Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct Mitchella and its close relative Damnacanthus (Rubiaceae, Mitchelleae)

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 171, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 395-412

  Huang, Wei Ping ^a,b   Sun, Hang ^a   Deng, Tao ^a   Razafimandimbison, Sylvain G ^d   Nie, Ze Long ^a   Wen, Jun ^c  

^a KUNMING INSTITUTE OF BOTANY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

^d STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Bering land bridge; Intercontinental disjunction

Indexed keywords

DICOTYLEDON; DIVERGENCE; LAND BRIDGE; MIOCENE; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; PHYTOGEOGRAPHY; PLASTID; SHRUB; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TAXONOMY;

FAR EAST; NORTH AMERICA;

DAMNACANTHUS; MITCHELLA; MYA; RUBIACEAE;

EID: 84872602584     PISSN: 00244074     EISSN: 10958339     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01321.x     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Akaike H. 1973. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov BN, Csáki F, eds. Second International Symposium on Information Theory, Vol. 1. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado Press, 267-281.
2. Alejandro GD, Razafimandimbison SG, Liede-Schumann S. 2005. Polyphyly of Mussaenda inferred from ITS and trnT-F data and its implication for generic limits in Mussaendeae (Rubiaceae). American Journal of Botany 92: 544-557.
3. Andersson L, Antonelli A. 2005. Phylogeny of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), its position in Cinchonoideae, and description of a new genus, Ciliosemina. Taxon 54: 17-28.
4. Andersson L, Rova JHE. 1999. The rps16 intron and the phylogeny of the Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 214: 161-186.
5. Andersson L, Rova JHE, Guarin FA. 2002. Relationships, circumscription, and biogeography of Arcytophyllum (Rubiaceae) based on evidence from cpDNA. Brittonia 54: 40-49.
6. Andreasen K, Baldwin BG, Bremer B. 1999. Phylogenetic utility of the nuclear rDNA ITS region in subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae): comparisons with cpDNA rbcL sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 217: 119-135.
7. Andreasen K, Bremer B. 1996. Phylogeny of the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). Opera Botanica Belgica 7: 119-138.
8. Antonelli A, Nylander JAA, Persson C, Sanmartín I. 2009. Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 9749.
9. Backlund M, Bremer B, Thulin M. 2007. Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae). Taxon 56: 315-328.
10. Baillon H. 1880. Histoire des plantes 7. Paris: Hachette.
11. Baird KE, Funk VA, Wen J, Weeks A. 2010. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia Cass.(Asteraceae: Mutisieae: Gerbera-complex), an Asian-North American disjunct genus. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 48: 161-174.
12. Blaser JLeC. 1954. The morphology of the flower and inflorescence of Mitchella repens. American Journal of Botany 41: 533-539.
13. Boufford DE, Spongberg SA. 1983. Eastern Asian-eastern North American phytogeographical relationships-a history from the time of Linnaeus to the twentieth century. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 423-439.
14. Bremer B. 1996. Phylogenetic studies within Rubiaceae and relationships to other families based on molecular data. Opera Botanica Belgica 7: 33-50.
15. Bremer B, Andreasen K, Olsson D. 1995. Subfamilial and tribal relationships in the Rubiaceae based on rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 383-397.
16. Bremer B, Eriksson T. 2009. Time tree of Rubiaceae: phylogeny and dating the family, subfamilies, and tribes. International Journal of Plant Sciences 170: 766-793.
17. Bremer K, Friis EM, Bremer B. 2004. Molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants shows early Cretaceous diversification. Systematic Biology 53: 496-505.
18. Bremer B, Manen JF. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43-72.
19. Bremer B, Thulin M. 1998. Collapse of Isertieae, reestablishment of Mussaendeae, and a new genus of Sabiceeae (Rubiaceae); phylogenetic relationships based on rbcL data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 211: 71-92.
20. Chen T, Zhu H, Chen J, Taylor CM, Ehrendorfer F, Lantz H, Funston AM, Puff C. 2011. Rubiaceae. In: Wu CY, Raven PH, eds. Flora of China, Vol. 19. Beijing: Science Press and St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 93-217.
21. Church SA. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of Houstonia (Rubiaceae): descending aneuploidy and breeding system evolution in the radiation of the lineage across North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 223-238.
22. Cortés -B R, Delprete PG, Motley TJ. 2009. Phylogenetic placement of the tribe Retiniphylleae among the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96: 61-67.
23. Delprete PG, Cortes -B R. 2004. A phylogenetic study of the tribe Sipaneeae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae), using trnL-F and ITS sequence data. Taxon 53: 347-356.
24. Dane F, Lang P, Huang H, Fu Y. 2003. Intercontinental genetic divergence of Castanea species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Heredity 91: 314-321.
25. von Dohlen CD, Kurosu U, Aoki S. 2002. Phylogenetics and evolution of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct aphid tribe, Hormaphidini (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 257-267.
26. Dorofeev PI. 1960. New data about Tertiary floras of Kirrenskiy ravine on the Ob River. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 133: 211-213.
27. Dorofeev PI. 1963. Tertiary floras of Western Siberia. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR.
28. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 214.
29. Eriksson O, Bremer B. 1991. Fruit characteristics, life forms, and species richness in the plant family Rubiaceae. American Naturalist 138: 751-761.
30. Eriksson O, Bremer B. 1992. Pollination systems, dispersal modes, life forms, and diversification rates in angiosperm families. Evolution 46: 258-266.
31. Ehrendorfer F, Manen JF, Natali A. 1994. cpDNA intergene sequences corroborate restriction site data for reconstructing Rubiaceae phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 245-248.
32. Friis EM. 1985. Angiosperm fruits and seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland, Denmark. Biologiske Skrifter 24: 1-165.
33. Fu C, Kong H, Qiu Y, Cameron KM. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the east Asian-North American disjunct Smilax sect. Nemexia (Smilacaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 301-309.
34. Ganders FR. 1975. Fecundity in distylous and self-incompatible homostylous plants of Mitchella repens (Rubiaceae). Evolution 29: 186-188.
35. Graham, A. 1972. Outline of the origin and historical recognition of floristic affinities between Asia and eastern North America. In: Graham A, ed. Floristics and Paleofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1-18.
36. Graham A. 2009. Fossil record of the Rubiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96: 90-108.
37. Groeninckx I, Dessein S, Ochoterena H, Persson C, Motley TJ, Kårehed J, Bremer B, Huysmans S, Smets E. 2009. Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96: 109-132.
38. Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.
39. Hicks DJ, Wyatt R, Meagher TR. 1985. Reproductive biology of distylous partridgeberry, Mitchella repens. American Journal of Botany 72: 1503-1514.
40. Hong DY. 1993. Eastern Asian-North American disjunctions and their biological significance. Cathaya 5: 1-39.
41. Hooker JD. 1873. Ordo LXXXIV. Rubiaceae. In: Bentham G, Hooker JD, eds. Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata defirmmata. London: 2. 7-151.
42. Hopkins DM. 1967. The Bering land bridge. Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press.
43. Huelsenbeck J, Ronquist F. 2001. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
44. Kainulainen K, Mouly A, Khodabandeh A, Bremer B. 2009. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Alberteae (Rubiaceae), with description of a new genus, Razafimandimbisonia. Taxon 58: 757-768.
45. Kårehed J, Bremer B. 2007. The systematics of Knoxieae (Rubiaceae): molecular data and their taxonomic consequences. Taxon 56: 1051-1076.
46. Kårehed J, Groeninckx I, Dessein S, Motley TJ, Bremer B. 2008. The phylogenetic utility of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers and the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 843-866.
47. Khan SA, Razafimandimbison SG, Bremer B, Liede-Schumann S. 2008. Sabiceeae and Virectarieae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae): one or two tribes? New tribal and generic circumscriptions of Sabiceeae and biogeography of Sabicea s.l. Taxon 57: 7-23.
48. Kim S, Kim S, Shin H, Kim Y. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Astilbe: implications for phylogeography and morphological evolution. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 39: 35-41.
49. Leopold EB, MacGinitie HD. 1972. Development and affinities of Tertiary floras in the Rocky Mountains. In: Graham A, ed. Floristics and Palaeofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 147-200.
50. Li HL. 1952. Floristic relationships between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 42: 371-429.
51. Lindley J. 1846. The vegetable kingdom. London: Bradbury & Evans.
52. Liu H-Y, Yang T. 1998. Rubiaceae. In: Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, ed. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd edn, Vol. 4. Taipei: National Taiwan University, 245-340.
53. Mai DH, Walther H. 1985. The upper Eocene floras of the Weisselster basin and adjacent areas. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 33: 1-260.
54. Makino T. 1909. Observations on the flora of Japan. The Botanical Magazine XXIII: 68-69.
55. Malcomber ST. 2002. Phylogeny of Gaertnera Lam. (Rubiaceae) based on multiple DNA markers: evidence of a rapid radiation in a widespread, morphologically diverse genus. Evolution 56: 42-57.
56. Manen JF, Natali A, Ehrendorfer F. 1994. Phylogeny ofRubiaceae-Rubieae inferred from the sequence of a cpDNA intergene region. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 195-211.
57. Manns U, Bremer B. 2010. Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae s.s. (Rubiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 21-39.
58. Meng Y, Wen J, Nie ZL, Sun H, Yang YP. 2008. Phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Maianthemum (Ruscaceae: Polygonatae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 424-434.
59. Miller JH, Miller KV. 2005. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
60. Motley TJ, Wurdack KJ, Delprete PG. 2005. Molecular systematics of the Catesbaeeae-Chiococceae complex (Rubiaceae): flower and fruit evolution and biogeographic implications. American Journal of Botany 92: 316-329.
61. Motohashi K, Inaba S, Anzai K, Takamatsu S, Nakashima C. 2009. Phylogenetic analyses of Japanese species of Phyllosticta sensu stricto. Mycoscience 50: 291-302.
62. Mouly A, Razafimandimbison SG, Achille F, Haevermans T, Bremer B. 2007. Phylogenetic placement of Rhopalobrachium fragrans (Rubiaceae): evidence from molecular (rps16 and trnT-F) and morphological data. Systematic Botany 32: 872-882.
63. Mouly A, Razafimandimbison SG, Florence J, Jérémie J, Bremer B. 2009. Paraphyly of Ixora and new tribal delimitation of Ixoreae (Rubiaceae): inference from combined chloroplast (rps16, rbcL, and trnT-F) sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96: 146-160.
64. Naiki A, Nagamasu H. 2003. Distyly and pollen dimorphism in Damnacanthus (Rubiaceae). Journal of Plant Research 116: 105-113.
65. Naiki A, Nagamasu H. 2004. Correlation between distyly and ploidy level in Damnacanthus (Rubiaceae). American Journal of Botany 91: 664-671.
66. Nepokroeff M, Bremer B, Sytsma KJ. 1999. Reorganization of the genus Psychotria and tribe Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae) inferred from ITS and rbcL sequence data. Systematic Botany 24: 5-27.
67. Nie Z-L, Sun H, Beardsley PM, Olmstead RG, Wen J. 2006a. Evolution of biogeographic disjunction between eastern Asia and eastern North America in Phryma (Phrymaceae). American Journal of Botany 93: 1343-1356.
68. Nie Z-L, Sun H, Chen Z-D, Meng Y, Manchester SR, Wen J. 2010. Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) disjunct between Asia and North America. American Journal of Botany 97: 1342-1353.
69. Nie Z-L, Sun H, Li H, Wen J. 2006b. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 155-165.
70. Nie Z-L, Wen J, Sun H, Bartholomew B. 2005. Monophyly of Kelloggia Torrey ex Benth.(Rubiaceae) and evolution of its intercontinental disjunction between western North America and eastern Asia. American Journal of Botany 92: 642-652.
71. Novotny V, Basset Y, Miller SE, Weiblen GD, Bremer B, Cizek L, Drozd P. 2002. Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 416: 841-844.
72. Nylander J. 2004. Mrmodeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Uppsala: Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
73. Olmstead RG, Bremer B, Scott KM, Palmer JD. 1993. A parsimony analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 700-722.
74. Oxelman B, Lidén M, Berglund D. 1997. Chloroplast rps16 intron phylogeny of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 206: 393-410.
75. Parks CR, Wendel JF. 1990. Molecular divergence between Asian and North American species of Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) with implications for interpretation of fossil floras. American Journal of Botany 77: 1243-1256.
76. Persson C. 2000. Phylogeny of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences from the rps16 intron and trnL (UAA)-F (GAA) intergenic spacer. Nordic Journal of Botany 20: 257-270.
77. Piesschaert F, Andersson L, Jansen S, Dessein S, Robbrecht E, Smets E. 2000. Searching for the taxonomic position of the African genus Colletoecema (Rubiaceae): morphology and anatomy compared to an rps16 intron analysis of the Rubioideae. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 288-304.
78. Puff C. 1982. The delimitation of the tribe Anthospermeae and its affinities to the Paederieae (Rubiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84: 355-377.
79. Razafimandimbison SG, Bremer B. 2002. Phylogeny and classification of Naucleeae s.l. (Rubiaceae) inferred from molecular (ITS, rbcL, and trnT-F) and morphological data. American Journal of Botany 89: 1027-1041.
80. Razafimandimbison SG, Kellogg EA, Bremer B. 2004. Recent origin and phylogenetic utility of divergent ITS putative pseudogenes: a case study from Naucleeae (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 53: 177-192.
81. Razafimandimbison SG, McDowell TD, Halford DA, Bremer B. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics and generic assessment in the tribe Morindeae (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae): how to circumscribe Morinda L. to be monophyletic? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 879-886.
82. Razafimandimbison SG, Rydin C, Bremer B. 2008. Evolution and trends in the Psychotrieae alliance (Rubiaceae)-a rarely reported evolutionary change of many-seeded carpels from one-seeded carpels. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48: 207-223.
83. Robbrecht E, Puff C, Igersheim A. 1991. The genera Mitchella and Damnacanthus: evidence for their close alliance; comments on the campylotropy in the Rubiaceae and circumscription of the Morindeae. Blumea 35: 307-345.
84. Rogers GK. 2005. The genera of Rubiaceae in the southeastern United States, Part II. Subfamily Rubioideae, and subfamily Cinchonoideae revisited(Chiococca, Erithalis, and Guettarda) 1. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 1-45.
85. Ronquist F. 1996. DIVA: dispersal-vicariance analysis, version 1.1. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
86. Rova JHE, Delprete PG, Andersson L, Albert VA. 2002. A trnL-F cpDNA sequence study of the Condamineeae-Rondeletieae-Sipaneeae complex with implications on the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae. American Journal of Botany 89: 145-159.
87. Rydin C, Kainulainen K, Razafimandimbison SG, Smedmark JEE, Bremer B. 2009a. Deep divergences in the coffee family and the systematic position of Acranthera. Plant Systematics and Evolution 278: 101-123.
88. Rydin C, Razafimandimbison SG, Bremer B. 2008. Rare and enigmatic genera (Dunnia, Schizocolea, Colletoecema), sisters to species-rich clades: phylogeny and aspects of conservation biology in the coffee family. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48: 74-83.
89. Rydin C, Razafimandimbison SG, Khodabandeh A, Bremer B. 2009b. Evolutionary relationships in the Spermacoceae alliance (Rubiaceae) using information from six molecular loci: insights into systematic affinities of Neohymenopogon and Mouretia. Taxon 58: 793-810.
90. Saenger P. 1998. Mangrove vegetation: an evolutionary perspective. Marine and Freshwater Research 49: 277-286.
91. Shi X, Jin J, Ye C, Liu W. 2012. First fruit fossil record of Morinda (Rubiaceae) from China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 179: 13-16.
92. Simões AO, Livshultz T, Conti E, Endress ME. 2007. Phylogeny and systematics of the Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 94: 268-297.
93. Smedmark JEE, Eriksson T, Bremer B. 2010. Divergence time uncertainty and historical biogeography reconstruction-an example from Urophylleae (Rubiaceae). Journal of Biogeography 37: 2260-2274.
94. Sonké B, Dessein S, Taedoumg H, Groeninckx I, Robbrecht E. 2008. A new species of Colletoecema (Rubiaceae) from southern Cameroon with a discussion of relationships among basal Rubioideae. Blumea 53: 533-547.
95. Struwe L, Thiv M, Kadereit JW, Pepper ASR, Motley TJ, White PJ, Rova JHE, Potgieter K, Albert VA. 1998. Saccifolium (Saccifoliaceae), an endemic of Sierra de la Neblina on the Brazilian-Venezuelan border, is related to a temperate-alpine lineage of Gentianaceae 1. Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 199-214.
96. Swofford DL. 2003. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 4.0 b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
97. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 4876-4882.
98. Tiffney BH. 1985a. The Eocene North Atlantic land bridge: its importance in Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 66: 243-273.
99. Tiffney BH. 1985b. Perspectives on the origin of the floristic similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 66: 73-94.
100. Tiffney BH, Manchester SR. 2001. The use of geological and paleontological evidence in evaluating plant phylogeographic hypotheses in the Northern Hemisphere Tertiary. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: S3-S17.
101. Wen J. 1998. Evolution of the Eastern Asian and Eastern North American disjunct pattern: insights from phylogenetic studies. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 28: 63-81.
102. Wen J. 1999. Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 421-455.
103. Wen J. 2000. Internal transcribed spacer phylogeny of the Asian and eastern North American disjunct Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus (Araliaceae) and its biogeographic implications. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161: 959-966.
104. Wen J. 2001. Evolution of eastern Asian-eastern North American biogeographic disjunctions: a few additional issues. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: S117-S122.
105. Wen J, Ickert-Bond S, Nie Z-L, Li R. 2010. Timing and modes of evolution of eastern Asian-North American biogeographic disjunctions in seed plants. In: Long M, Gu H, Zhou Z, eds. Darwin's heritage today: Proceedings of the Darwin 2010 Beijing International Conference. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 252-269.
106. Westergaard KB, Jørgensen MH, Gabrielsen TM, Alsos IG, Brochmann C. 2010. The extreme Beringian/Atlantic disjunction in Saxifraga rivularis (Saxifragaceae) has formed at least twice. Journal of Biogeography 37: 1262-1276.
107. Willson MF. 1993. Mammals as seed-dispersal mutualists in North America. Oikos 67: 159-176.
108. Wolfe, JA. 1972. An interpretation of Alaskan Tertiary floras In: Graham A, ed. Floristics and paleofloristics of Asia and eastern North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 201-233.
109. Wolff D, Liede-Schumann S. 2007. Evolution of flower morphology, pollen dimorphism, and nectar composition in Arcytophyllum, a distylous genus of Rubiaceae. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 7: 106-123.
110. Xiang QY, Soltis DE. 2001. Dispersal-vicariance analyses of intercontinental disjuncts: historical biogeographical implications for angiosperms in the Northern Hemisphere. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: 29-39.
111. Xiang QY, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Manchester SR, Crawford DJ. 2000. Timing the eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction: molecular clock corroborates paleontological estimates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15: 462-472.
112. Xie L, Wagner WL, Ree RH, Berry PE, Wen J. 2009. Molecular phylogeny, divergence time estimates, and historical biogeography of Circaea (Onagraceae) in the Northern Hemisphere. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 995-1009.
113. Xu X, Walters C, Antolin MF, Alexander ML, Lutz S, Ge S, Wen J. 2010. Phylogeny and biogeography of the eastern Asian-North American disjunct wild-rice genus (Zizania L., Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 1008-1017.
114. Yamazaki T. 1993. Rubiaceae. In: Iwatsuki KT, Yamazaki K, Boufford DE, Ohba H, eds. Flora of Japan, Vol. 3a. Tokyo: Koudansha, 206-240.
115. Yokoyama J, Fukuda T, Tsukaya H. 2003. Morphological and molecular variation in Mitchella undulata, with special reference to the systematic treatment of the dwarf form from Yakushima. Journal of Plant Research 116: 309-315.
116. Yu Y, Harris A, He X. 2010. S-DIVA (statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis): a tool for inferring biogeographic histories. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 848-850.
117. Yu Y, Harris A, He X. 2011. RASP (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogenies) v1.1. Available at: http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/soft/blog/RASP
118. Zhu W-D, Nie Z-L, Wen J, Sun H. in press. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Astilbe (Saxifragaceae) in Asia and eastern North America. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171: DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01318.x.