메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 58, Issue , 2013, Pages 281-292

Bacterial community response to tillage and nutrient additions in a long-term wheat cropping experiment

Author keywords

Fertilisation; Land use; Microbial function; Microbial structure; Tillage

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; BACTERIAL COMMUNITY; BACTERIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CELLOBIOSIDE; DRYLAND; ENZYME ASSAYS; FERTILISATION; GLUCOSIDASE; INTERACTIVE EFFECT; LONG-TERM EFFECTS; MAIN EFFECT; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MICROBIAL FUNCTION; MICROBIAL STRUCTURES; NUTRIENT ADDITION; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; SAMPLING PERIOD; SOIL BACTERIAL COMMUNITY; SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS; TILLAGE; TILLAGE TREATMENT; WHEAT CROPPING;

EID: 84872666020     PISSN: 00380717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.12.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 18144421605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile
    • Alvear M., Rosas A., Rouanet J.L., Borie F. Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile. Soil and Tillage Research 2005, 82:195-202.
    • (2005) Soil and Tillage Research , vol.82 , pp. 195-202
    • Alvear, M.1    Rosas, A.2    Rouanet, J.L.3    Borie, F.4
  • 2
    • 17444376849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partitioning the variation among spatial, temporal and environmental components in a multivariate data set
    • Anderson M.J., Cribble N.A. Partitioning the variation among spatial, temporal and environmental components in a multivariate data set. Austral Ecology 1998, 23:158-167.
    • (1998) Austral Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 158-167
    • Anderson, M.J.1    Cribble, N.A.2
  • 3
    • 0000425496 scopus 로고
    • Thymidine incorporation into macromolecules of bacteria extracted from soil by homogenization-centrifugation
    • Bååth E. Thymidine incorporation into macromolecules of bacteria extracted from soil by homogenization-centrifugation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1992, 24:1157-1165.
    • (1992) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.24 , pp. 1157-1165
    • Bååth, E.1
  • 6
    • 80053379323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term land use effects on soil microbial community structure and function
    • Bissett A., Richardson A.E., Baker G., Thrall P.H. Long-term land use effects on soil microbial community structure and function. Applied Soil Ecology 2011, 51:66-78.
    • (2011) Applied Soil Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 66-78
    • Bissett, A.1    Richardson, A.E.2    Baker, G.3    Thrall, P.H.4
  • 7
    • 1542364165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zt: a software tool for simple and partial Mantel tests
    • Bonnet E., Van de Peer Y. zt: a software tool for simple and partial Mantel tests. Journal Statistical Software 2002, 7(10):1-12.
    • (2002) Journal Statistical Software , vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp. 1-12
    • Bonnet, E.1    Van de Peer, Y.2
  • 9
    • 70449090073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant presence and species combination, but not diversity, influence denitrifier activity and the composition of nirK-type denitrifier communities in grassland soil
    • Bremer C., Braker G., Matthies D., Beierkuhnlein C., Conrad R. Plant presence and species combination, but not diversity, influence denitrifier activity and the composition of nirK-type denitrifier communities in grassland soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2009, 70:377-387.
    • (2009) FEMS Microbiology Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 377-387
    • Bremer, C.1    Braker, G.2    Matthies, D.3    Beierkuhnlein, C.4    Conrad, R.5
  • 14
    • 67549086723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Despite strong seasonal responses, soil microbial consortia are more resilient to long-term changes in rainfall than overlying grassland
    • Cruz-Martinez K., Suttle K.B., Brodie E.L., Power M.E., Andersen G.L., Banfield J.F. Despite strong seasonal responses, soil microbial consortia are more resilient to long-term changes in rainfall than overlying grassland. The ISME Journal 2009, 3:738-744.
    • (2009) The ISME Journal , vol.3 , pp. 738-744
    • Cruz-Martinez, K.1    Suttle, K.B.2    Brodie, E.L.3    Power, M.E.4    Andersen, G.L.5    Banfield, J.F.6
  • 17
    • 0029663141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. I. Amidohydrolases
    • Deng S.P., Tabatabai M.A. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. I. Amidohydrolases. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1996, 22:202-207.
    • (1996) Biology and Fertility of Soils , vol.22 , pp. 202-207
    • Deng, S.P.1    Tabatabai, M.A.2
  • 18
    • 85047676058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. II Glycosidases
    • Deng S.P., Tabatabai M.A. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. II Glycosidases. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1996, 22:208-213.
    • (1996) Biology and Fertility of Soils , vol.22 , pp. 208-213
    • Deng, S.P.1    Tabatabai, M.A.2
  • 19
    • 0030619894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils: III. Phosphatases and arylsulfatase
    • Deng S.P., Tabatabai M.A. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils: III. Phosphatases and arylsulfatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1997, 24:141-146.
    • (1997) Biology and Fertility of Soils , vol.24 , pp. 141-146
    • Deng, S.P.1    Tabatabai, M.A.2
  • 20
    • 0033844771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in soil microbial community structure with tillage under long-term wheat-fallow management
    • Drijber R.A., Doran J.W., Parkhurst A.M., Lyon D.J. Changes in soil microbial community structure with tillage under long-term wheat-fallow management. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2000, 32:1419-1430.
    • (2000) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.32 , pp. 1419-1430
    • Drijber, R.A.1    Doran, J.W.2    Parkhurst, A.M.3    Lyon, D.J.4
  • 21
    • 0035163562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Chrysanthemum via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA as well as DNA fragments coding for 16S rRNA
    • Duineveld B.M., Kowalchuk G.A., Keijzer A., van Elsas J.D., van Veen J.A. Analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Chrysanthemum via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA as well as DNA fragments coding for 16S rRNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001, 67:172-178.
    • (2001) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.67 , pp. 172-178
    • Duineveld, B.M.1    Kowalchuk, G.A.2    Keijzer, A.3    van Elsas, J.D.4    van Veen, J.A.5
  • 22
    • 77950061954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No-tillage conversion of harvested perennial grassland to annual cropland reduces root biomass, decreases active carbon stocks, and impacts soil biota
    • DuPont S.T., Culman S.W., Ferris H., Buckley D.H., Glover J.D. No-tillage conversion of harvested perennial grassland to annual cropland reduces root biomass, decreases active carbon stocks, and impacts soil biota. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2010, 137:25-32.
    • (2010) Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , vol.137 , pp. 25-32
    • DuPont, S.T.1    Culman, S.W.2    Ferris, H.3    Buckley, D.H.4    Glover, J.D.5
  • 23
    • 33846223411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhizodeposition shapes rhizosphere microbial community structure in organic soil
    • Eric P., Thomas G., Claire A., Allan S., Gillian T. Rhizodeposition shapes rhizosphere microbial community structure in organic soil. New Phytologist 2007, 173:600-610.
    • (2007) New Phytologist , vol.173 , pp. 600-610
    • Eric, P.1    Thomas, G.2    Claire, A.3    Allan, S.4    Gillian, T.5
  • 25
    • 0025919424 scopus 로고
    • Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization
    • Garland J.L., Mills A.L. Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1991, 57:2351-2359.
    • (1991) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.57 , pp. 2351-2359
    • Garland, J.L.1    Mills, A.L.2
  • 26
    • 0037338334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil type is the primary determinant of the composition of the total and active bacterial communities in arable soils
    • Girvan M.S., Bullimore J., Pretty J.N., Osborn A.M., Ball A.S. Soil type is the primary determinant of the composition of the total and active bacterial communities in arable soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2003, 69:1800-1809.
    • (2003) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.69 , pp. 1800-1809
    • Girvan, M.S.1    Bullimore, J.2    Pretty, J.N.3    Osborn, A.M.4    Ball, A.S.5
  • 27
    • 84862503027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen transformation rates and nutrient availability under conventional plough and conservation tillage
    • Gomez-Rey M.X., Couto-Vazquez A., Gonzalez-Prieto S.J. Nitrogen transformation rates and nutrient availability under conventional plough and conservation tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 2012, 124:144-152.
    • (2012) Soil and Tillage Research , vol.124 , pp. 144-152
    • Gomez-Rey, M.X.1    Couto-Vazquez, A.2    Gonzalez-Prieto, S.J.3
  • 31
    • 84970571473 scopus 로고
    • Effects of conservation tillage farming on soil microbial biomass, organic matter and earthworm populations, in north-eastern Victoria
    • Haines P.J., Uren N.C. Effects of conservation tillage farming on soil microbial biomass, organic matter and earthworm populations, in north-eastern Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 1990, 30:365-371.
    • (1990) Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture , vol.30 , pp. 365-371
    • Haines, P.J.1    Uren, N.C.2
  • 32
    • 78650177650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term no-till management affects microbial biomass but not community composition in Canadian prairie agroecosytems
    • Helgason B.L., Walley F.L., Germida J.J. Long-term no-till management affects microbial biomass but not community composition in Canadian prairie agroecosytems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2010, 42:2192-2202.
    • (2010) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 2192-2202
    • Helgason, B.L.1    Walley, F.L.2    Germida, J.J.3
  • 33
    • 85052452871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus and the sequestering of carbon
    • CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, R. Lal, J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart (Eds.)
    • Himes F.L. Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus and the sequestering of carbon. Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle 1998, 315-320. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. R. Lal, J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart (Eds.).
    • (1998) Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle , pp. 315-320
    • Himes, F.L.1
  • 35
    • 0024621191 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tillage systems on the variability of soil water tensions and soil water content
    • Kanwar R.S. Effect of tillage systems on the variability of soil water tensions and soil water content. Transactions of ASAE 1989, 32:605-610.
    • (1989) Transactions of ASAE , vol.32 , pp. 605-610
    • Kanwar, R.S.1
  • 37
    • 79958056932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable soil organic matter: a comparison of C: N: P: S ratios in Australian and other world soils
    • Kirkby C.A., Kirkegaard J.A., Richardson A.E., Wade L.J., Blanchard C., Batten G. Stable soil organic matter: a comparison of C: N: P: S ratios in Australian and other world soils. Geoderma 2011, 163:197-208.
    • (2011) Geoderma , vol.163 , pp. 197-208
    • Kirkby, C.A.1    Kirkegaard, J.A.2    Richardson, A.E.3    Wade, L.J.4    Blanchard, C.5    Batten, G.6
  • 38
    • 0028121335 scopus 로고
    • Reduced growth and yield of wheat with conservation cropping. I. Field studies in the first year of the cropping phase
    • Kirkegaard J.A., Angus J.F., Gardner P.A., Mueller W. Reduced growth and yield of wheat with conservation cropping. I. Field studies in the first year of the cropping phase. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1994, 45:511-528.
    • (1994) Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , vol.45 , pp. 511-528
    • Kirkegaard, J.A.1    Angus, J.F.2    Gardner, P.A.3    Mueller, W.4
  • 39
    • 0029481897 scopus 로고
    • A review of trends in wheat yield responses to conservation cropping in Australia
    • kirkegaard J.K. A review of trends in wheat yield responses to conservation cropping in Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 1995, 35:835-848.
    • (1995) Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture , vol.35 , pp. 835-848
    • kirkegaard, J.K.1
  • 40
    • 41449086989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decoupling plant-growth from land-use legacies in soil microbial communities
    • Kulmatiski A., Beard K.H. Decoupling plant-growth from land-use legacies in soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2008, 40:1059-1068.
    • (2008) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.40 , pp. 1059-1068
    • Kulmatiski, A.1    Beard, K.H.2
  • 41
    • 0347622357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achieving soil carbon sequestion in the US: a challenge to the policy makers
    • Lal R., Follett R.F., Kimble J. Achieving soil carbon sequestion in the US: a challenge to the policy makers. Soil Science 2003, 168:827-845.
    • (2003) Soil Science , vol.168 , pp. 827-845
    • Lal, R.1    Follett, R.F.2    Kimble, J.3
  • 42
    • 0032213991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil microbial diversity and community structure under wheat as influenced by tillage and crop rotation
    • Lupwayi N.Z., Rice W.A., Clayton G.W. Soil microbial diversity and community structure under wheat as influenced by tillage and crop rotation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1998, 30:1733-1741.
    • (1998) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.30 , pp. 1733-1741
    • Lupwayi, N.Z.1    Rice, W.A.2    Clayton, G.W.3
  • 44
    • 8644242440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen fertilization suppresses soil phenol oxidase enzyme activity in no-tillage systems
    • Matocha C.J., Haszler G.R., Grove J.H. Nitrogen fertilization suppresses soil phenol oxidase enzyme activity in no-tillage systems. Soil Science 2004, 169:708-714.
    • (2004) Soil Science , vol.169 , pp. 708-714
    • Matocha, C.J.1    Haszler, G.R.2    Grove, J.H.3
  • 45
    • 0032916067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of bacterial community structure and diversity in unimproved and improved upland grass pastures
    • McCaig A.E., Glover L.A., Prosser J.I. Molecular analysis of bacterial community structure and diversity in unimproved and improved upland grass pastures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999, 65:1721-1730.
    • (1999) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.65 , pp. 1721-1730
    • McCaig, A.E.1    Glover, L.A.2    Prosser, J.I.3
  • 46
    • 33645073420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of 16S rRNA and 16S rDNA T-RFLP approaches to study bacterial communities in soil microcosms treated with chromate as perturbing agent
    • Mengoni A., Tatti E., Decorosi F., Viti C., Bazzicalupo M., Giovannetti L. Comparison of 16S rRNA and 16S rDNA T-RFLP approaches to study bacterial communities in soil microcosms treated with chromate as perturbing agent. Microbial Ecology 2005, 50:375-384.
    • (2005) Microbial Ecology , vol.50 , pp. 375-384
    • Mengoni, A.1    Tatti, E.2    Decorosi, F.3    Viti, C.4    Bazzicalupo, M.5    Giovannetti, L.6
  • 47
    • 0031967457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability
    • Naeem S. Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conservation Biology 1998, 12:39-45.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 39-45
    • Naeem, S.1
  • 49
    • 0002281798 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorous
    • Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconin, U.S.A, A.L. Page (Ed.)
    • Olsen S.R., Sommers L.E. Phosphorous. Methods of Soil Analysis 1982, 403-430. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconin, U.S.A. A.L. Page (Ed.).
    • (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis , pp. 403-430
    • Olsen, S.R.1    Sommers, L.E.2
  • 50
    • 79961173963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of sampling strategies and spatial variation on the detected soil bacterial communities under three different land-use types
    • Osborne C.A., Zwart A.B., Broadhurst L.M., Young A.G., Richardson A.E. The influence of sampling strategies and spatial variation on the detected soil bacterial communities under three different land-use types. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2011, 78:70-79.
    • (2011) FEMS Microbiology Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 70-79
    • Osborne, C.A.1    Zwart, A.B.2    Broadhurst, L.M.3    Young, A.G.4    Richardson, A.E.5
  • 51
    • 64749099600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative community fingerprinting methods for estimating the abundance of operational taxonomic units in natural microbial communities
    • Ramette A. Quantitative community fingerprinting methods for estimating the abundance of operational taxonomic units in natural microbial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2009, 75:2495-2505.
    • (2009) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.75 , pp. 2495-2505
    • Ramette, A.1
  • 53
    • 34248587936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fungal biomass production and turnover in soil estimated using the acetate-in-ergosterol technique
    • Rousk J., Bååth E. Fungal biomass production and turnover in soil estimated using the acetate-in-ergosterol technique. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2007, 39:2173-2177.
    • (2007) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 2173-2177
    • Rousk, J.1    Bååth, E.2
  • 55
    • 0036721537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil
    • Saiya-Cork K.R., Sinsabaugh R.L., Zak D.R. The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2002, 34:1309-1315.
    • (2002) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 1309-1315
    • Saiya-Cork, K.R.1    Sinsabaugh, R.L.2    Zak, D.R.3
  • 57
    • 75749140073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience of pore-water chemistry and calcification in photosynthetic zones of calcifying sediments
    • Schoon R., Bissett A., De Beer D. Resilience of pore-water chemistry and calcification in photosynthetic zones of calcifying sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55:377-385.
    • (2010) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.55 , pp. 377-385
    • Schoon, R.1    Bissett, A.2    De Beer, D.3
  • 58
    • 33751006742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for rapid and simultaneous analysis of different components of the soil microbial community
    • Singh B.K., Nazaries L., Munro S., Anderson I.C., Campbell C.D. Use of multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for rapid and simultaneous analysis of different components of the soil microbial community. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 72:7278-7285.
    • (2006) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.72 , pp. 7278-7285
    • Singh, B.K.1    Nazaries, L.2    Munro, S.3    Anderson, I.C.4    Campbell, C.D.5
  • 59
    • 74149092002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenol oxidase, peroxidase and organic matter dynamics of soil
    • Sinsabaugh R.L. Phenol oxidase, peroxidase and organic matter dynamics of soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2010, 42:391-404.
    • (2010) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 391-404
    • Sinsabaugh, R.L.1
  • 61
  • 62
    • 1642529675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term
    • Six J., Ogle S.M., Jay breidt F., Conant R.,T., Mosier A.,R., Paustian K. The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term. Global Change Biology 2004, 10:155-160.
    • (2004) Global Change Biology , vol.10 , pp. 155-160
    • Six, J.1    Ogle, S.M.2    Jay breidt, F.3    Conant, R.T.4    Mosier, A.R.5    Paustian, K.6
  • 64
  • 65
    • 0034493079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant diversity affects culturable soil bacteria in experimental grassland communities
    • Stephan A., Meyer A.H., Schmid B. Plant diversity affects culturable soil bacteria in experimental grassland communities. Journal of Ecology 2000, 88:988-998.
    • (2000) Journal of Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 988-998
    • Stephan, A.1    Meyer, A.H.2    Schmid, B.3
  • 66
    • 84872656741 scopus 로고
    • Determination of total nitrogen and carbon in soils by a Commercial Dumas Apparatus1
    • Stewart B.A., Porter L.K., Beard W.E. Determination of total nitrogen and carbon in soils by a Commercial Dumas Apparatus1. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1964, 28:366-368.
    • (1964) Soil Science Society of America Journal , vol.28 , pp. 366-368
    • Stewart, B.A.1    Porter, L.K.2    Beard, W.E.3
  • 67
    • 84857627682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon input differences as the main factor explaining the variability in soil organic C storage in no-tilled compared to inversion tilled agrosystems
    • Virto I., Barre P., Burlot A., Chenu C. Carbon input differences as the main factor explaining the variability in soil organic C storage in no-tilled compared to inversion tilled agrosystems. Biogeochemistry 2012, 108:17-26.
    • (2012) Biogeochemistry , vol.108 , pp. 17-26
    • Virto, I.1    Barre, P.2    Burlot, A.3    Chenu, C.4
  • 68
    • 85130268265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil microbial biomass C, N, P, and S
    • CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, C. M.R., E.G. Gregorich (Eds.)
    • Voroney R.P., Brookes P.C., Beyaert R.P. Soil microbial biomass C, N, P, and S. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis 2008, 637-651. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. second ed. C. M.R., E.G. Gregorich (Eds.).
    • (2008) Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis , pp. 637-651
    • Voroney, R.P.1    Brookes, P.C.2    Beyaert, R.P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.