RA, Laviolette PS, O'Keefe K, O'Brien J, Rentz DM, Pihlajamaki M, Marshall G, Hyman BT, Selkoe DJ, Hedden T, et al. 2009. Amyloid deposition is associated with impaired default network function in older persons without dementia. Neuron 63: 178-188.
173. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr., Kaye J, Montine TJ, et al. 2011. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7: 280-292.
174. Stavitsky K, Brickman AM, Scarmeas N, Torgan RL, Tang MX, Albert M, Brandt J, Blacker D, Stern Y. 2006. The progression of cognition, psychiatric symptoms, and functional abilities in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 63: 1450-1456.
175. Storandt M. 1991. Neuropsychological assessment in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Aging Res 17: 100-101.
176. Storandt M, Hill RD. 1989. Very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. II. Psychometric test performance. Arch Neurol 46: 383-386.
177. Storandt M, Kaskie B, Von Dras DD. 1998. Temporal memory for remote events in healthy aging and dementia. Psychol Aging 13: 4-7.
178. Tales A, Butler SR, Fossey J, Gilchrist ID, Jones RW, Troscianko T. 2002. Visual search in Alzheimer's disease: A deficiency in processing conjunctions of features. Neuropsychologia 40: 1849-1857.
179. Tenovuo O, Kemppainen N, Aalto S, Nagren K, Rinne JO. 2008. Posterior cortical atrophy: A rare form of dementia with in vivo evidence of amyloid-β accumulation. J Alzheimers Dis 15: 351-355.
180. Thomas-Anterion C, Jacquin K, Laurent B. 2000. Differential mechanisms of impairment of remote memory in Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 11: 100-106.
181. Tiraboschi P, Salmon DP, Hansen LA, Hofstetter RC, Thal LJ, Corey-Bloom J. 2006. What best differentiates Lewy body from Alzheimer's disease in early-stage dementia? Brain 129: 729-735.
182. Treisman A. 1996. The binding problem. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6: 171-178.
183. Troster AI, Butters N, Salmon DP, Cullum CM, Jacobs D, Brandt J, White RF. 1993. The diagnostic utility of savings scores: Differentiating Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases with the logical memory and visual reproduction tests. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 15: 773-788.
184. Waltz JA, Knowlton BJ, Holyoak KJ, Boone KB, Back-Madruga C, McPherson S, Masterman D, Chow T, Cummings JL, Miller BL. 2004. Relational integration and executive function in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 18: 296-305.
185. Watts GD, Wymer J, Kovach MJ, Mehta SG, Mumm S, Darvish D, Pestronk A, Whyte MP, Kimonis VE. 2004. Inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia is caused by mutant valosin-containing protein. Nat Genet 36: 377-381.
186. Weintraub S, Mesulam M. 1993. Four neuropsychological profiles of dementia. In Handbook of neuropsychology (ed. Boller F, Grafman J). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
187. Weintraub S, Mesulam M-M. 1996. From neuronal networks to dementia: Four clinical profiles. In La demence: Pourquoi? (ed. Fôret F, Christen Y, Boller F), pp. 75-97. Foundation Nationale de Gerontologie, Paris.
188. Weintraub S, Mesulam M. 2009. With or without FUS, it is the anatomy that dictates the dementia phenotype. Brain 132: 2906-2908.
189. Weintraub S, Morhardt DJ. 2005. Treatment, education and resources for non Alzheimer dementia: One size does not fit all. Alzheimer's Care QJuly/September: 201-214.
190. Welsh K, Butters N, Hughes J, Mohs R, Heyman A. 1991. Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer's disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Arch Neurol 48: 278-281.
191. Welsh KA, Butters N, Hughes JP, Mohs RC, Heyman A. 1992. Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Neurol 49: 448-452.
192. Wetzel ME, Kramer JH. 2008. The neuropsychology of vascular dementia. InHandbook of clinical neurology (ed. Goldenberg G, Miller B), pp. 567-583. Elsevier, New York.
193. Whitwell JL, Anderson VM, Scahill RI, Rossor MN, Fox NC. 2004. Longitudinal patterns of regional change on volumetric MRI in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17: 307-310.
194. Whitwell JL, Przybelski SA, Weigand SD, Ivnik RJ, Vemuri P, Gunter JL, SenjemML, Shiung MM, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, et al. 2009. Distinct anatomical subtypes of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: A cluster analysis study. Brain 132: 2932-2946.
195. Wicklund AH, Johnson N, Weintraub S. 2004. Preservation of reasoning in primary progressive aphasia: Further differentiation from Alzheimer's disease and the behavioral presentation of frontotemporal dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 26: 347-355.
196. Wicklund AH, Johnson N, Rademaker A, Weitner BB, Weintraub S. 2006. Word list versus story memory in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20: 86-92.
197. Wicklund AH, Johnson N, Rademaker A, Weitner BB, Weintraub S. 2007. Profiles of decline in activities of daily living in non-Alzheimer dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 21: 8-13.