Interrelated variations of O3, CO and deep convection in the tropical/subtropical upper troposphere observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) during 2004-2011

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 579-598

  Livesey, N J ^a   Logan, J A ^b   Santee, M L ^a   Waters, J W ^a   Doherty, R M ^c   Read, W G ^a   Froidevaux, L ^a   Jiang, J H ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; AURA (SATELLITE); CARBON MONOXIDE; MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; OZONE; OZONESONDE; PARAMETERIZATION; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUBTROPICAL REGION; TROPICAL REGION; TROPOSPHERE; WATER CONTENT;

EAST AFRICA;

EID: 84872723342     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-579-2013     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Ancellet, G., Beekmann, M., and Papayannis, A.: Impact of a cutoff low development on downward transport of ozone in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3451-3468, 1994. (Pubitemid 24403898)
2. Anenberg, S. C., West, J. J., Fiore, A. M., Jaffe, D. A., Prather, M., Bergmann, D., Cuvelier, C., Dentener, F., Duncan, B., Gauss, M., Hess, P., Jonson, J., Lupu, A., MacKenzie, I., Marmer, E., Park, R., Sanderson, M., Schultz, M., Shindell, D., Szopa, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wild, O., and Zeng, G.: Intercontinenal impacts of ozone pollution on human mortality, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6482-6487, 2009.
3. Bortz, S. E., Prather, M. J., Cammas, J. P., Thouret, V., and Smit, H.: Ozone, water vapor, and temperature in the upper tropical troposphere: Variations over a decade of MOZAIC measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006512, 2006.
4. Browell, E. V. et al.: Large-scale ozone and aerosol distributions, air mass characteristics, and ozone fluxes over the western Pacific Ocean in late winter/early spring, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8805, doi:10.1029/2002JD003290, 2003. (Pubitemid 350187735)
5. Cammas, J. P., Jacoby-Koaly, S., Suhre, K., Rosset, R., and Marenco, A.: Atlantic subtropical potential vorticity barrier as seen by Measurements of Ozone by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) flights, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25681-25693, doi:10.1029/98JD01883, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700112)
6. Chandra, S., Ziemke, J. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Froidevaux, L., Read, W. G., Levelt, P. F., and Bhartia, P. K.: Effects of the 2004 El Niño on tropospheric ozone and water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06802, doi:10.1029/2006GL028779, 2007. (Pubitemid 46865335)
7. Chandra, S., Ziemke, J. R., Duncan, B. N., Diehl, T. L., Livesey, N. J., and Froidevaux, L.: Effects of the 2006 El Niño on tro-pospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: implications for dynamics and biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4239-4249, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4239-2009, 2009.
8. Clain, G., Baray, J. L., Delmas, R., Diab, R., Leclair de Bellevue, J., Keckhut, P., Posny, F., Metzger, J. M., and Cammas, J. P.: Tro-pospheric ozone climatology at two Southern Hemisphere tropical/subtropical sites, (Reunion Island and Irene, South Africa) from ozonesondes, LIDAR, and in situ aircraft measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1723-1734, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1723-2009, 2009.
9. Considine, D. B., Logan, J. A., and Olsen, M. A.: Evaluation of near-tropopause ozone distributions in the Global Modeling Initiative combined stratosphere/troposphere model with ozonesonde data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2365-2385, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2365-2008, 2008.
10. Cooper, O. R., Stohl, A., Trainer, M., Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., Oltmans, S. J., Morris, G., Pickering, K. E., Crawford, J. H., Chen, G., Cohen, R. C., Bertram, T. H., Wooldridge, P., Perring, A., Brune, W. H., Merrill, J. T., Moody, J. L., Tarasick, D. W., Nedelec, P., Forbes, G., Newchurch, M. J., Schmidlin, F. J., Johnson, B. J., Turquety, S., Baughcum, S. L., Ren, X., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Meagher, J. F., Spichtinger, N., Brown, C. C., McKeen, S. A., McDermid, I. S., and Leblanc, T.: Large upper tropospheric ozone enhancements above midlatitude North America during summer: In situ evidence from the IONS and MOZAIC ozone measurement network, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24S05, doi:10.1029/2006JD007306, 2006. (Pubitemid 47260808)
11. Cooper, O. R., Trainer, M., Thompson, A. M., Oltmans, S. J., Tara-sick, D. W., Witte, J. C., Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., Lelieveld, J., Newchurch, M. J., Johnson, B. J., Portmann, R. W., Kalnajs, L., Dubey, M. K., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Forbes, G., Wolfe, D., Carey-Smith, T., Morris, G. A., Lefer, B., Rappenglück, B., Joseph, E., Schmidlin, F. J., Meagher, J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Keating, T. J., van Curen, R. A., and Minschwaner, K.: Evidence for a recurring eastern North America upper tropospheric ozone maximum during summer, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23304, doi:10.1029/2007JD008710, 2007.
12. Danielsen, E. F.: Stratospheric-Tropospheric Exchange Based on Radioactivity, Ozone and Potential Vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502-518, 1968.
13. Duncan, B. N., Strahan, S. E., Yoshida, Y., Steenrod, S. D., and Livesey, N.: Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3713-3736, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3713-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47117785)
14. Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., Cuvelier, C., Schultz, M. G., Hess, P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., Doherty, R. M., Horowitz, L. W., Mackenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Stevenson, D. S., Szopa, S., van Dingenen, R., Zeng, G., Atherton, C., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Carmichael, G., Collins, W. J., Duncan, B. N., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hauglus-taine, D., Holloway, T., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jacob, D. J., Jonson, J. E., Kaminski, J. W., Keating, T. J., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Montanaro, V., Park, R. J., Pitari, G., Pringle, K. J., Pyle, J. A., Schroeder, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wind, P., Wojcik, G., Wu, S., and Zuber, A.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04301, doi:10.1029/2008JD010816, 2009.
15. Fishman, J., Watson, C. E., Larsen, J. C., and Logan, J. A.: Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3599-3617, 1990.
16. Folkins, I., Braun, C., Thompson, A. M., and Witte, J.: Tropical ozone as an indicator of deep convection, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4184, doi:10.1029/2001JD001178, 2002. (Pubitemid 43197346)
17. Forster, P. M. d. F. and Shine, K. P.: Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,841-10,855, 1997. (Pubitemid 127557703)
18. Froidevaux, L., Jiang, Y. B., Lambert, A., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Browell, E. V., Hair, J. W., Avery, M. A., McGee, T. J., Tiwgg, L. W., Sumnicht, G. K., Jucks, K. W., Mar-gitan, J. J., Sen, B., Stachnik, R. A., Toon, G. C., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Filipiak, M. J., Harwood, R. S., Fuller, R. A., Manney, G. L., Schwartz, M. J., Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Jarnot, R. F., Knosp, B. W., Perun, V. S., Snyder, W. V., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., and Wagner, P. A.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric and mesospheric ozone measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, doi:10.1029/2007JD008771, D15S20, 2008.
19. Fu, R., Hu, Y., Wright, J. S., Jiang, J. H., Dickinson, R. E., Chen, M., Filipiak, M., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., and Wu, D.: Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 103, 5664-5669, doi:10.1073/pnas. 0601584103, 2006.
20. Gettelman, A., Randel, W. J., Massie, S., Wu, F., Read, W. G., and Russell, J. M. I.: El Niño as a Natural Experiment for Studying the Tropical Tropopause Region., J. Climate, 14, 3375-3392, 2001. (Pubitemid 33649592)
21. Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Emmons, L. K., Gille, J. C., Deeter, M. N., Warner, J., Edwards, D. P., Crawford, J. H., Ham-lin, A. J., Sachse, G. W., Browell, E. V., Avery, M. A., Vay, S. A., Westberg, D. J., Blake, D. R., Singh, H. B., Sandholm, S. T., Tal-bot, R. W., and Fuelberg, H. E.: Asian outflow and trans-Pacific transport of carbon monoxide and ozone pollution: An integrated satellite, aircraft, and model perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4804, doi:10.1029/2003JD003507, 2003.
22. Hegglin, M. I. and Shepherd, T. G.: Large climate-induced changes in ultraviolet index and stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux, Nature Geosci., 2, 687-691, doi:10.1038/NGEO604, 2009.
23. Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, 1995. (Pubitemid 26444698)
24. Hudman, R. C., Murray, L. T., Jacob, D. J., Turquety, S., Wu, S., Millet, D. B., Avery, M., Goldstein, A. H., and Hol-loway, J.: North American influence on tropospheric ozone and the effects of recent emission reductions: Constraints from ICARTT observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07302, doi:10.1029/2008JD010126, 2009.
25. James, P., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Eckhardt, S., Seibert, P., and Frank, A.: A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model 2. Mean climate and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8522, doi:10.1029/2002JD002639, 2003.
26. Jiang, J. H., Livesey, N. J., Su, H., Neary, L., McConnell, J. C., and Richards, N. A. D.: Connecting surface emissions, con-vective uplifting, and long-range transport of carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere: New observations from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18812, doi:10.1029/2007GL030638, 2007a. (Pubitemid 350186732)
27. Jiang, J. H., Su, H., Pawson, S., Liu, H. C., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Santee, M. L., Wu, D. L., Schwartz, M. J., Livesey, N. J., Lambert, A., Fuller, R., and Lee., J. N.: Five-year (2004-2009) observations of upper tropospheric water vapor and cloud ice from MLS and comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D15103, doi:10.1029/2009JD013256, 2010.
28. Jiang, Y. B., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Bojkov, B., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Godin-Beekmann, S., Filipiak, M. J., Harwood, R. S., Fuller, R. A., Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Jarnot, R. F., Knosp, B. W., Perun, V. S., Schwartz, M. J., Sny-der, W. V., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Wagner, P. A., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bodeker, G., Calpini, B., Claude, H., Coet-zee, G., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Fujiwara, M., Johnson, B., Kelder, H., Leme, N. P., Koenig-Langlo, G., Kyro, E., Laneve, G., Fook, L. S., Merrill, J., Morris, G., Newchurch, M., Oltmans, S., Parrondos, M. C., Posny, F., Schmidlin, F., Skri-vankova, P., Stubi, R., Tarasick, D., Thompson, A., Thouret, V., Viatte, P., Vomel, H., von Der Gathen, P., Yela, M., and Zablocki, G.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by Ozonesonde and Lidar Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S34, doi:10.1029/2007JD008776, 2007b.
29. Jourdain, L., Worden, H. M., Worden, J. R., Bowman, K., Li, Q., El-dering, A., Kulawik, S. S., Osterman, G., Boersma, K. F., Fisher, B., Rinsland, C. P., Beer, R., and Gunson, M.: Tropospheric vertical distribution of tropical Atlantic ozone observed by TES during the northern African biomass burning season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04810, doi:10.1029/2006GL028284, 2007. (Pubitemid 47272091)
30. Kley, D., Crutzen, P. J., Smit, H. G. J., Vömel, H., Oltmans, S. J., Grassl, H., and Ramanathan, V.: Observations of Near-Zero Ozone Concentrations Over the Convective Pacific: Effects on Air Chemistry, Science, 274, 230-233, 1996.
31. Lacis, A. A., Wuebbles, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9971-9981, doi:10.1029/JD095iD07p09971, 1990.
32. Langford, A. O. and Reid, S. J.: Dissipation and mixing of a small-scale stratospheric intrusion in the upper troposphere, J. Geo-phys. Res., 103, 31265-31276, 1998. (Pubitemid 128665503)
33. Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Salzmann, M., and Rasch, P. J.: The balance of effects of deep convective mixing on tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1940, doi:10.1029/2003GL017644, 2003.
34. Lelieveld, J. and Dentener, F. J.: What controls tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3531-3551, 2000.
35. Li, J. L., Waliser, D. E., Jiang, J. H., Wu, D. L., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Tompkins, A. M., Donner, L. J., Chern, J. D., Tao, W. K., Atlas, R., Gu, Y., Liou, K. N., del Genio, A., Khairoutdinov, M., and Gettelman, A.: Comparisons of EOS MLS cloud ice measurements with ECMWF analyses and GCM simulations: Initial results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18710, doi:10.1029/2005GL023788, 2005a. (Pubitemid 41582594)
36. Li, Q. B., Jiang, J. H., Wu, D. L., Read, W. G., Livesey, N. J., Waters, J. W., Zhang, Y., Wang, B., Filipiak, M. J., Davis, C. P., Turquety, S., Wu, S., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Convec-tive outflow of South Asian pollution: A global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14826, doi:10.1029/2005GL022762, 2005b. (Pubitemid 41372646)
37. Liang, Q., Jaeglé, L., Jaffe, D. A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Heckman, A., and Snow, J. A.: Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast Pacifc: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S07, doi:10.1029/2003JD004402, 2004. (Pubitemid 40318579)
38. Liu, J., Logan, J. A., Livesey, N. J., Megretskaia, I., Carouge, C., and Nedelec, P.: Analysis of CO in the tropical troposphere using Aura satellite data and the GEOS-Chem model: insights into transport characteristics of the GEOS meteorological products, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12207-12232, doi:10.5194/acp-10-12207-2010, 2010a.
39. Liu, X., Bhartia, P. K., Chance, K., Spurr, R. J. D., and Kurosu, T. P.: Ozone profile retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2521-2537, doi:10.5194/acp-10-2521-2010, 2010b.
40. Livesey, N. J., Filipiak, M. J., Froidevaux, L., Read, W. G., Lambert, A., Santee, M. L., Jiang, J. H., Waters, J. W., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Jiang, Y. B., Knosp, B. W., Li, Q. B., Perun, V. S., Schwartz, M. J., Snyder, W. V., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Wagner, P. A., Pumphrey, H. C., Avery, M., Browell, E. V., Cammas, J.-P., Christensen, L. E., Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Gao, R.-S., Jost, H.-J., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J. D., Nédélec, P., Os-terman, G. B., Sachse, G. W., and Webster, C. R.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S02, doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, 2008.
41. Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Man-ney, G. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., Schwartz, M. J., Wang, S., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Jiang, J. H., Knosp, B. W., Stek, P. C., Wagner, P. A., and Wu, D. L.: EOS MLS Version 3.3 Level 2 data quality and description document, Tech. rep., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, available from http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/, 2011.
42. Logan, J. A.: Tropospheric Ozone: Seasonal Behavior, Trends, and Anthropogenic Influence, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10463-10482, 1985.
43. Logan, J. A.: An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16115-16149, 1999.
44. Logan, J. A., Megretskaia, I., Nassar, R., Murray, L. T., Zhang, L., Bowman, K. W., Worden, H. M., and Luo, M.: Effects of the 2006 El Niño on tropospheric composition as revealed by data from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03816, doi:10.1029/2007GL031698, 2008. (Pubitemid 351492957)
45. Madden, R. A. and Julian, P. R.: Observations of the 40-50 day tropical oscillation-A review, Mon. Weather. Rev., 122, 814-837, 1994.
46. Manney, G. L., Harwood, R. S., MacKenzie, I. A., Minschwaner, K., Allen, D. R., Santee, M. L., Walker, K. A., Hegglin, M. I., Lambert, A., Pumphrey, H. C., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Schwartz, M. J., Livesey, N. J., Daffer, W. H., and Fuller, R. A.: Satellite observations and modeling of transport in the upper troposphere through the lower mesosphere during the 2006 major stratospheric sudden warming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4775-4795, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4775-2009, 2009.
47. Manney, G. L., Hegglin, M. I., Daffer, W. H., Santee, M. L., Ray, E. A., Pawson, S., Schwartz, M. J., Boone, C. D., Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., and Walker, K. A.: Jet charac terization in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS): Applications to climatology and transport studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6115-6137, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6115-2011, 2011.
48. Martin, R. V., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Staudt, A. C., Li, Q., Fiore, A. M., Duncan, B. N., Liu, H., Ginoux, P., and Thouret, V.: Interpretation of TOMS observations of tropical tropospheric ozone with a global model and in situ observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4351, doi:10.1029/2001JD001480, 2002.
49. Mullendore, G. L., Durran, D. R., and Holton, J. R.: Cross-tropopause tracer transport in midlatitude convection, J. Geo-phys. Res., 110, D06113, doi:10.1029/2004JD005059, 2005. (Pubitemid 40771617)
50. Nassar, R., Logan, J. A., Megretskaia, I. A., Murray, L. T., Zhang, L., and Jones, D. B. A.: Analysis of tropical tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor during the 2006 El Niño using TES observations and the GEOS-Chem model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17304, doi:10.1029/2009JD011760, 2009.
51. Olsen, M. A., Schoeberl, M. R., and Douglass, A. R.: Stratosphere- troposphere exchange of mass and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24114, doi:10.1029/2004JD005186, 2004. (Pubitemid 40335198)
52. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Gettelman, A., Massie, S. T., and Jiang, J. H.: Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers, J. Geo-phys. Res., 112, D16309, doi:10.1029/2006JD008294, 2007. (Pubitemid 47604162)
53. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., and Boone, C. D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 757-764, doi:10.5194/acp-8-757-2008, 2008.
54. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., and Livesey, N. J.: Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08303, doi:10.1029/2008JD010621, 2009.
55. Pickering, K. E., Thompson, A. M., Dickersin, R. R., Luke, W. T., McNamara, D. P., Greenberg, J. P., and Zimmerman, P. R.: Model Calculations of Tropospheric Ozone Production Potential Following Observed Convective Events, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14049-14062, 1990.
56. Pickering, K. E., Thompson, A. M., Wang, Y., Tau, W. K., Mc-Namara, D. P., Kirchoff, V. W. J. H., Heikes, B. G., Sachse, G. W., Bradshaw, J. D., Gregory, G. L., and Blake, D. R.: Con-vective transport of biomass burning emissions over Brazil during TRACE A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23993-24012, 1996.
57. Prather, M. J. and Jacob, D. J.: A persistent imbalance in HOx and NOx photochemistry of the upper troposphere driven by deep tropical convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3189-3192, 1997.
58. Randel, W., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K., Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the Stratosphere, Science, 328, 611, doi:10.1126/science.1182274, 2010.
59. Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 2 (GFEDv2.1). Data set, Tech. rep., Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/849, available at http://daac.ornl.gov/, last access: 23 July, 2012, 2007.
60. Roelofs, G. J., Kentarchos, A. S., Trickl, T., Stohl, A., Collins, W. J., Crowther, R. A., Hauglustain, D., Klonecki, A., Law, K. S., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., and van Weele, M.: Inter-comparison of tropospheric ozone models: Ozone transport in a complex tropopause folding event, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8259, doi:10.1029/2003JD003462, 2003.
61. Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Livesey, N. J., Froidevaux, L., Schwartz, M. J., and Read, W. G.: Trace gas evolution in the lowermost stratosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18306, doi:10.1029/2011JD015590, 2011.
62. Sauvage, B., Thouret, V., Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., Cammas, J.-P., Nédélec, P., and Athier, G.: Enhanced view of the "tropical Atlantic ozone paradox" and "zonal wave one" from the in situ MOZAIC and SHADOZ data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D01301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006141, 2006.
63. Sauvage, B., Martin, R. V., van Donkelaar, A., and Ziemke, J. R.: Quantification of the factors controlling tropical tropospheric ozone and the South Atlantic maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11309, doi:10.1029/2006JD008008, 2007. (Pubitemid 47288030)
64. Schultz, M. G., Jacob, D. J., Wang, Y., Logan, J. A., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Bradshaw, J. D., Fenn, M. A., Flocke, F., Gregory, G. L., Heikes, B. G., Sachse, G. W., Sandholm, S. T., Shetter, R. E., Singh, H. B., and Talbot, R. W.: On the origin of tropospheric ozone and NOx over the tropical South Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5829-5843, doi:10.1029/98JD02309, 1999. (Pubitemid 29348068)
65. Schwartz, M. J., Waliser, D. E., Tian, D., Wu, D. L., Jiang, J. H., and Read, W. G.: Characterization of MJO-related upper tropo-spheric hydrological processes using MLS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08812, doi:10.1029/2008GL033675, 2008.
66. Scott, R. K., Cammas, J. P., Mascart, P., and Stolle, C.: Stratospheric filamentation into the upper tropical troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11835, doi:10.1029/2001JD900049, 2001.
67. Solomon, S., Thompson, D. W. J., Portmann, R. W., Oltmans, S. J., and Thompson, A. M.: On the distribution and variability of ozone in the tropical upper troposphere: Implications for tropical deep convection and chemical-dynamical coupling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23813, doi:10.1029/2005GL024323, 2005. (Pubitemid 43159391)
68. Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., Forster, C., James, P., and Spichtinger, N.: On the pathways and timescales of intercontinental air pollution transport, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4684, doi:10.1029/2001JD001396, 2002.
69. Terao, Y., Logan, J. A., Douglass, A. R., and Stolarski, R. S.: Contribution of stratospheric ozone to the interannual variability of tropospheric ozone in the northern extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18309, doi:10.1029/2008JD009854, 2008.
70. Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., McPeters, R. D., Oltmans, S. J., Schmidlin, F. J., Logan, J. A., Fujiwara, M., Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., Posny, F., Coetzee, G. J. R., Hoegger, B., Kawakami, S., Ogawa, T., Johnson, B. J., Vömel, H., and Labow, G.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology 1. Comparison with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and ground-based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8238, doi:10.1029/2001JD000967, 2003a.
71. Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., Oltmans, S. J., Schmidlin, F. J., Logan, J. A., Fujiwara, M., Kirchoff, V. W. J. H., Posny, F., Coetzee, G. J. R., Kawakami, S., Ogawa, T., Fortuin, J. P. F., and Kelder, H. M.: Sothern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesodes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology 2. Tropo-spheric variabiltiy and the zonal wave-one, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8241, doi:10.1029/2002JD002241, 2003b.
72. Thouret, V., Marenco, A., Nédélc, P., and Grouhel, C.: Ozone climatologies at 9-12km altitude as seen by the MOZAIC airborne program between September 1994 and August 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25653-25679, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700111)
73. Thouret, V., Cammas, J.-P., Sauvage, B., Athier, G., Zbinden, R., Nédélec, P., Simon, P., and Karcher, F.: Tropopause referenced ozone climatology and inter-annual variability (1994-2003) from the MOZAIC programme, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1033-1051, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1033-2006, 2006.
74. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variabil-ity in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423-3441, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44272961)
75. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707-11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
76. Waters, J. W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R. S., Jarnot, R. F., Pickett, H. M., Read, W. G., Siegel, P. H., Cofield, R. E., Filipiak, M. J., Flower, D. A., Holden, J. R., Lau, G. K., Livesey, N. J., Man-ney, G. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., Wu, D. L., Cuddy, D. T., Lay, R. R., Loo, M. S., Perun., V. S., Schwartz, M. J., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Chandra, K. M., Chavez, M. C., Chen, G., Boyles, M. A., Chudasama, B. V., Dodge, R., Fuller, R. A., Gi-rard, M. A., Jiang, J. H., Jiang, Y., Knosp, B. W., LaBelle, R. C., Lam, J. C., Lee, K. A., Miller, D., Oswald, J. E., Patel, N. C., Pukala, D. M., Quintero, O., Scaff, D. M., Snyder, W. V., Tope, M. C., Wagner, P. A., and Walch, M. J.: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1075-1092, 2006.
77. Waugh, D. W. and Polvani, L. M.: Climatology of intrusions into the tropical upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3857-3860, 2000. (Pubitemid 32152824)
78. Wu, D. L., Jiang, J. H., Read, W. G., Austin, R. T., David, C. P., Lambert, A., Stephens, G. L., Vane, D. G., and Waters, J. W.: Validation of Aura MLS cloud Ice Water Content (IWC) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S10, doi:10.1029/2007LD008931, 2008.
79. Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Liu, X., Logan, J. A., Chance, K., Elder-ing, A., and Bojkov, B. R.: Intercomparison methods for satellite measurements of atmospheric composition: application to tro-pospheric ozone from TES and OMI, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4725-4739, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4725-2010, 2010.
80. Zhang, L., Li, Q. B., Jin, J., Livesey, N., Jiang, J. H., Mau, Y., Chen, D., Luo, M., and Chen, Y.: Impacts of the 2006 Indonesian fire and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10929-10946, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10929-2011, 2011.