Tidal venuses: Triggering a climate catastrophe via tidal heating

Astrobiology

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 225-250

  Barnes, Rory ^a,b   Mullins, Kristina ^a,b   Goldblatt, Colin ^a,b,c   Meadows, Victoria S ^a,b   Kasting, James F ^b,d   Heller, René ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NASA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^d PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e ASTROPHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Extrasolar terrestrial planets; Habitability; Habitable zone; Liquid water; Tides

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; CLIMATE; DISASTER; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; HEAT; MICROCLIMATE; TSUNAMI;

CLIMATE; DISASTERS; EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; HOT TEMPERATURE; PLANETS; TIDAL WAVES;

EID: 84872705394     PISSN: 15311074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0851     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. 2 atmosphere and formation of a hot proto-ocean on Earth. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 45:3081-3101.
2. Abe, Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Sleep, N.H., and Zahnle, K.J. (2011) Habitable zone limits for dry planets. Astrobiology 11:443-460.
3. Adams, E.R., López-Morales, M., Elliot, J.L., Seager, S., and Osip D.J. (2011) Transit timing variation analysis of OGLE-TR-132b with seven new transits. Astrophys J 728, doi:10.1088/0004- 637X/728/2/125.
4. Agol, E. (2011) Transit surveys for Earths in the habitable zones of white dwarfs. Astrophys J 731:L31.
5. Aksnes, K. and Franklin, F.A. (2001) Secular acceleration of Io derived from mutual satellite events. Astron J 122:2734-2739.
6. Anglada-Escudé, G., Arriagada, P., Vogt, S.S., Rivera, E.J., Butler, R.P., Crane, J.D., Shectman, S.A., Thompson, I.B., Minniti, D., Haghighipour, N., Carter, B.D., Tinney, C.G., Wittenmyer, R.A., Bailey, J.A., O'Toole, S.J., Jones, H.R.A., and Jenkins J.S. (2012) A planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 667C with at least one super-Earth in its habitable zone. ar- Xiv:1202.0446.
7. Baraffe, I., Chabrier, G., Allard, F., and Hauschildt, P.H. (1998) Evolutionary models for solar metallicity low-mass stars: mass-magnitude relationships and color-magnitude diagrams. Astron Astrophys 337:403-412.
8. Barnes, R., Raymond, S.N., Jackson, B., and Greenberg, R. (2008) Tides and the evolution of planetary habitability. Astrobiology 8:557-568.
9. Barnes, R., Jackson, B., Greenberg, R., and Raymond, S.N. (2009a) Tidal limits to planetary habitability. Astrophys J 700:L30-L33.
10. Barnes, R., Jackson, B., Raymond, S.N., West, A.A., and Greenberg, R. (2009b) The HD 40307 planetary system: super-Earths or mini-Neptunes? Astrophys J 695, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1006.
11. Barnes, R., Raymond, S.N., Greenberg, R., Jackson, B., and Kaib, N.A. (2010) CoRoT-7b: super-Earth or super-Io? Astrophys J 709:L95-L98.
12. Batalha, N.M., Borucki, W.J., Bryson, S.T., Buchhave, L.A., Caldwell, D.A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Ciardi, D., Dunham, E.W., Fressin, F., Gautier, T.N., III, Gilliland, R.L., Haas, M.R., Howell, S.B., Jenkins, J.M., Kjeldsen, H., Koch, D.G., Latham, D.W., Lissauer, J.J., Marcy, G.W., Rowe, J.F., Sasselov, D.D., Seager, S., Steffen, J.H., Torres, G., Basri, G.S., Brown, T.M., Charbonneau, D., Christiansen, J., Clarke, B., Cochran, W.D., Dupree, A., Fabrycky, D.C., Fischer, D., Ford, E.B., Fortney, J., Girouard, F.R., Holman, M.J., Johnson, J., Isaacson, H., Klaus, T.C., Machalek, P., Moorehead, A.V., Morehead, R.C., Ragozzine, D., Tenenbaum, P., Twicken, J., Quinn, S., VanCleve, J., Walkowicz, L.M., Welsh, W.F., Devore, E., and Gould, A. (2011) Kepler's first rocky planet: Kepler-10b. Astrophys J 729, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/27.
13. Bayless, A.J. and Orosz, J.A. (2006) 2MASS J05162881 + 2607387: a new low-mass double-lined eclipsing binary. Astrophys J 651:1155-1165.
14. Bean, J.L., Seifahrt, A., Hartman, H., Nilsson, H., Wiedemann, G., Reiners, A., Dreizler, S., and Henry, T.J. (2010) The CRIRES search for planets around the lowest-mass stars. I. High-precision near-infrared radial velocities with an ammonia gas cell. Astrophys J 713:410-422.
15. Běhounková, M., Tobie, G., Choblet, G., and Čadek, O. (2011) Tidally induced thermal runaways on extrasolar Earths: impact on habitability. Astrophys J 728, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/89.
16. Bell, D.R. and Rossman, G.R. (1992) Water in Earth's mantle-the role of nominally anhydrous minerals. Science 255:1391- 1397.
17. Bills, B.G., Neumann, G.A., Smith, D.E., and Zuber M.T. (2005) Improved estimate of tidal dissipation within Mars from MOLA observations of the shadow of Phobos. J Geophys Res 110:E07004.
18. Blaney, D.L., Johnson, T.V., Matson, D.L., and Veeder, G.J. (1995) Volcanic eruptions on Io: heat flow, resurfacing, and lava composition. Icarus 113:220-225.
19. Bolmont, E., Raymond, S.N., and Leconte, J. (2011) Tidal evolution of planets around brown dwarfs. arXiv:1109.2906.
20. Bond, J.C., O'Brien, D.P., and Lauretta, D.S. (2010) The compositional diversity of extrasolar terrestrial planets. I. In situ simulations. Astrophys J 715, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/1050.
21. Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Udry, S., Forveille, T., Mayor, M., Perrier, C., Bouchy, F., Gillon, M., Lovis, C., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., Ségransan, D., and Bertaux J.-L. (2011) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXI. The Mdwarf sample. arXiv:1111.5019.
22. Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Udry, S., Forveille, T., Mayor, M., Perrier, C., Bouchy, F., Gillon, M., Lovis, C., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., Ségransan, D., and Bertaux J.-L. (2011) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXI. The Mdwarf sample. arXiv:1111.5019.
23. Boss, A.P., Weinberger, A.J., Anglada-Escudé, G., Thompson, I.B., Burley, G., Birk, C., Pravdo, S.H., Shaklan, S.B., Gatewood, G.D., Majewski, S.R., and Patterson, R.J. (2009) The Carnegie Astrometric Planet Search Program. Publ Astron Soc Pac 121:1218-1231.
24. Butler, R.P., Wright, J.T., Marcy, G.W., Fischer, D.A., Vogt, S.S., Tinney, C.G., Jones, H.R.A., Carter, B.D., Johnson, J.A., McCarthy, C., and Penny, A.J. (2006) Catalog of nearby exoplanets. Astrophys J 646:505-522.
25. Carone, L. and Pätzold, M. (2007) Constraints on the tidal dissipation factor of a main sequence star: the case of OGLE-TR- 56b. Planet Space Sci 55:643-650.
26. Carter, J.A. Winn, J.N., Holman, M.J., Fabrycky, D., Berta, Z.K., Burke, C.J., and Nutzman, P. (2011) The Transit Light Curve Project. XIII. Sixteen transits of the super-Earth GJ 1214b. Astrophys J 730, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/ 730/2/82.
27. Charbonneau, D., Berta, Z.K., Irwin, J., Burke, C.J., Nutzman, P., Buchhave, L.A., Lovis, C., Bonfils, X., Latham, D.W., Udry, S., Murray-Clay, R.A., Holman, M.J., Falco, E.E., Winn, J.N., Queloz, D., Pepe, F., Mayor, M., Delfosse, X., and Forveille, T. (2009) A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star. Nature 462:891-894.
28. Chassefière, E. (1996) Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen from a hot water-rich atmosphere: the case of Venus. J Geophys Res 101, doi:10.1029/96JE01951.
29. Correia, A.C.M. and Laskar J. (2001) The four final rotation states of Venus. Nature 411:767-770.
30. Correia, A.C.M. and Laskar, J. (2003) Different tidal torques on a planet with a dense atmosphere and consequences to the spin dynamics. J Geophys Res 108:5123.
31. Correia, A.C.M., Levrard, B., and Laskar, J. (2008) On the equilibrium rotation of Earth-like extra-solar planets. Astron Astrophys 488:L63-L66.
32. Ćuk, M. (2007) Excitation of lunar eccentricity by planetary resonances. Science 318:244.
33. Cushing, M.C., Kirkpatrick, J.D., Gelino, C.R., Griffith, R.L., Skrutskie, M.F., Mainzer, A.K., Marsh, K.A., Beichman, C.A., Burgasser, A.J., Prato, L.A., Simcoe, R.A., Marley, M.S., Saumon, D., Freedman, R.S., Eisenhardt, P.R., and Wright, E.L. (2011) The discovery of Y dwarfs using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). ar- Xiv:1108.4678.
34. Darwin, G.H. (1880) On the secular changes in the elements of the orbit of a satellite revolving about a tidally distorted planet. Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series I 171:713-891.
35. Dawson, R.I. and Fabrycky, D.C. (2010) Radial velocity planets de-aliased: a new, short period for super-Earth 55 Cnc e. Astrophys J 722:937-953.
36. de Bergh, C. (1993) The D/H ratio and the evolution of water in the terrestrial planets. Orig Life Evol Biopsh 23:11-21.
37. Delfosse, X., Bonfils, X., Forveille, T., Udry, S., Mayor, M., Bouchy, F., Gillon, M., Lovis, C., Neves, V., Pepe, F., Perrier, C., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., and Ségransan, D. (2012) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXV. Super- Earths around the M-dwarf neighbors Gl433 and Gl667C. ar- Xiv:1202.2467.
38. Delfosse, X., Bonfils, X., Forveille, T., Udry, S., Mayor, M., Bouchy, F., Gillon, M., Lovis, C., Neves, V., Pepe, F., Perrier, C., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., and Ségransan, D. (2012) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXV. Super- Earths around the M-dwarf neighbors Gl433 and Gl667C. ar- Xiv:1202.2467.
39. Dickey, J.O., Bender, P.L., Faller, J.E., Newhall, X.X., Ricklefs, R.L., Ries, J.G., Shelus, P.J., Veillet, C., Whipple, A.L., Wiant, J.R., Williams, J.G., and Yoder, C.F. (1994) Lunar Laser Ranging: a continuing legacy of the Apollo program. Science 265:482-490.
40. Dole, S.H. (1964) Habitable Planets for Man, Blaisdell, New York.
41. Donahue, T.M., Hoffman, J.H., Hodges, R.R., and Watson, A.J. (1982) Venus was wet-a measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen. Science 216:630-633.
42. Driscoll, P. and Olson, P. (2011) Optimal dynamos in the cores of terrestrial exoplanets: magnetic field generation and detectability. Icarus 213:12-23.
43. Edson, A., Lee, S., Bannon, P., Kasting, J.F., and Pollard, D. (2011) Atmospheric circulations of terrestrial planets orbiting low-mass stars. Icarus 212:1-13.
44. Efroimsky, M. and Lainey, V. (2007) Physics of bodily tides in terrestrial planets and the appropriate scales of dynamical evolution. J Geophys Res 112:E12003.
45. Efroimsky, M. and Williams, J.G. (2009) Tidal torques: a critical review of some techniques. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 104:257-289.
46. Egbert, G.D. and Ray, R.D. (2000) Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data. Nature 405:775-778.
47. Erkaev, N.V., Kulikov, Y.N., Lammer, H., Selsis, F., Langmayr, D., Jaritz, G.F., and Biernat, H.K. (2007) Roche lobe effects on the atmospheric loss from "hot Jupiters." Astron Astrophys 472:329-334.
48. Ferraz-Mello, S., Rodríguez, A., and Hussmann, H. (2008) Tidal friction in close-in satellites and exoplanets: the Darwin theory re-visited. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 101:171-201.
49. Fischer, H.-J. and Spohn, T. (1990) Thermal-orbital histories of viscoelastic models of Io (J1). Icarus 83:39-65.
50. Fleming, T.A., Giampapa, M.S., Schmitt, J.H.M.M., and Bookbinder, J.A. (1993) Stellar coronae at the end of the main sequence-a ROSAT survey of the late M dwarfs. Astrophys J 410:387-392.
51. Fontaine, F.J., Olive, J.-A., Cannat, M., Escartin, J., and Perol, T. (2011) Hydrothermally induced melt lens cooling and segmentation along the axis of fast- and intermediate-spreading centers. Geophys Res Lett 381:L14307.
52. Fortney, J.J., Marley, M.S., and Barnes, J.W. (2007) Planetary radii across five orders of magnitude in mass and stellar insolation: application to transits. Astrophys J 659:1661-1672.
53. Forveille, T., Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Alonso, R., Udry, S., Bouchy, F., Gillon, M., Lovis, C., Neves, V., Mayor, M., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., Segransan, D., Almenara, J.M., Deeg, H., and Rabus, M. (2011) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXII. Only 4 planets in the Gl 581 system. arXiv:1109.2505.
54. Garrett, C. and Kunze, E. (2007) Internal tide generation in the deep ocean. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 39:57-87.
55. Gold, T. and Soter, S. (1969) Atmospheric tides and the resonant rotation of Venus. Icarus 11:356-366.
56. Goldblatt, C. and Watson, A.J. (2012) The runaway greenhouse: implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres. arXiv:1201.1593.
57. Goldreich, P. (1966) Final spin states of planets and satellites. Astron J 71:1-7.
58. Goldreich, P. and Soter, S. (1966) Q in the Solar System. Icarus 5:375-389.
59. Gorda, S.Y. and Svechnikov, M.A. (1999) Empirical L-M, R-M, and M-Teff relations for main-sequence stars: components of close binary systems and low-mass stars. Astronomy Reports 43:521-525.
60. Grasset, O., Schneider, J., and Sotin, C. (2009) A study of the accuracy of mass-radius relationships for silicate-rich and icerich planets up to 100 Earth masses. Astrophys J 693:722-733.
61. Greenberg, R. (2009) Frequency dependence of tidal q. Astrophys J 698:L42-L45.
62. Greenberg, R. and Weidenschilling, S.J. (1984) How fast do Galilean satellites spin? Icarus 58:186-196.
63. Hansen, C.J., Esposito, L., Stewart, A.I.F., Colwell, J., Hendrix, A., Pryor, W., Shemansky, D., and West, R. (2006) Enceladus' water vapor plume. Science 311:1422-1425.
64. Hart, M.H. (1979) Habitable zones about main sequence stars. Icarus 37:351-357.
65. Hawley, S.L. and Pettersen, B.R. (1991) The great flare of 1985 April 12 on AD Leonis. Astrophys J 378:725-741.
66. Heller, R., Leconte, J., and Barnes, R. (2011) Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets. Astron Astrophys 528:A27.
67. Heng, K. and Vogt, S.S. (2011) Gliese 581g as a scaled-up version of Earth: atmospheric circulation simulations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 415:2145-2157.
68. Henning, W.G., O'Connell, R.J., and Sasselov, D.D. (2009) Tidally heated terrestrial exoplanets: viscoelastic response models. Astrophys J 707:1000-1015.
69. Holden, J.F., Summit, M., and Baross J.A. (1998) Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in 3-30°C hydrothermal fluids following a deep-sea volcanic eruption. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 25:33-41.
70. Hurford, T.A., Helfenstein, P., Hoppa, G.V., Greenberg, R., and Bills, B.G. (2007) Eruptions arising from tidally controlled periodic openings of rifts on Enceladus. Nature 447:292-294.
71. Hut, P. (1981) Tidal evolution in close binary systems. Astron Astrophys 99:126-140.
72. Ibgui, L. and Burrows, A. (2009) Coupled evolution with tides of the radius and orbit of transiting giant planets: general results. Astrophys J 700:1921-1932.
73. Ingersoll, A.P. (1969) The runaway greenhouse: a history of water on Venus. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 26:1191-1198.
74. Jackson, B., Barnes, R., and Greenberg, R. (2008a) Tidal heating of terrestrial extrasolar planets and implications for their habitability. Mon Not R Astron Soc 391:237-245.
75. Jackson, B., Greenberg, R., and Barnes, R. (2008b) Tidal evolution of close-in extrasolar planets. Astrophys J 678:1396-1406.
76. Jackson, B., Greenberg, R., and Barnes, R. (2008c) Tidal heating of extrasolar planets. Astrophys J 681:1631-1638.
77. Jackson, B., Barnes, R., and Greenberg, R. (2009) Observational evidence for tidal destruction of exoplanets. Astrophys J 698:1357-1366.
78. Jackson, B., Miller, N., Barnes, R., Raymond, S.N., Fortney, J.J., and Greenberg, R. (2010) The roles of tidal evolution and evaporative mass loss in the origin of CoRoT-7 b. Mon Not R Astron Soc 407:910-922.
79. Jayne, S.R. (2001) Parameterizing tidal dissipation over rough topography. Geophys Res Lett 28:811-814.
80. Johnson, T.V., Cook, A.F., II, Sagan, C., and Soderblom, L.A. (1979) Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io. Nature 280:746-750.
81. Jones, H.R.A., Butler, R.P., Tinney, C.G., Marcy, G.W., Carter, B.D., Penny, A.J., McCarthy, C., and Bailey, J. (2006) Higheccentricity planets from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search. Mon Not R Astron Soc 369:249-256.
82. Joshi, M. (2003) Climate model studies of synchronously rotating planets. Astrobiology 3:415-427.
83. Joshi, M.M., Haberle, R.M., and Reynolds, R.T. (1997) Simulations of the atmospheres of synchronously rotating terrestrial planets orbiting M dwarfs: conditions for atmospheric collapse and the implications for habitability. Icarus 129:450-465.
84. Kaltenegger, L. and Traub, W.A. (2009) Transits of Earth-like planets. Astrophys J 698:519-527.
85. Kasting, J.F. (1988) Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus. Icarus 74:472-494.
86. Kasting, J.F. and Pollack, J.B. (1983) Loss of water from Venus. I-Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen. Icarus 53:479-508.
87. Kasting, J.F., Whitmire, D.P., and Reynolds, R.T. (1993) Habitable zones around main sequence stars. Icarus 101:108-128.
88. Kelly, S.M., Nash, J.D., and Kunze, E. (2010) Internal-tide energy over topography. J Geophys Res 115:C06014.
89. Khaliullin, K.F. and Khaliullina, A.I. (2011) Orbital circularization of close binary stars on the pre-main sequence. Mon Not R Astron Soc 411:2804-2816.
90. Khodachenko, M.L., Ribas, I., Lammer, H., Grießmeier, J.-M., Leitner, M., Selsis, F., Eiroa, C., Hanslmeier, A., Biernat, H.K., Farrugia, C.J., and Rucker, H.O. (2007) Coronal mass ejection (CME) activity of low-mass M stars as an important factor for the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets. I. CME impact on expected magnetospheres of Earth-like exoplanets in close-in habitable zones. Astrobiology 7:167-184.
91. Kokubo, E. and Ida, S. (1998) Oligarchic growth of protoplanets. Icarus 131:171-178.
92. Komabayashi, M. (1967) Discrete equilibrium temperatures of a hypothetical planet with the atmosphere and the hydrosphere of a one component-two phase system under constant solar radiation. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 45:137-139.
93. Koriski, S. and Zucker, S. (2011) On the ages of planetary systems with mean-motion resonances. Astrophys J 741:L23.
94. Kowalski, A.F., Hawley, S.L., Holtzman, J.A., Wisniewski, J.P., and Hilton, E.J. (2012) The multiple continuum components in the white-light flare of 16 January 2009 on the dM4.5e Star YZ CMi. Solar Physics 277:21-29.
95. Kundurthy, P., Agol, E., Becker, A.C., Barnes, R., Williams, B., and Mukadam, A. (2011) APOSTLE observations of GJ 1214b: system parameters and evidence for stellar activity. Astrophys J 731, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/123.
96. Lainey, V., Dehant, V., and Pätzold, M. (2007) First numerical ephemerides of the martian moons. Astron Astrophys 465:1075-1084.
97. Lainey, V., Arlot, J.-E., Karatekin, Ö., and van Hoolst, T. (2009) Strong tidal dissipation in Io and Jupiter from astrometric observations. Nature 459:957-959.
98. Lambeck, K. (1977) Tidal dissipation in the oceans: astronomical, geophysical and oceanographic consequences. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 287:545-594.
99. Lammer, H., Lichtenegger, H.I.M., Kulikov, Y.N., Grießmeier, J.- M., Terada, N., Erkaev, N.V., Biernat, H.K., Khodachenko, M.L., Ribas, I., Penz, T., and Selsis, F. (2007) Coronal mass ejection (CME) activity of low-mass M stars as an important factor for the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets. II. CME induced ion pick up of Earth-like exoplanets in close-in habitable zones. Astrobiology 7:185-207.
100. Lammer, H., Odert, P., Leitzinger, M., Khodachenko, M.L., Panchenko, M., Kulikov, Y.N., Zhang, T.L., Lichtenegger, H.I.M., Erkaev, N.V., Wuchterl, G., Micela, G., Penz, T., Biernat, H.K., Weingrill, J., Steller, M., Ottacher, H., Hasiba, J., and Hanslmeier, A. (2009) Determining the mass loss limit for close-in exoplanets: what can we learn from transit observations? Astron Astrophys 506:399-410.
101. Lammer, H., Selsis, F., Chassefière, E., Breuer, D., Grießmeier, J.- M., Kulikov, Y.N., Erkaev, N.V., Khodachenko, M.L., Biernat, H.K., Leblanc, F., Kallio, E., Lundin, R., Westall, F., Bauer, S.J., Beichman, C., Danchi, W., Eiroa, C., Fridlund, M., Gröller, H., Hanslmeier, A., Hausleitner, W., Henning, T., Herbst, T., Kaltenegger, L., Léger, A., Leitzinger, M., Lichtenegger, H.I.M., Liseau, R., Lunine, J., Motschmann, U., Odert, P., Paresce, F., Parnell, J., Penny, A., Quirrenbach, A., Rauer, H., Röttgering, H., Schneider, J., Spohn, T., Stadelmann, A., Stangl, G., Stam, D., Tinetti, G., and White, G.J. (2010) Geophysical and atmospheric evolution of habitable planets. Astrobiology 10:45-68.
102. Laver, C., de Pater, I., and Marchis, F. (2007) Tvashtar awakening detected in April 2006 with OSIRIS at the W.M. Keck Observatory. Icarus 191:749-754.
103. Lecar, M. and Aarseth, S.J. (1986) A numerical simulation of the formation of the terrestrial planets. Astrophys J 305:564-579.
104. Leconte, J., Chabrier, G., Baraffe, I., and Levrard, B. (2010) Is tidal heating sufficient to explain bloated exoplanets? Consistent calculations accounting for finite initial eccentricity. Astron Astrophys 516:A64.
105. Léger, A., Selsis, F., Sotin, C., Guillot, T., Despois, D., Mawet, D., Ollivier, M., Labèque, A., Valette, C., Brachet, F., Chazelas, B., and Lammer, H. (2004) A new family of planets? "Ocean- Planets." Icarus 169:499-504.
106. Léger, A., Rouan, D., Schneider, J., Barge, P., Fridlund, M., Samuel, B., Ollivier, M., Guenther, E., Deleuil, M., Deeg, H.J., Auvergne, M., Alonso, R., Aigrain, S., Alapini, A., Almenara, J.M., Baglin, A., Barbieri, M., Bruntt, H., Bordé, P., Bouchy, F., Cabrera, J., Catala, C., Carone, L., Carpano, S., Csizmadia, S., Dvorak, R., Erikson, A., Ferraz-Mello, S., Foing, B., Fressin, F., Gandolfi, D., Gillon, M., Gondoin, P., Grasset, O., Guillot, T., Hatzes, A., Hébrard, G., Jorda, L., Lammer, H., Llebaria, A., Loeillet, B., Mayor, M., Mazeh, T., Moutou, C., Pätzold, M., Pont, F., Queloz, D., Rauer, H., Renner, S., Samadi, R., Shporer, A., Sotin, C., Tingley, B., Wuchterl, G., Adda, M., Agogu, P., Appourchaux, T., Ballans, H., Baron, P., Beaufort, T., Bellenger, R., Berlin, R., Bernardi, P., Blouin, D., Baudin, F., Bodin, P., Boisnard, L., Boit, L., Bonneau, F., Borzeix, S., Briet, R., Buey, J.-T., Butler, B., Cailleau, D., Cautain, R., Chabaud, P.-Y., Chaintreuil, S., Chiavassa, F., Costes, V., Cuna Parrho, V., de Oliveira Fialho, F., Decaudin, M., Defise, J.-M., Djalal, S., Epstein, G., Exil, G.-E., Fauré, C., Fenouillet, T., Gaboriaud, A., Gallic, A., Gamet, P., Gavalda, P., Grolleau, E., Gruneisen, R., Gueguen, L., Guis, V., Guivarc'h, V., Guterman, P., Hallouard, D., Hasiba, J., Heuripeau, F., Huntzinger, G., Hustaix, H., Imad, C., Imbert, C., Johlander, B., Jouret, M., Journoud, P., Karioty, F., Kerjean, L., Lafaille, V., Lafond, L., Lam-Trong, T., Landiech, P., Lapeyrere, V., Larqué, T., Laudet, P., Lautier, N., Lecann, H., Lefevre, L., Leruyet, B., Levacher, P., Magnan, A., Mazy, E., Mertens, F., Mesnager, J.-M., Meunier, J.-C., Michel, J.-P., Monjoin, W., Naudet, D., Nguyen-Kim, K., Orcesi, J.-L., Ottacher, H., Perez, R., Peter, G., Plasson, P., Plesseria, J.-Y., Pontet, B., Pradines, A., Quentin, C., Reynaud, J.-L., Rolland, G., Rollenhagen, F., Romagnan, R., Russ, N., Schmidt, R., Schwartz, N., Sebbag, I., Sedes, G., Smit, H., Steller, M.B., Sunter, W., Surace, C., Tello, M., Tiphène, D., Toulouse, P., Ulmer, B., Vandermarcq, O., Vergnault, E., Vuillemin, A., and Zanatta, P. (2009) Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VIII. CoRoT-7b: the first super-Earth with measured radius. Astron Astrophys 506:287-302.
107. Levrard, B., Winisdoerffer, C., and Chabrier, G. (2009) Falling transiting extrasolar giant planets. Astrophys J 692:L9-L13.
108. Lin, D.N.C., Bodenheimer, P., and Richardson, D.C. (1996) Orbital migration of the planetary companion of 51 Pegasi to its present location. Nature 380:606-607.
109. Lissauer, J.J. (1993) Planet formation. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 31:129-174.
110. Lissauer, J.J. (2007) Planets formed in habitable zones of M dwarf stars probably are deficient in volatiles. Astrophys J 660:L149- L152.
111. Lunine, J.I., Fischer, D., Hammel, H.B., Henning, T., Hillenbrand, L., Kasting, J., Laughlin, G., Macintosh, B., Marley, M., Melnick, G., Monet, D., Noecker, C., Peale, S., Quirrenbach, A., Seager, S., and Winn, J.N. (2008) Worlds beyond: a strategy for the detection and characterization of exoplanets. Executive summary of a report of the ExoPlanet Task Force Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee Washington, DC, June 23, 2008. Astrobiology 8:875-881.
112. MacDonald, G.J.F. (1964) Tidal friction. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 2:467-541.
113. Makarov, V.V. and Efroimsky, M. (2012) No pseudosynchronous rotation for terrestrial planets and moons. arXiv: 1209.1616.
114. Mandell, A.M., Raymond, S.N., and Sigurdsson, S. (2007) Formation of Earth-like planets during and after giant planet migration. Astrophys J 660:823-844.
115. Mardling, R.A. and Lin, D.N.C. (2002) Calculating the tidal, spin, and dynamical evolution of extrasolar planetary systems. Astrophys J 573:829-844.
116. Marty, B. and Yokochim, R. (2006) Water in the early Earth. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 62:421-450.
117. Matsumura, S., Peale, S.J., and Rasio, F.A. (2010) Tidal evolution of close-in planets. Astrophys J 725:1995-2016.
118. Mayor, M., Bonfils, X., Forveille, T., Delfosse, X., Udry, S., Bertaux, J.-L., Beust, H., Bouchy, F., Lovis, C., Pepe, F., Perrier, C., Queloz, D., and Santos, N.C. (2009) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XVIII. An Earth-mass planet in the GJ 581 planetary system. Astron Astrophys 507:487-494.
119. McArthur, B.E., Endl, M., Cochran, W.D., Benedict, G.F., Fischer, D.A., Marcy, G.W., Butler, R.P., Naef, D., Mayor, M., Queloz, D., Udry, S., and Harrison T.E. (2004) Detection of a Neptunemass planet in the q1 Cancri system using the Hobby-Eberly telescope. Astrophys J 614:L81-L84.
120. McEwen, A.S., Keszthelyi, L.P., Lopes, R., Schenk, P.M., and Spencer, J.R. (2004) The lithosphere and surface of Io. In Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere, edited by F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, and W.B. McKinnon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 307-328.
121. Monteiro, H. (2010) The habitable zones of white dwarfs. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of Brazil 29:22-25.
122. Murakami, M., Hirose, K., Yurimoto, H., Nakashima, S., and Takafuji, N. (2002) Water in Earth's lower mantle. Science 295:1885-1887.
123. Murray, C.D. and Dermott, S.F. (1999) Solar System Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
124. Naef, D., Latham, D.W., Mayor, M., Mazeh, T., Beuzit, J.L., Drukier, G.A., Perrier-Bellet, C., Queloz, D., Sivan, J.P., Torres, G., Udry, S., and Zucker, S. (2001) HD 80606 b, a planet on an extremely elongated orbit. Astron Astrophys 375:L27-L30.
125. Nakajima, S., Hayashi, Y.-Y., and Abe, Y. (1992) A study of the "runaway greenhouse effect" with a one-dimensional radiative convective model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 49:2256-2266.
126. Neron de Surgy, O. and Laskar, J. (1997) On the long term evolution of the spin of the Earth. Astron Astrophys 318:975-989.
127. Nesvorný, D. (2011) Young solar system's fifth giant planet? Astrophys J 742:L22.
128. Nutzman, P. and Charbonneau, D. (2008) Design considerations for a ground-based transit search for habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs. Publ Astron Soc Pac 120:317-327.
129. Nycander, J. (2005) Generation of internal waves in the deep ocean by tides. J Geophys Res 110:C10028.
130. O'Brien, D.P., Morbidelli, A., and Levison, H.F. (2006) Terrestrial planet formation with strong dynamical friction. Icarus 184:39-58.
131. Olson, P. and Christensen, U.R. (2006) Dipole moment scaling for convection-driven planetary dynamos. Earth Planet Sci Lett 250:561-571.
132. Peale, S.J., Cassen, P., and Reynolds, R.T. (1979) Melting of Io by tidal dissipation. Science 203:892-894.
133. Pierrehumbert, R.T. (2010) Principles of Planetary Climate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
134. Pierrehumbert, R.T. (2011) A palette of climates for Gliese 581g. Astrophys J 726:L8.
135. Pollack, J.B. (1971) A nongrey calculation of the runaway greenhouse: implications for Venus' past and present. Icarus 14:295-306.
136. Porco, C.C., Helfenstein, P., Thomas, P.C., Ingersoll, A.P., Wisdom, J., West, R., Neukum, G., Denk, T., Wagner, R., Roatsch, T., Kieffer, S., Turtle, E., McEwen, A., Johnson, T.V., Rathbun, J., Veverka, J., Wilson, D., Perry, J., Spitale, J., Brahic, A., Burns, J.A., Del Genio, A.D., Dones, L., Murray, C.D., and Squyres, S. (2006) Cassini observes the active south pole of Enceladus. Science 311:1393-1401.
137. Raymond, S.N., Quinn, T., and Lunine, J.I. (2004) Making other earths: dynamical simulations of terrestrial planet formation and water delivery. Icarus 168:1-17.
138. Raymond, S.N., Mandell, A.M., and Sigurdsson, S. (2006) Exotic earths: forming habitable worlds with giant planet migration. Science 313:1413-1416.
139. Raymond, S.N., Scalo, J., and Meadows, V.S. (2007) A decreased probability of habitable planet formation around low-mass stars. Astrophys J 669:606-614.
140. Reid, I.N. and Hawley, S.L. (2000) New Light on Dark Stars: Red Dwarfs, Low-Mass Stars, Brown Dwarfs, Springer, New York.
141. Ribas, I., Guinan, E.F., Güdel, M., and Audard, M. (2005) Evolution of the solar activity over time and effects on planetary atmospheres. I. High-energy irradiances (1-1700 A° ). Astrophys J 622, doi:10.1086/427977.
142. Rodler, F., Del Burgo, C., Witte, S., Helling, C., Hauschildt, P.H., Martín, E.L., Álvarez, C., and Deshpande, R. (2011) Detecting planets around very cool dwarfs at near infrared wavelengths with the radial velocity technique. Astron Astrophys 532:A31.
143. Rodríguez, A., Callegari, N., Jr., Michtchenko, T.A., and Hussmann, H. (2012) Spin-orbit coupling for tidally evolving super- Earths. arXiv:1209.1580.
144. Sada, P.V., Deming, D., Jackson, B., Jennings, D.E., Peterson, S.W., Haase, F., Bays, K., O'Gorman, E., and Lundsford, A. (2010) Recent transits of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b. Astrophys J 720:L215-L218.
145. Scalo, J., Kaltenegger, L., Segura, A.G., Fridlund, M., Ribas, I., Kulikov, Y.N., Grenfell, J.L., Rauer, H., Odert, P., Leitzinger, M., Selsis, F., Khodachenko, M.L., Eiroa, C., Kasting, J., and Lammer, H. (2007) M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection. Astrobiology 7:85-166.
146. Seager, S., Kuchner, M., Hier-Majumder, C.A., and Militzer, B. (2007) Mass-radius relationships for solid exoplanets. Astrophys J 669:1279-1297.
147. Seager, S., Deming, D., and Valenti, J.A. (2009) Transiting exoplanets with JWST. In Astrophysics in the Next Decade: The James Webb Space Telescope and Concurrent Facilities, edited by H.A. Thronson, M. Stiavelli, and A. Tielens, Springer, New York, pp 123-145.
148. Segatz, M., Spohn, T., Ross, M.N., and Schubert, G. (1988) Tidal dissipation, surface heat flow, and figure of viscoelastic models of Io. Icarus 75:187-206.
149. Segura, A., Walkowicz, L.M., Meadows, V., Kasting, J., and Hawley, S. (2010) The effect of a strong stellar flare on the atmospheric chemistry of an Earth-like planet orbiting an M dwarf. Astrobiology 10:751-771.
150. Selsis, F., Kasting, J.F., Levrard, B., Paillet, J., Ribas, I., and Delfosse, X. (2007) Habitable planets around the star Gliese 581? Astron Astrophys 476:1373-1387.
151. Showman, A.P. and Polvani, L.M. (2011) Equatorial superrotation on tidally locked exoplanets. Astrophys J 738, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/71.
152. Simpson, G.C. (1927) Some studies on terrestrial radiation. Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society 11:69-95.
153. Sotin, C., Grasset, O., and Mocquet, A. (2007) Mass-radius curve for extrasolar Earth-like planets and ocean planets. Icarus 191:337-351.
154. Spencer, J.R., Rathbun, J.A., Travis, L.D., Tamppari, L.K., Barnard, L., Martin, T.Z., and McEwen, A.S. (2000) Io's thermal emission from the Galileo photopolarimeter-radiometer. Science 288:1198-1201.
155. Stevenson, D.J. (2010) Planetary magnetic fields: achievements and prospects. Space Sci Rev 152:651-664.
156. Strom, R.G., Terrile, R.J., Hansen, C., and Masursky, H. (1979) Volcanic eruption plumes on Io. Nature 280:733-736.
157. Swift, D.C., Eggert, J.H., Hicks, D.G., Hamel, S., Caspersen, K., Schwegler, E., Collins, G.W., Nettelmann, N., and Ackland, G.J. (2012) Mass-radius relationships for exoplanets. Astrophys J 744, doi:10.1088/0004- 637X/744/1/59.
158. Tamuz, O., Ségransan, D., Udry, S., Mayor, M., Eggenberger, A., Naef, D., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., Demory, B.-O., Figuera, P., Marmier, M., and Montagnier, G. (2008) The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XV. Discovery of two eccentric planets orbiting HD 4113 and HD 156846. Astron Astrophys 480:L33-L36.
159. Tarter, J.C., Backus, P.R., Mancinelli, R.L., Aurnou, J.M., Backman, D.E., Basri, G.S., Boss, A.P., Clarke, A., Deming, D., Doyle, L.R., Feigelson, E.D., Freund, F., Grinspoon, D.H., Haberle, R.M., Hauck, S.A., II, Heath, M.J., Henry, T.J., Hollingsworth, J.L., Joshi, M.M., Kilston, S., Liu, M.C., Meikle, E., Reid, I.N., Rothschild, L.J., Scalo, J., Segura, A., Tang, C.M., Tiedje, J.M., Turnbull, M.C., Walkowicz, L.M., Weber, A.L., and Young, R.E. (2007) A reappraisal of the habitability of planets around M dwarf stars. Astrobiology 7:30-65.
160. Tian, F. (2009) Thermal escape from super Earth atmospheres in the habitable zones of M stars. Astrophys J 703:905-909.
161. Touma, J. and Wisdom, J. (1994) Evolution of the Earth-Moon system. Astron J 108:1943-1961.
162. Tsiganis, K., Gomes, R., Morbidelli, A., and Levison, H.F. (2005) Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System. Nature 435:459-461.
163. Turcotte, D.L. (1996) Magellan and comparative planetology. J Geophys Res 101:4765-4773.
164. Tyler, R. (2011) Tidal dynamical considerations constrain the state of an ocean on Enceladus. Icarus 211:770-779.
165. Tyler, R.H. (2008) Strong ocean tidal flow and heating on moons of the outer planets. Nature 456:770-772.
166. Udry, S., Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Forveille, T., Mayor, M., Perrier, C., Bouchy, F., Lovis, C., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., and Bertaux, J.-L. (2007) The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XI. Super-Earths (5 and 8 M4) in a 3-planet system. Astron Astrophys 469:L43-L47.
167. Valencia, D., Sasselov, D.D., and O'Connell, R.J. (2007) Detailed models of super-Earths: how well can we infer bulk properties? Astrophys J 665:1413-1420.
168. Valencia, D., Ikoma, M., Guillot, T., and Nettelmann, N. (2010) Composition and fate of short-period super-Earths. The case of CoRoT-7b. Astron Astrophys 516:A20.
169. Veeder, G.J., Matson, D.L., Johnson, T.V., Blaney, D.L., and Goguen, J.D. (1994) Io's heat flow from infrared radiometry: 1983-1993. J Geophys Res 99:17095-17162.
170. Vogt, S.S., Butler, R.P., Rivera, E.J., Haghighipour, N., Henry, G.W., and Williamson, M.H. (2010) The Lick-Carnegie exoplanet survey: a 3.1 M+ planet in the habitable zone of the nearby M3V star Gliese 581. Astrophys J 723:954-965.
171. von Bloh, W., Bounama, C., Cuntz, M., and Franck, S. (2007) The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581. Astron Astrophys 476:1365-1371.
172. Watson, A.J., Donahue, T.M., and Walker, J.C.G. (1981) The dynamics of a rapidly escaping atmosphere: applications to the evolution of Earth and Venus. Icarus 48:150-166.
173. Watson, A.J., Donahue, T.M., and Kuhn, W.R. (1984) Temperatures in a runaway greenhouse on the evolving Venus: implications for water loss. Earth Planet Sci Lett 68:1-6.
174. Weidenschilling, S.J. and Marzari, F. (1996) Gravitational scattering as a possible origin for giant planets at small stellar distances. Nature 384:619-621.
175. Weinberg, N.N., Arras, P., Quataert, E., and Burkart, J. (2011) Nonlinear tides in close binary systems. arXiv:1107.0946.
176. West, A.A., Hawley, S.L., Bochanski, J.J., Covey, K.R., Reid, I.N., Dhital, S., Hilton, E.J., and Masuda, M. (2008) Constraining the age-activity relation for cool stars: the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample. Astron J 135:785-795.
177. Wetherill, G.W. and Stewart, G.R. (1989) Accumulation of a swarm of small planetesimals. Icarus 77:330-357.
178. Williams, D.M. and Pollard, D. (2002) Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits: excursions beyond the habitable zone. International Journal of Astrobiology 1:61-69.
179. Winn, J.N., Matthews, J.M., Dawson, R.I., Fabrycky, D., Holman, M.J., Kallinger, T., Kuschnig, R., Sasselov, D., Dragomir, D., Guenther, D.B., Moffat, A.F.J., Rowe, J.F., Rucinski, S., and Weiss, W.W. (2011) A super-Earth transiting a naked-eye star. Astrophys J 737:L18.
180. Wisdom, J. (2008) Tidal dissipation at arbitrary eccentricity and obliquity. Icarus 193:637-640.
181. Wordsworth, R.D., Forget, F., Selsis, F., Millour, E., Charnay, B., and Madeleine, J.-B. (2011) Gliese 581d is the first discovered terrestrial-mass exoplanet in the habitable zone. Astrophys J 733:L48.
182. Yelle, R.V. (2004) Aeronomy of extra-solar giant planets at small orbital distances. Icarus 170:167-179.
183. Yoder, C.F. (1995) Astrometric and geodetic properties of Earth and the Solar System. In Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, edited by T.J. Ahrens, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp 1-31.
184. Zahn, J.-P. (1977) Tidal friction in close binary stars. Astron Astrophys 57:383-394.
185. Zahn, J.-P. and Bouchet, L. (1989) Tidal evolution of close binary stars. II-Orbital circularization of late-type binaries. Astron Astrophys 223:112-118.
186. Zechmeister, M., Kürster, M., and Endl, M. (2009) The M dwarf planet search programme at the ESO VLT + UVES. A search for terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs. Astron Astrophys 505:859-871.