Current treatment options for type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: Today's realities and lessons from the TODAY study

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 72-80

  George, Minu M ^a   Copeland, Kenneth C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bariatric surgery; Diabetes medications; Diabetes treatment in youth; Hyperglycemia; Insulin resistance; Insulin sensitivity; Metformin; TODAY trial; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; AMYLIN DERIVATIVE; BIGUANIDE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN DETEMIR; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN GLULISINE; INSULIN LISPRO; LINAGLIPTIN; LIRAGLUTIDE; LONG ACTING INSULIN; MEGLITINIDE; METFORMIN; PIG INSULIN; PLACEBO; ROSIGLITAZONE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SHORT ACTING INSULIN; SITAGLIPTIN; SULFONYLUREA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CAUCASIAN; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG LEGISLATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EXERCISE; FAMILY EDUCATION; GASTRIC BANDING; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INCIDENCE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW CALORY DIET; MACROVASCULAR DISEASE; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MICROALBUMINURIA; MICROANGIOPATHY; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PEDIATRICS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; PUBERTY; RACE; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; SOCIOECONOMICS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT GAIN;

ADOLESCENT; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG AND NARCOTIC CONTROL; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; LIFE STYLE;

EID: 84872602382     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0334-z     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Kaufman FR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth: a new epidemic. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;15 Suppl 2:737-44. (Pubitemid 34700348)
2. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):693-700. (Pubitemid 40616257)
3. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, et al. Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr. 2000;136(5):664-72. (Pubitemid 30318399)
4. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(3):381-9.
5. Copeland KC, Chalmers LJ, Brown RD. Type 2 diabetes in children: oxymoron or medical metamorphosis? Pediatr Ann. 2005;34(9):686-97. (Pubitemid 41297436)
6. Weiss R, Caprio S, Trombetta M, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, Bonadonna R. Beta-cell function across the spectrum of glucose tolerance in obese youth. Diabetes. 2005;54(6):1735-43. (Pubitemid 40774888)
7. Giannini C, Weiss R, Cali A, Bonadonna R, Santoro N, Pierpont B, et al. Evidence for early defects in insulin sensitivity and secretion before the onset of glucose dysregulation in obese youths: a longitudinal study. Diabetes. 2012;61(3):606-14.
8. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577-89.
9. Liese AD, D'Agostino Jr RB, Hamman RF, Kilgo PD, Lawrence JM, Liu LL, et al. The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1510-8. (Pubitemid 46393797)
10. Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino Jr RB, Imperatore G, Johansen JM, Linder B, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297(24):2716-24. (Pubitemid 47001097)
11. Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL. Type 2 diabetes in children. Curr Diab Rep. 2001;1(1):19-27.
12. Amed S, Dean HJ, Panagiotopoulos C, Sellers EA, Hadjiyannakis S, Laubscher TA, et al. Type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes in Canadian children: a prospective national surveillance study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):786-91.
13. • Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, Guandalini C, Higgins J, Hirst K, et al. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):159-67. Description of baseline characteristics of the patients in the TODAY study.
14. Copeland K, Pankratz K, Cathey V, Immohotichey P, Maddox J, Felton B, et al. Acanthosis Nigricans, insulin resistance (HOMA) and dyslipidemia among Native American children. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2006;99(1):19-24.
15. Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lamichhane AP, D'Agostino Jr RB, Liese AD, Vehik KS, et al. Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(7):1422-6.
16. Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ. Intrauterine diabetic environment confers risks for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in the offspring, in addition to genetic susceptibility. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;14(8):1085-91.
17. Bloch CA, Clemons P, Sperling MA. Puberty decreases insulin sensitivity. J Pediatr. 1987;110(3):481-7. (Pubitemid 17028062)
18. Goran MI, Gower BA. Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2001;50(11):2444-50. (Pubitemid 33642760)
19. Moran A, Jacobs Jr DR, Steinberger J, Hong CP, Prineas R, Luepker R, et al. Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children. Diabetes. 1999;48(10):2039-44. (Pubitemid 29458369)
20. Saad RJ, Danadian K, Lewy V, Arslanian SA. Insulin resistance of puberty in African-American children: lack of a compensatory increase in insulin secretion. Pediatr Diabetes. 2002;3(1):4-9. (Pubitemid 34618798)
21. Bacha F, Lee S, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. From pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in obese youth: pathophysiological characteristics along the spectrum of glucose dysregulation. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2225-31.
22. Bacha F, Gungor N, Lee S, Arslanian SA. In vivo insulin sensitivity and secretion in obese youth: what are the differences between normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):100-5.
23. Inge TH, Krebs NF, Garcia VF, Skelton JA, Guice KS, Strauss RS, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):217-23. (Pubitemid 38857589)
24. •• Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35 Suppl 1:S11-63. Provides standards of care as recommended by the ADA and is updated yearly.
25. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403. (Pubitemid 34437694)
26. Willi SM, Martin K, Datko FM, Brant BP. Treatment of type 2 diabetes in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(2):348-53. (Pubitemid 38174056)
27. Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA. Lifestyle modification for obesity: new developments in diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Circulation. 2012;125(9):1157-70.
28. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, Safford M, Knowler WC, Bertoni AG, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1481-6.
29. Giannini C, de Giorgis T, Mohn A, Chiarelli F. Role of physical exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007;20(2):173-84. (Pubitemid 46865067)
30. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Standiford D, Hamiel D, Dolan LM, Cohen R, Zeitler PS. The type 2 family: a setting for development and treatment of adolescent type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(10):1063-7. (Pubitemid 29473462)
31. Swift PG. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006-2007. Diabetes education. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(2):103-9. (Pubitemid 46629809)
32. •• Zeitler P, Hirst K, Pyle L, Linder B, Copeland K, Arslanian S, et al. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2247-56 Reports the primary outcome results of the TODAY study.
33. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. Clinical presentation and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8 Suppl 9:16-27. (Pubitemid 350066644)
34. Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, Amemiya S, Zeitler P, Klingensmith GJ. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006-2007. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9(5):512-26.
35. Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, Park JS, Tomlinson MJ. Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(1):89-94. (Pubitemid 41070789)
36. Bristol-MyersSquibbCompany. Label Information; Glucophage & Glucophage XR. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. August 27, 2008. Accessed July 24th 2012.
37. Atabek ME, Pirgon O. Use of metformin in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2008;21(4):339-48. (Pubitemid 351802726)
38. Grossman SL, Lessem J. Mechanisms and clinical effects of thiazolidinediones. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1997;6(8):1025-40. (Pubitemid 27334398)
39. GlaxoSmithKline. Avandia Prescribing Information. Food and Drug Administration. October 20,2008. www.accessdatafdagov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/ indexcfm. Accessed July 24 2012.
40. FDA. Summaries of clinical and clinical pharmacology reviews of pediatric studies. July 7, 2011. www.fdagov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/ DevelopmentResources/ucm161894htm. Accessed July 24 2012.
41. Sanofi-Aventis. Amaryl prescribing information. June 4, 2009. www.accessdatafdagov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/indexcfm. Accessed June, 24 2012.
42. •• Vaidyanathan J, Choe S, Sahajwalla CG. Type 2 diabetes in pediatrics and adults: thoughts from a clinical pharmacology perspective. J Pharm Sci. 2012;101(5):1659-71. Provides a concise overview of pharmacologic studies done in pediatrics, as compared with adults.
43. Vajo Z, Fawcett J, Duckworth WC. Recombinant DNA technology in the treatment of diabetes: insulin analogs. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(5):706-17. (Pubitemid 32955251)
44. Swan KL, Weinzimer SA, Dziura JD, Steil GM, Voskanyan GR, Steffen AT, et al. Effect of puberty on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of insulin pump therapy in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(1):44-6.
45. Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb L, Jarosz-Chobot P, Urakami T, Hanas R. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10 Suppl 12:82-99.
46. Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, Porcellati F, Bartocci L, Di Vincenzo A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes. 2000;49(12):2142-8.
47. Danne T, Datz N, Endahl L, Haahr H, Nestoris C, Westergaard L, et al. Insulin detemir is characterized by a more reproducible pharmacokinetic profile than insulin glargine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9(6):554-60.
48. • Rao RS, Kini S. Diabetic and bariatric surgery: a review of the recent trends. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(4):893-903. Latest review of results of the available data on bariatric surgery to date.
49. Inge TH, Miyano G, Bean J, Helmrath M, Courcoulas A, Harmon CM, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes mellitus and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors after surgical weight loss in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):214-22.
50. Brandt ML, Harmon CM, Helmrath MA, Inge TH, McKay SV, Michalsky MP. Morbid obesity in pediatric diabetes mellitus: surgical options and outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(11):637-45.
51. Michalsky M, Kramer RE, Fullmer MA, Polfuss M, Porter R, Ward-Begnoche W, et al. Developing criteria for pediatric/adolescent bariatric surgery programs. Pediatrics. 2011;128 Suppl 2:S65-70.
52. Al-Qahtani AR. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in adolescent: safety and efficacy. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(5):894-7. (Pubitemid 46719232)
53. Zeitler P, Epstein L, Grey M, Hirst K, Kaufman F, Tamborlane W, et al. Treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the comparative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglitazone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(2):74-87. (Pubitemid 46629807)
54. Copeland KC, el Ghormli L. Body composition during the TODAY randomized clinical trial. ADA abstract # 230-OR; 2012; Philadelphia, PA.
55. White N. Treatment and clinical course of recent-onset type 2 diabetes in youth-data from the TODAY trial. ADA symposium; 2012; Philadelphia, PA.
56. Copeland K. Treatment and clinical course of recent-onset type 2 diabetes in youth - data from the TODAY trial. ADA symposium; 2012; Philadelphia, PA.