Parasitoid polydnaviruses: evolution, pathology and applications: Dedicated to the memory of Nancy E. Beckage

Biocontrol Science and Technology

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-61

  Gundersen Rindal, Dawn ^a   Dupuy, Catherine ^b   Huguet, Elisabeth ^b   Drezen, Jean Michel ^b  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS   (France)

Author keywords

bracovirus; ichnovirus; lepidopteran host; parasitism; pathology; polydnavirus

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DNA; EVOLUTION; GENOME; INSECT; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; PARASITOID; PATHOGEN; PATHOLOGY; SURVIVAL; WASP;

UNITED STATES;

BRACOVIRUS; DNA VIRUSES; HEXAPODA; ICHNOVIRUS; LEPIDOPTERA; POLYDNAVIRIDAE;

EID: 84872578815     PISSN: 09583157     EISSN: 13600478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2012.731497     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Abhiman, S., Iyer, L.M. and Aravind, L. 2008. BEN: A Novel Domain in Chromatin Factors and DNA Viral Proteins. Bioinformatics, 24: 458-461. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn007
2. Albrecht, U., Wyler, T., Pfister-Wilhelm, R., Gruber, A., Stettler, P., Heiniger, P., Kurt, E., Schumperli, D. and Lanzrein, B. 1994. Polydnavirus of the Parasitic Wasp Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae): Characterization, Genome Organization and Time Point of Replication. Journal of General Virology, 75: 3353-3363. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-75-12-3353
3. An, C., Jiang, H. and Kanost, M.R. 2010. Proteolytic Activation and Function of the Cytokine Spatzle in the Innate Immune Response of a Lepidopteran Insect, Manduca sexta. Febs Journal, 277: 148-162. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07465.x
4. Andersen, J.N., Mortensen, O.H., Peters, G.H., Drake, P.G., Iversen, L.F., Olsen, O.H., Jansen, P.G., Andersen, H.S., Tonks, N.K. and Møller, N.P. 2001. Structural and Evolutionary Relationships among Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Domains. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 21: 7117-7136. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.21.7117-7136.2001
5. Annaheim, M. and Lanzrein, B. 2007. Genome Organization of the Chelonus inanitus Polydnavirus: Excision Sites, Spacers and Abundance of Proviral and Excised Segments. Journal of General Virology, 88: 450-457. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82396-0
6. Asgari, S., Hellers, M. and Schmidt, O. 1996. Host Haemocyte Inactivation by an Insect Parasitoid: Transient Expression of a Polydnavirus Gene. Journal of General Virology, 77: 2653-2662. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2653
7. Asgari, S., Reineke, A., Beck, M. and Schmidt, O. 2002. Isolation and Characterization of a Neprilysin-Like Protein From Venturia canescens Virus-Like Particles. Insect Molecular Biology, 11: 477-485. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00356.x
8. Asgari, S. and Schmidt, O. 2002. A Coiled-Coil Region of an Insect Immune Suppressor Protein is Involved in Binding and Uptake by Hemocytes. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 32: 497-504. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00127-8
9. Asgari, S., Schmidt, O. and Theopold, U. 1997. A Polydnavirus-Encoded Protein of an Endoparasitoid Wasp is an Immune Suppressor. Journal of General Virology, 78: 3061-3070.
10. Bae, S. and Kim, Y. 2009. IκB Genes Encoded in Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus Suppress an Antiviral Response and Enhance Baculovirus Pathogenicity Against the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 102: 79-87. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.007
11. Bai, S.F., Cai, D.Z., Li, X. and Chen, X.X. 2009. Parasitic Castration of Plutella xylostella Larvae Induced by Polydnaviruses and Venom of Cotesia vestalis and Diadegma semiclausum. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 70: 30-43. doi:10.1002/arch.20279
12. Balgopal, M.M., Dover, B.A., Goodman, W.G. and Strand, M.R. 1996. Parasitism by Microplitis demolitor Induces Alterations in the Juvenile Hormone Titers and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of its Host, Pseudoplusia includens. Journal of Insect Physiology, 42: 337-345. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(95)00111-5
13. Barandoc, K. and Kim, Y. 2009. A Technique of Segment Expression and RNA Interference (SERI) Reveals a Specific Physiological Function of a Cysteine-Rich Protein Gene Encoded in Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus. Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 19: 610-615.
14. Barandoc, K.P. and Kim, Y. 2010. Translation Inhibitory Factors Encoded in Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus Require the 5'-UTR of a Host mRNA Target. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 156: 129-136. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.03.001
15. Barandoc, K.P., Kim, J. and Kim, Y. 2010. Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus Suppresses Expression of an Antimicrobial Peptide, Cecropin, in the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella, Challenged by Bacteria. The Journal of Microbiology, 48: 117-123. doi:10.1007/s12275-009-9261-3
16. Beck, M.H., Inman, R.B. and Strand, M.R. 2007. Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Genome Segments Vary in Abundance and are Individually Packaged in Virions. Virology, 359: 179-189. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.002
17. Beck, M. and Strand, M.R. 2003. RNA Interference Silences Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Genes and Implicates glc1.8 in Disruption of Adhesion in Infected Host Cells. Virology, 314: 521-535. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00463-X
18. Beck, M. and Strand, M.R. 2005. Glc1.8 From Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Induces a Loss of Adhesion and Phagocytosis in Insect High Five and S2 Cells. Journal of Virology, 79: 1861-1870. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1861-1870.2005
19. Beck, M.H. and Strand, M.R. 2007. A Novel Polydnavirus Protein Inhibits the Insect Prophenoloxidase Activation Pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America, 104: 19267-19272. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708056104
20. Beck, M.H., Zhang, S., Bitra, K., Burke, G. and Strand, M.R. 2011. The Encapsidated Genome of Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Integrates Into the Host Pseudoplusia includens. Journal of Virology, 85: 11685-11696. doi:10.1128/JVI.05726-11
21. Beckage, N.E. and Gelman, D.B. 2004. Wasp Parasitoid Disruption of Host Development: Implications for New Biologically Based Strategies for Insect Control. Annual Review of Entomology, 49: 299-330. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123324
22. Beckage, N.E., Metcalf, J.S., Nesbit, D.J., Schleifer, K.W., Zetlan, S.R. and Buron, I.D. 1990. Host Hemolymph Monophenoloxidase Activity in Parasitized Manduca sexta Larvae and Evidence for Inhibition by Wasp Polydnavirus. Insect Biochemistry, 20: 285-294. doi:10.1016/0020-1790(90)90046-W
23. Beckage, N.E., Reed, D.A., Gelman, D.B. and Kelly, T.J. 1998. Effects of Parasitization by Cotesia congregata on the Brain-Prothoracic Gland Axis of its Host, Manduca sexta. Journal of Insect Physiology, 44: 323-332. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00112-1
24. Beckage, N.E., Tan, F., Schleifer, K.W., Lane, R.D. and Cherubin, L.L. 1994. Characterization and Biological Effects of Cotesia congregata Polydnavirus on Host Larvae of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 26: 165-195. doi:10.1002/arch.940260209
25. Béliveau, C., Laforge, M., Cusson, M. and Bellemare, G. 2000. Expression of a Tranosema rostrale Polydnavirus Gene in the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Journal of General Virology, 81: 1871-1880.
26. Béliveau, C., Levasseur, A., Stoltz, D. and Cusson, M. 2003. Three Related TrIV Genes: Comparative Sequence Analysis and Expression in Host Larvae and Cf-124T Cells. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49: 501-511. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00055-6
27. Belle, E., Beckage, N.E., Rousselet, J., Poirie, M., Lemeunier, F. and Drezen, J.M. 2002. Visualization of Polydnavirus Sequences in a Parasitoid Wasp Chromosome. Journal of Virology, 76: 5793-5796. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.11.5793-5796.2002
28. Bézier, A., Annaheim, M., Herbinière, J., Wetterwald, C., Gyapay, G., Bernard-Samain, S., Wincker, P., Roditi, I., Heller, M., Belghazi, M., Pfister-Wilhem, R., Periquet, G., Dupuy, C., Huguet, E., Volkoff, A.N., Lanzrein, B. and Drezen, J.-M. 2009. Polydnaviruses of Braconid Wasps Derive From an Ancestral Nudivirus. Science, 323: 926-930. doi:10.1126/science.1166788
29. Bézier, A., Herbiniere, J., Lanzrein, B. and Drezen, J.M. 2009. Polydnavirus Hidden Face: The Genes Producing Virus Particles of Parasitic Wasps. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101: 194-203. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.04.006
30. Bézier, A., Herbinière, J., Serbielle, C., Lesobre, J., Wincker, P., Huguet, E. and Drezen, J.-M. 2008. Bracovirus Gene Products are Highly Divergent From Insect Proteins. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 67: 172-187. doi:10.1002/arch.20219
31. Bigot, Y., Samain, S., Augé-Gouillou, C. and Federici, B.A. 2008. Molecular Evidence for the Evolution of Ichnoviruses From Ascoviruses by Symbiogenesis. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 253 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-253
32. Blissard, G.W., Theilmann, D.A. and Summers, M.D. 1989. Segment W of Campoletis sonorensis Virus: Expression, Gene Products, and Organization. Virology, 169: 78-89. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90043-3
33. Bode, W., Engh, R., Musil, D., Thiele, U., Huber, R., Karshikov, A., Brzin, J., Kos, J. and Turk, V. 1988. The 2.0 A X-ray Crystal Structure of Chicken Egg White Cystatin and its Possible Mode of Interaction With Cysteine Proteinases. The Embo Journal, 7: 2593-2599.
34. Bonvin, M., Marti, D., Wyder, S., Kojic, D., Annaheim, M. and Lanzrein, B. 2005. Cloning, Characterization and Analysis by RNA Interference of Various Genes of the Chelonus inanitus Polydnavirus. Journal of General Virology, 86: 973-983. doi:10.1099/vir.0.80833-0
35. Branca, A., Le Ru, B.P., Vavre, F., Silvain, J.F. and Dupas, S. 2010. Intraspecific Specialization of the Generalist Parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae Revealed by Polydnavirus Polymorphism and Associated With Different Wolbachia Infection. Molecular Ecology, 20: 959-971. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04977.x
36. Braunagel, S.C., Russell, W.K., Rosas-Acosta, G., Russell, D.H. and Summers, M.D. 2003. Determination of the Protein Composition of the Occlusion-Derived Virus of Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America, 100: 9797-9802. doi:10.1073/pnas.1733972100
37. Braunagel, S.C. and Summers, M.D. 2007. Molecular Biology of the Baculovirus Occlusion-Derived Virus Envelope. Current Drug Targets, 8: 1084-1095. doi:10.2174/138945007782151315
38. Chen, Y.F., Gao, F., Ye, X.Q., Wei, S.J., Shi, M., Zheng, H.J. and Chen, X.X. 2011. Deep Sequencing of Cotesia vestalis Bracovirus Reveals the Complexity of a Polydnavirus Genome. Virology, 414: 42-50. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.009
39. Cheng, T.C., Zhang, Y.L., Liu, C., Xu, P.Z., Gao, Z.H., Xia, Q.Y. and Xiang, Z.H. 2008. Identification and Analysis of Toll-Related Genes in the Domesticated Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Developmental Comparative Immunology, 32: 464-475. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2007.03.010
40. Choi, J.Y., Kwon, S.J., Roh, J.Y., Yang, T.J., Yoon, S.H., Kim, H., Li, M.S., Park, B.S., Woo, S.D., Jin, B.R., Kim, Y. and Je, Y.H. 2009. Sequence and Gene Organization of 24 Circles From the Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus Genome. Archives of Virology, 154: 1313-1327. doi:10.1007/s00705-009-0441-6
41. Choi, J.Y., Roh, J.Y., Kang, J.N., Shim, H.J., Woo, S.D., Jin, B.R., Li, M.S. and Je, Y.H. 2005. Genomic Segments Cloning and Analysis of Cotesia plutellae Polydnavirus Using Plasmid Capture System. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications, 332: 487-493. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.146
42. Clark, K.D., Garczynski, S.F., Arora, A., Crim, J.W. and Strand, M.R. 2004. Specific Residues in Plasmatocyte-Spreading Peptide are Required for Receptor Binding and Functional Antagonism of Insect Immune Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279: 33246-33252. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401157200
43. Clark, D., Pech, L.L. and Strand, M.R. 1997. Isolation and Identification of a Plasmatocyte-Spreading Peptide From the Hemolymph of the Lepidopteran Insect Pseudoplusia includens. American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 272: 23440-23447.
44. Clark, K.D., Witherell, A. and Strand, M.R. 1998. Plasmatocyte Spreading Peptide is Encoded by an mRNA Differentially Expressed in Tissues of the Moth Pseudoplusia includens. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications, 250: 479-485. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9145
45. Clavijo, G., Dorémus, T., Ravellec, M., Mannucci, M.A., Jouan, V., Volkoff, A.N. and Darboux, I. 2011. Multigenic Families in Ichnovirus: A Tissue and Host Specificity Study Through Expression Analysis of Vankyrins From Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus. Public Library of Science One, 6(11): e27522
46. Clem, R.J. and Miller, L.K. 1993. Apoptosis Reduces both the In Vitro Replication and the In Vivo Infectivity of a Baculovirus. Journal of Virology, 67: 3730-3738.
47. Cole, T.J., Beckage, N.E., Tan, F.F., Srinivasan, A. and Ramaswamy, S.B. 2002. Parasitoid-Host Endocrine Relations: Self-Reliance or Co-optation?. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 32: 1673-1679. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00107-8
48. Cooper, T.H., Bailey-Hill, K., Leifert, W.R., McMurchie, E.J., Asgari, S. and Glatz, R.V. 2011. Identification of an In Vitro Interaction Between an Insect Immune Suppressor Protein (CrV2) and G Alpha Proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286: 10466-10475. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.214726
49. Cooper, P.D. and Beckage, N.E. 2010. Effects of Starvation and Parasitism on Foregut Contraction in Larval Manduca sexta. Journal of Insect Physiology, 56: 1958-1965. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.08.016
50. Cossentine, J.E. 2009. The Parasitoid Factor in the Virulence and Spread of Lepidopteran Baculoviruses. Virologica Sinica, 24: 305-314. doi:10.1007/s12250-009-3049-9
51. Cui, L. and Webb, B.A. 1997. Campoletis sonorensis Polydnavirus W Segment Family: Integration in the Wasp Genome and Segment Nesting. Journal of Virology, 71: 8504-8513.
52. Cui, L., Soldevila, A.I. and Webb, B.A. 2000. Relationships Between Polydnavirus Gene Expression and Host Range of the Parasitoid Wasp Campoletis sonorensis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 46: 1397-1407. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00059-7
53. Cusson, M., Laforge, M., Miller, D., Cloutier, C. and Stoltz, D. 2000. Functional Significance of Parasitism-Induced Suppression of Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity in Developmentally Delayed Choristoneura fumiferana Larvae. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 117: 343-354. doi:10.1006/gcen.1999.7406
54. Cusson, M., Stoltz, D., Lapointe, R., Béliveau, C., Nisole, A., Volkoff, A.N., Drezen, J.M., Maaroufi, H. and Levesque, R.C. 2011. "Genomics of Banchine Ichnoviruses: Insights Into Their Relationship to Bracoviruses and Campoplegine Ichnoviruses". In Parasitoid Viruses, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.M. 79-87. San Diego: Elsevier.
55. Davies, D.H. and Vinson, S.B. 1988. Interference With Function of Plasmatocytes of Heliothis virescens in vivo by Calyx Fluid of the Parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis. Cell and Tissue Research, 251: 467-475. doi:10.1007/BF00215856
56. De Buron, I. and Beckage, N.E. 1992. Characterization of a Polydnavirus (PDV) and Virus-Like Filamentous Particles (VLFP) in the Braconid Wasp Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 59: 315-327.
57. Deng, L., Stoltz, D.B. and Webb, B.A. 2000. A Gene Encoding a Polydnavirus Structural Polypeptide is Not Encapsidated. Virology, 269: 440-450. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0248
58. Desjardins, C.A., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E., Hostetler, J.B., Tallon, L.J., Fadrosh, D.W., Fuester, R.W., Pedroni, M.J., Haas, B.J., Schatz, M.C., Jones, K.M., Crabtree, J., Forberger, H. and Nene, V. 2008. Comparative Genomics of Mutualistic Viruses of Glyptapanteles parasitic Wasps. Genome Biology, 9: R183 doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-12-r183
59. Desjardins, C.A., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E., Hostetler, J.B., Tallon, L.J., Fuester, R.W., Schatz, M.C., Pedroni, M.J., Fadrosh, D.W., Haas, B.J., Toms, B.S., Chen, D. and Nene, V. 2007. Structure and Evolution of a Proviral Locus of Glyptapanteles indiensis Bracovirus. BMC Microbiology, 7: 61 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-61
60. DeVinney, I., Steele-Mortimer, I. and Finlay, B.B. 2000. Phosphatases and Kinases Delivered to the Host Cell by Bacterial Pathogens. Trends in Microbiology, 8: 29-33. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01657-1
61. Dib-Hajj, S.D., Webb, B.A. and Summers, M.D. 1993. Structure and Evolutionary Implications of a "Cysteine-Rich" Campoletis sonorensis Polydnavirus Gene Family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America, 90: 3765-3769. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.8.3765
62. Doucet, D. and Cusson, M. 1996. Role of Calyx Fluid in Alterations of Immunity in Choristoneura fumiferana Larvae Parasitized by Tranosema rostrale. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 114A: 311-317.
63. Doucet, D., Levasseur, A., Béliveau, C., Lapointe, R., Stoltz, D. and Cusson, M. 2007. In vitro Integration of an Ichnovirus Genome Segment into the Genomic DNA of Lepidopteran Cells. Journal of General Virology, 88: 105-113. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82314-0
64. Dover, B.A., Tanaka, T. and Vinson, S.B. 1995. Stadium-Specific Degeneration of Host Prothoracic Glands by Campoletis sonorensis Calyx Fluid and its Association With Host Ecdysteroid Titers. Journal of Insect Physiology, 41: 947-955. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(95)00053-W
65. Drezen, J.-M., Bézier, A., Lesobre, J., Huguet, E., Cattolico, L., Periquet, G. and Dupuy, C. 2006. The Few Virus-Like Genes of Cotesia congregata Bracovirus. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 61: 110-122. doi:10.1002/arch.20108
66. Drezen, J.-M., Herniou, E. and Bézier, A. 2011. "Evolutionary Progenitors of Bracovirus". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 15-31. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
67. Duchi, S., Cavaliere, V., Fagnocchi, L., Grimaldi, M.R., Falabella, P., Graziani, F., Gigliotti, S., Pennacchio, F. and Gargiulo, G. 2010. The Impact on Microtubule Network of a Bracovirus IkappaB-Like Protein. Cellular & Molecular Life Sciences, 67: 1699-1712. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0273-2
68. Dupas, S., Carton, Y. and Poirie, M. 2003. Genetic Dimension of the Coevolution of Virulence-Resistance in Drosophila-Parasitoid Wasp Relationships. Journal of Heredity, 90: 84-89. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800182
69. Dupas, S., Gitau, C.W., Branca, A., Le Ru, B.P. and Silvain, J.F. 2008. Evolution of a Polydnavirus Gene in Relation to Parasitoid-Host Species Immune Resistance. Journal of Heredity, 99: 491-499. doi:10.1093/jhered/esn047
70. Dupas, S., Turnbull, M.W. and Webb, B.A. 2003. Diversifying Selection in a Parasitoid's Symbiotic Virus Among Genes Involved in Inhibiting Host Immunity. Immunogenetics, 55: 351-361. doi:10.1007/s00251-003-0595-4
71. Dupuy, C., Gundersen-Rindal, D. and Cusson, M. 2011. "Genomics and Replication of Polydnaviruses". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 47-61. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
72. Dupuy, C., Huguet, E. and Drezen, J.-M. 2006. Unfolding the Evolutionary Story of Polydnaviruses. Virus Research, 117: 81-89. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.001
73. Dupuy, C., Periquet, G., Serbielle, C., Bézier, A., Louis, F. and Drezen, J.-M. 2011. Transfer of a Chromosomal Maverick to Endogenous Bracovirus in a Parasitoid Wasp. Genetica, 139: 489-496. doi:10.1007/s10709-011-9569-x
74. Dushay, M.S. and Beckage, N.E. 1993. Dose-Dependent Separation of Cotesia congregata Associated Polydnavirus Effects on Manduca sexta Larval Development and Immunity. Journal of Insect Physiology, 39: 1029-1040. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(93)90127-D
75. Edson, K.M., Vinson, S.B., Stoltz, D.B. and Summers, M.D. 1981. Virus in a Parasitoid Wasp: Suppression of the Cellular Immune Response in the Parasitoid's Host. Science, 211: 582-583. doi:10.1126/science.7455695
76. Escribano, A., Williams, T., Goulson, D., Cave, R.D., Chapman, J.W. and Caballero, P. 2001. Consequences of Interspecific Competition on the Virulence and Genetic Composition of a Nucleopolyhedrovirus in Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae Parasitized by Chelonus insularis. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 11: 649-662. doi:10.1080/09583150120076193
77. Espagne, E., Douris, V., Lalmanach, G., Provost, B., Cattolico, L., Lesobre, J., Kurata, S., Iatrou, K., Drezen, J.M. and Huguet, E. 2005. A Virus Essential for Insect Host-Parasite Interactions Encodes Cystatins. Journal of Virology, 79: 9765-9776. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.15.9765-9776.2005
78. Espagne, E., Dupuy, C., Huguet, E., Cattolico, L., Provost, B., Martins, N., Poirié, M., Periquet, G. and Drezen, J.-M. 2004. Genome Sequence of a Polydnavirus: Insights Into Symbiotic Virus Evolution. Science, 306: 286-289. doi:10.1126/science.1103066
79. Etebari, K, Palfreyman, R.W., Schlipalius, D., Nielsen, L.K, Glatz, R.V. and Asgari, S. 2011. Deep Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Analysis of Plutella xylostella Larvae Parasitized by Diadegma semiclausum. BMC Genomics, 12: 446 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-446
80. Eum, J.H., Bottjen, R.C., Pruijssers, A.J., Clark, K.D. and Strand, M.R. 2010. Characterization and Kinetic Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-H2 From Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 40: 690-698. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.003
81. Falabella, P., Caccialupi, P., Varricchio, P., Malva, C. and Pennacchio, F. 2006. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases of Toxoneuron nigriceps Bracovirus as Potential Disrupters of Host Prothoracic Gland Function. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 61: 157-169. doi:10.1002/arch.20120
82. Falabella, P., Varricchio, P., Gigliotti, S., Tranfaglia, A., Pennacchio, F. and Malva, C. 2003. Toxoneuron nigriceps Polydnavirus Encodes a Putative Aspartyl Protease Highly Expressed in Parasitized Host Larvae. Insect Molecular Biology, 12: 9-17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00382.x
83. Falabella, P., Varricchio, P., Provost, B., Espagne, E., Ferrarese, R., Grimaldi, A., de Eguileor, M., Fimiani, G., Ursini, M.V., Malva, C., Drezen, J.-M. and Pennacchio, F. 2007. Characterization of the IkB-like Gene Family in Polydnaviruses Associated With Wasps Belonging to Different Braconid Subfamilies. Journal of General Virology, 88: 92-104. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82306-0
84. Fath-Goodin, A., Gill, T.A., Martin, S.B. and Webb, B.A. 2006. Effect of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus cys-Motif Proteins on Heliothis virescens Larval Development. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52: 576-585. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.02.005
85. Fath-Goodin, A., Kroemer, J., Hilgarth, R., and Webb, B. 2008, ' Enhanced Recombinant Protein Production by ParaTech's Vankyrin-Enhanced Baculovirus Expression Technology ' in Wilbio Baculovirus and Insect Cell Culture Conference, February 25-27, 2008, Seattle, WA.
86. Fath-Goodin, A., Kroemer, J.A., Martin, S.B., Reeves, K. and Webb, B.A. 2006. Polydnavirus Genes That Enhance the Baculovirus Expression Vector System. Advances in Virus Research, 68: 75-90.
87. Fath-Goodin, A., Kroemer, J.A. and Webb, B.A. 2009. The Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Vankyrin Protein P-vank-1 Inhibits Apoptosis in Insect Sf9 Cells. Insect Molecular Biology, 18: 497-506. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00892.x
88. Faye, I., and Kanost, M.R. 1998, ' Function and Regulation of Hemolin ', in Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Responses in Insects, P.T. Brey and D. Hultmark, New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 173-188.
89. Federici, B.A. and Bigot, Y. 2010. "Evolution of Immunosuppressive Organelles from DNA Viruses in Insects". In Evolutionary Biology-Concepts, Molecular and Morphological Evolution, Edited by: Pontarotti, P. 229-248. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
90. Fleming, J.G. and Summers, M.D. 1991. Polydnavirus DNA is Integrated in the DNA of its Parasitoid Wasp Host. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 88: 9770-9774. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.21.9770
91. Furukawa, S., Tanaka, H., Ishibashi, J., Imanishi, S. and Yamakawa, M. 2009. Functional Characterization of a Cactus Homolog From the Silkworm Bombyx mori. Bioscience, Biotechnologyand Biochemistry, 73: 2665-2670. doi:10.1271/bbb.90511
92. Gatti, J.-L., Schmitz, A. and Colinet, C. 2011. "Diversity of Virus-Like Particles in Parasitoids' Venom: Viral or Cellular Origin?". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 181-192. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
93. Gill, T.A., Fath-Goodin, A., Maiti, I.B. and Webb, B.A. 2006. Potential Uses of Cys-Motif and Other Polydnavirus Genes in Biotechnology. Advances in Virus Research, 68: 393-426.
94. Gillespie, J.P., Kanost, M.R. and Trenczek, T. 1997. Biological Mediators of Insect Immunity. Annual Review Entomology, 42: 611-643. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.611
95. Gitau, C.W., Dupas, S., Ngi-Song, A.J., Mbugi, J.P. and Schulthess, F. 2006. Calyx Fluid Proteins of Two Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Biotypes in Kenya: Implications to Biological Control of the Stem Borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annales de la Socieété Entomologique de France, 42: 433-441.
96. Gitau, C.W., Gundersen-Rindal, D., Pedroni, M., Mbugi, P.J. and Dupas, S. 2007. Differential Expression of the CrV1 Haemocyte Inactivation-Associated Polydnavirus Gene in the African Maize Stem Borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) Parasitized by Two Biotypes of the Endoparasitoid Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron). Journal of Insect Physiology, 53: 676-684. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.04.008
97. Grosman, A.H., Janssen, A., de Brito, E.F., Cordeiro, E.G., Colares, F., Fonseca, J.O., Lima, E.R., Pallini, A. and Sabelis, M.W. 2008. Parasitoid Increases Survival of its Pupae by Inducing Hosts to Fight Predators. Public Library of Science One, 3: e2276
98. Gruber, A., Stettler, P., Heiniger, P., Schumperli, D. and Lanzrein, B. 1996. Polydnavirus DNA of the Braconid Wasp Chelonus inanitus is Integrated in the Wasp's Genome and Excised Only in Later Pupal and Adult Stages of the Female. Journal of General Virology, 77: 2873-2879. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-11-2873
99. Guarino, L.A., Dong, W. and Jin, J. 2002. In Vitro Activity of the Baculovirus Late Expression Factor LEF-5. Journal of Virology, 76: 12663-12675. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.24.12663-12675.2002
100. Guarino, L.A., Xu, B., Jin, J. and Dong, W. 1998. A Virus-Encoded RNA Polymerase Purified From Baculovirus-Infected Cells. Journal of Virology, 72: 7985-7991.
101. Gundersen-Rindal, D. 2011. "Integration of Polydnavirus DNA Into Host Cellular Genomic DNA". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 99-113. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
102. Gundersen-Rindal, D.E. and Pedroni, M.J. 2006. Characterization and Transcriptional Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Genes and an Ankyrin Repeat Gene of the Parasitoid Glyptapanteles indiensis Polydnavirus in the Parasitized Host. Journal of General Virology, 87: 311-322. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81326-0
103. Gundersen-Rindal, D.E. and Pedroni, M.J. 2010. Larval Stage Lymantria dispar MicroRNAs Differentially Expressed in Response to Parasitization by Glyptapanteles flavicoxis Parasitoid. Archives of Virology, 155: 783-787. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0616-1
104. Harwood, S.H., Li, L., Ho, P.S., Preston, A.K. and Rohrmann, G.F. 1998. AcMNPV Late Expression Factor-5 Interacts With Itself and Contains a Zinc Ribbon Domain That is Required for Maximal Late Transcription Activity and is Homologous to Elongation Factor TFIIS. Virology, 250: 118-134. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9334
105. Hawkins, B.A., Cornel, H.V. and Hochberg, M.E. 1997. Predators, Parasitoids, and Pathogens as Mortality Agents in Phytophagous Insect Populations. Ecology, 78: 2145-2152.
106. Herniou, E.A., Olszewski, J.A., Cory, J.S. and O'Reilly, D.R. 2003. The Genome Sequence and Evolution of Baculoviruses. Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 211-234. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112756
107. Hoch, G. and Schopf, A. 2001. Effects of Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hym.: Braconidae) Parasitism, Polydnavirus, and Venom on Development of Microsporidia-Infected and Uninfected Lymantria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae) Larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 77: 37-43. doi:10.1006/jipa.2000.4987
108. Huguet, E., Serbielle, C. and Moreau, S. 2011. "Evolution and Origin of Polydnavirus Virulence Genes". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 63-78. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
109. Ibrahim, A.M., Choi, J.Y., Je, Y.H. and Kim, Y. 2007. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Encoded in Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus: Sequence Analysis, Expression Profile, and a Possible Biological Role in Host Immunosuppression. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 31: 978-990. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2006.11.005
110. Ibrahim, A.M. and Kim, Y. 2008. Transient Expression of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Encoded in Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus Inhibits Insect Cellular Immune Responses. Naturwissenschaften, 95: 25-32. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0290-7
111. Iyer, L.M., Aravind, L. and Koonin, E.V. 2001. Common Origin of Four Diverse Families of Large Eukaryotic DNA Viruses. Journal of Virology, 75: 11720-11734. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.23.11720-11734.2001
112. Jehle, J.A., Blissard, G.W., Bonning, B.C., Cory, J.S., Herniou, E.A., Rohrmann, G.F., Theilmann, D.A., Thiem, S.M. and Vlak, J.M. 2006. On the Classification and Nomenclature of Baculoviruses: A Proposal for Revision. Archives of Virology, 151: 1257-1266. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0763-6
113. Jiang, H. 2008. The Biochemical Basis of Antimicrobial Responses in Manduca sexta. Insect Science, 15: 53-66. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2008.00187.x
114. Johnson, J.A., Bitra, K., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Lynn, D.E. and Strand, M.R. 2010. The UGA-CiE1 Cell Line From Chrysodeixis includens Exhibits Characteristics of Granulocytes and is Permissive to Infection by Two Viruses. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 40: 394-404. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.03.005
115. Kamita, S.G., Nagasaka, K., Chua, J.W., Shimada, T., Mita, K., Kobayashi, M., Maeda, S. and Hammock, B.D. 2005. A Baculovirus-Encoded Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Gene Induces Enhanced Locomotory Activity in a Lepidopteran Host. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America, 102: 2584-2589. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409457102
116. Kim, Y. 2005. Identification of Host Translation Inhibitory Factor of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus on the Tobacco Budworm, Heliothis virescens. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 59: 230-244. doi:10.1002/arch.20074
117. Kroemer, J.A. and Webb, B.A. 2004. Polydnavirus Genes and Genomes: Emerging Gene Families and New Insights into Polydnavirus Replication. Annual Review of Entomology, 49: 431-456. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.072103.120132
118. Kroemer, J.A. and Webb, B.A. 2005. IκB-Related Vankyrin Genes in the Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus: Temporal and Tissue-Specific Patterns of Expression in Parasitized Heliothis virescens Lepidopteran Hosts. Journal of Virology, 79: 7617-7628. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.12.7617-7628.2005
119. Kroemer, J.A. and Webb, B.A. 2006. Divergences in Protein Activity and Cellular Localization Within the Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Vankyrin Family. Journal of Virology, 80: 12219-12228. doi:10.1128/JVI.01187-06
120. Kwon, B. and Kim, Y. 2008. Transient Expression of an EP1-Like Gene Encoded in Cotesia plutellae Bracovirus Suppresses the Hemocyte Population in the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 32: 932-42. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2008.01.005
121. Kwon, B., Song, S., Choi, J.Y., Je, Y.H. and Kim, Y. 2010. Transient Expression of Specific Cotesia plutellae Bracoviral Segments Induces Prolonged Larval Development of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella. Journal of Insect Physiology, 56: 650-8. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.01.013
122. Labropoulou, V., Douris, V., Stefanou, D., Magrioti, C., Swevers, L. and Iatrou, K. 2008. Endoparasitoid Wasp Bracovirus-Mediated Inhibition of Hemolin Function and Lepidopteran Host Immunosuppression. Cellular Microbiology, 10: 2118-28. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01195.x
123. Lapointe, R., Tanaka, K., Barney, W.E., Whitfield, J.B., Banks, J.C., Béliveau, C., Stoltz, D., Webb, B.A. and Cusson, M. 2007. Genomic and Morphological Features of a Banchine Polydnavirus: Comparison With Bracoviruses and Ichnoviruses. Journal of Virology, 81: 6491-6501. doi:10.1128/JVI.02702-06
124. Lapointe, R., Wilson, R., Vilaplana, L., O'Reilly, D.R., Falabella, P., Douris, V., Bernier-Cardou, M., Pennacchio, F., Iatrou, K., Malva, C. and Olszewski, J.A. 2005. Expression of a Toxoneuron nigriceps Polydnavirus-Encoded Protein Causes Apoptosis-Like Programmed Cell Death in Lepidopteran Insect Cells. Journal of General Virology, 86: 963-971. doi:10.1099/vir.0.80834-0
125. Lavine, M.D. and Strand, M.R. 2001. Surface Characteristics of Foreign Targets That Elicit an Encapsulation Response by the Moth Pseudoplusia includens. Journal of Insect Physiology, 47: 965-974. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(01)00071-3
126. Lavine, M.D. and Strand, M.R. 2002. Insect Hemocytes and Their Role in Immunity. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 32: 1295-309. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00092-9
127. Lavine, M.D. and Strand, M.R. 2003. Haemocytes From Pseudoplusia includens Express Multiple Alpha and Beta Integrin Subunits. Insect Molecular Biology, 12: 441-452. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00428.x
128. Levin, D.M., Breuer, L.N., Zhuang, S., Anderson, S.A., Nardi, J.B. and Kanost, M.R. 2005. A Hemocyte-Specific Integrin Required for Hemocytic Encapsulation in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 35: 369-380. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.01.003
129. Li, Y., Wang, J., Deng, R., Zhang, Q., Yang, K. and Wang, X. 2005. vlf-1 Deletion Brought AcMNPV to Defect in Nucleocapsid Formation. Virus Genes, 31: 275-284. doi:10.1007/s11262-005-3242-3
130. Li, X. and Webb, B.A. 1994. Apparent Functional Role for a Cysteine-Rich Polydnavirus Protein in Suppression of the Insect Cellular Immune Response. Journal of Virology, 68: 7482-7489.
131. Ling, E. and Yu, X.Q. 2006. Hemocytes From the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta Have Distinct Functions in Phagocytosis of Foreign Particles and Self Dead Cells. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 30: 301-309. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2005.05.006
132. Lu, Z., Beck, M.H. and Strand, M.R. 2010. Egf1.5 is a Second Phenoloxidase Cascade Inhibitor Encoded by Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 40: 497-505. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.04.009
133. Lu, Z., Beck, M.H., Wang, Y., Jiang, H. and Strand, M.R. 2008. The Viral Protein Egf1.0 is a Dual Activity Inhibitor of Prophenoloxidase-Activating Proteinases 1 And 3 From Manduca sexta. Journal Biological Chemistry, 283: 21325-21333. doi:10.1074/jbc.M801593200
134. Luo, K. and Pang, Y. 2006. Spodoptera litura Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus Inhibits Microplitis bicoloratus Polydnavirus-Induced Host Granulocytes Apoptosis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52: 795-806. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.04.007
135. Lynn, D.E. 2007. "Available Lepidopteran Insect Cell Lines". In Methods in Molecular Biology Series: Baculovirus and Insect Cell Expression Protocols, Edited by: Murhammer, D.W. 117-144. New York: Springer.
136. Maiti, I.B., Dey, N., Pattanaik, S., Dahlman, D.L., Rana, R.L. and Webb, B.A. 2003. Antibiosis-Type Insect Resistance in Transgenic Plants Expressing a Teratocyte Secretory Protein (TSP14) Gene From a Hymenopteran Endoparasite (Microplitis croceipes). Plant Biotechnology Journal, 1: 209-219. doi:10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00019.x
137. Marti, D., Grossniklaus-Burgin, C., Wyder, S., Wyler, T. and Lanzrein, B. 2003. Ovary Development and Polydnavirus Morphogenesis in the Parasitic Wasp Chelonus inanitus. I. Ovary Morphogenesis, Amplification of Viral DNA and Ecdysteroid Titers. Journal of General Virology, 84: 1141-1150. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18832-0
138. Matsumoto, H., Noguchi, H. and Hayakawa, Y. 1998. Primary Cause of Mortality in the Armyworm Larvae Simultaneously Parasitized by Parasitic Wasp and Infected With Bacteria. European Journal of Biochemistry, 252: 299-304. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520299.x
139. McCoy, E.D. and Frank, J.H. 2010. How Should the Risk Associated With the Introduction of Biological Control Agents be Estimated?. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 12: 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00446.x
140. McLachlin, J.R. and Miller, L.K. 1994. Identification and Characterization of vlf-1, a Baculovirus Gene Involved in Very Late Gene Expression. Journal of Virology, 68: 7746-7756.
141. McNeil, J., Cox-Foster, D., Slavicek, J. and Hoover, K. 2010. Contributions of Immune Responses to Developmental Resistance in Lymantria dispar Challenged With Baculovirus. Journal Insect Physiology, 56: 1167-1177. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.03.020
142. Mirth, C.K. and Riddiford, L.M. 2007. Size Assessment and Growth Control: How Adult Size is Determined in Insects. Bioessays, 29: 344-355. doi:10.1002/bies.20552
143. Moran, N.A. 2007. Symbiosis as an Adaptive Process and Source of Phenotypic Complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America, 104: 8627-8633. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611659104
144. Moreau, S., Huguet, E. and Drezen, J.-M. 2009. "Polydnaviruses as Tools to Deliver Wasp Virulence Factors to Impair Lepidopteran Host Immunity". In Insect Infection and Immunity, Evolution, Ecology and Mechanisms, Edited by: Reynolds, S. and Rolff, J. 137-158. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
145. Murphy, N., Banks, J.C., Whitfield, J.B. and Austin, A.D. 2008. Phylogeny of the Parasitic Microgastroid Subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Based on Sequence Data From Seven Genes, With an Improved Time Estimate of the Origin of the Lineage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47: 378-395. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.022
146. Nardi, J.B., Pilas, B., Bee, C.M., Zhuang, S., Garsha, K. and Kanost, M.R. 2006. Neuroglian-Positive Plasmatocytes of Manduca sexta and the Initiation of Hemocyte Attachment to Foreign Surfaces. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 30: 447-462. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.026
147. Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. and Stouthamert, R. 1998. Suitability of Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for the Development of Two Populations of Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Kenya. Biological Control, 12: 208-214. doi:10.1006/bcon.1998.0628
148. Norton, W.N. and Vinson, S.B. 1983. Correlating the Initiation of Virus Replication With a Specific Pupal Developmental Phase of an Ichneumonid Parasitoid. Cell and Tissue Research, 231: 387-398. doi:10.1007/BF00222189
149. Parkinson, N., Conyers, C. and Smith, I. 2002. A Venom Protein From the Endoparasitoid Wasp Pimpla hypochondriaca is Similar to Snake Venom Reprolysin-Type Metalloproteases. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 79: 129-131. doi:10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00033-2
150. Pasquier-Barre, F., Dupuy, C., Huguet, E., Monteiro, F., Moreau, A., Poirié, M. and Drezen, J.-M. 2002. Polydnavirus Replication: The EP1 Segment of the Parasitoid Wasp Cotesia congregata is Amplified Within a Larger Precursor Molecule. Journal of General Virology, 83: 2035-2045.
151. Passarelli, A.L. and Miller, L.K. 1993. Identification of Genes Encoding Late Expression Factors Located Between 56.0 And 65.4 Map Units of the Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Genome. Virology, 197: 704-714. doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1646
152. Pech, L.L. and Strand, M.R. 1996. Granular Cells are Required for Encapsulation of Foreign Targets by Insect Haemocytes. Journal of Cell Science, 109: 2053-2060.
153. Pennacchio, F., Falabella, P. and Vinson, S.B. 1998. Regulation of Heliothis virescens Prothoracic Glands by Cardiochiles nigriceps Polydnavirus. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 38: 1-10.
154. Pennacchio, F. and Strand, M.R. 2006. Evolution of Developmental Strategies in Parasitic Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 51: 233-58. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029
155. Perera, O., Green, T.B., Stevens, S.M. Jr, White, S. and Becnel, J.J. 2007. Proteins Associated With Culex nigripalpus Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occluded Virions'. Journal of Virology, 81: 4585-4590. doi:10.1128/JVI.02391-06
156. Pfister-Wilhelm, R. and Lanzrein, B. 2009. Stage dependent influences of polydnaviruses and the parasitoid larva on host ecdysteroids. Journal of Insect Physiology, 55: 707-715. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.018
157. Price, D.R., Bell, H.A., Hinchliffe, G., Fitches, E., Weaver, R. and Gatehouse, J.A. 2009. A Venom Metalloproteinase From the Parasitic Wasp Eulophus pennicornis is Toxic Towards its Host, Tomato Moth (Lacanobia oleracae). Insect Molecular Biology, 18: 195-202. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00864.x
158. Provost, B., Jouan, V., Hilliou, F., Delobel, P., Bernardo, P., Ravallec, M., Cousserans, F., Wajnberg, E., Darboux, I., Fournier, P., Strand, M.R. and Volkoff, A.N. 2011. Lepidopteran Transcriptome Analysis Following Infection by Phylogenetically Unrelated Polydnaviruses Highlights Differential and Common Responses. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 41: 582-591. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.03.010
159. Provost, B., Varricchio, P., Arana, E., Espagne, E., Falabella, P., Huguet, E., La Scaleia, R., Cattolico, L., Poirie, M., Malva, C., Olszewski, J.A., Pennacchio, F. and Drezen, J.M. 2004. Bracoviruses Contain a Large Multigene Family Coding for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Journal of Virology, 78: 13090-130103. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.23.13090-13103.2004
160. Pruijssers, A.J., Falabella, P., Eum, J.H., Pennacchio, F., Brown, M.R. and Strand, M.R. 2009. Infection by a Symbiotic Polydnavirus Induces Wasting and Inhibits Metamorphosis of the Moth Pseudoplusia includens. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 212: 2998-3006. doi:10.1242/jeb.030635
161. Pruijssers, A.J. and Strand, M.R. 2007. PTP-H2 and PTP-H3 From Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Localize to Focal Adhesions and are Antiphagocytic in Insect Immune Cells. Journal of Virology, 81: 1209-1219. doi:10.1128/JVI.02189-06
162. Quicke, D.L.J., Fitton, M.G., Notton, D.G., Broad, G.R. and Dolphin, K. 2000. "Phylogeny of the Subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera): A Simultaneous Molecular and Morphological Analysis". In Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control, Edited by: Austin, A.D. and Dowton, M. 74-83. Collingwood, VIC: CSIRO Publishing.
163. Rasoolizadeh, A., Béliveau, C., Stewart, D., Cloutier, C. and Cusson, M. 2009. Tranosema rostrale Ichnovirus Repeat Element Genes Display Distinct Transcriptional Patterns in Caterpillar and Wasp Hosts. Journal of General Virology, 90: 1505-1514. doi:10.1099/vir.0.008664-0
164. Rasoolizadeh, A., Dallaire, F., Stewart, D., Béliveau, C., Lapointe, R. and Cusson, M. 2009. Global Transcriptional Profile of Tranosema rostrale Ichnovirus Genes in Infected Lepidopteran Hosts and Wasp Ovaries. Virologica Sinica, 24: 478-492. doi:10.1007/s12250-009-3050-3
165. Rattanadechakul, W. and Webb, B.A. 2003. Characterization of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Unique Segment B and Excision Locus Structure. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49: 523-532. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00053-2
166. Rawlings, N.D., Tolle, D.P. and Barrett, A.J. 2004. Evolutionary Families of Peptidase Inhibitors. Biochemical Journal, 378: 705-716. doi:10.1042/BJ20031825
167. Reed, D.A. and Beckage, N.E. 1997. Inhibition of Testicular Growth and Development in Manduca sexta Larvae Parasitized by the Braconid Wasp Cotesia congregata. Journal of Insect Physiology, 43: 29-38. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(96)00080-7
168. Reed, D.A., Loeb, M.J. and Beckage, N.E. 1997. Inhibitory Effects of Parasitism by the Gregarious Endoparasitoid Cotesia congregata on Host Testicular Development. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 36: 95-114.
169. Rivkin, H., Kroemer, J.A., Bronshtein, A., Belausov, E., Webb, B.A. and Chejanovsky, N. 2006. Response of Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Spodoptera littoralis Larvae to Baculovirus Infection. Journal of General Virology, 87: 2217-2225. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81918-0
170. Rohrmann, G.F. 2008. Baculovirus Molecular Biology, Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information.
171. Romeis, J., Van Dreisch, R.G. and Barratt, B.I. 2008. "Insect Resistant Transgenic Crops and Biological Control". In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops Within IPM Programs, Edited by: Romeis, J., Shelton, A.M. and Kennedy, G. 87-118. New York: Springer.
172. Russell, R.L. and Rohrmann, G.F. 1997. Characterization of P91, a Protein Associated With Virions of an Orgyia pseudotsugata Baculovirus. Virology, 233: 210-223. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8599
173. Ryan, K.M., Ernst, M.K., Rice, N.R. and Vousden, K.H. 2000. Role of NF-kappaB in p53-Mediated Programmed Cell Death. Nature, 404: 892-897. doi:10.1038/35009130
174. Savary, S., Beckage, N., Tan, F., Periquet, G. and Drezen, J.M. 1997. Excision of the Polydnavirus Chromosomal Integrated EP1 Sequence of the Parasitoid Wasp Cotesia congregata (Braconidae, Microgastrinae) at Potential Recombinase Binding Sites. Journal of General Virology, 78: 3125-3134.
175. Savary, S., Drezen, J.M., Tan, F., Beckage, N.E. and Periquet, G. 1999. The Excision of Polydnavirus Sequences From the Genome of the Wasp Cotesia congregata (Braconidae, microgastrinae) is Developmentally Regulated But Not Strictly Restricted to the Ovaries in the Adult. Insect Molecular Biology, 8: 319-327. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.83130.x
176. Schmidt, O., Theopold, U. and Strand, M. 2001. Innate Immunity and its Evasion and Suppression by Hymenopteran Endoparasitoids. Bioessays, 23: 344-351. doi:10.1002/bies.1049
177. Serbielle, C., Chowdhury, S., Pichon, S., Dupas, S., Lesobre, J., Purisima, E.O., Drezen, J.M. and Huguet, E. 2008. Viral Cystatin Evolution and Three-Dimensional Structure Modeling: A Case of Directional Selection Acting on a Viral Protein Involved in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction. BMC Biology, 6: 38 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-38
178. Serbielle, C., Dupas, S., Perdereau, E., Héricourt, F., Dupuy, C., Huguet, E., and Drezen, J.-M. Evolutionary Mechanisms Driving the Evolution of a Large Polydnavirus Gene Family Coding for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, BMC Evolutionary Biology (in revision).
179. Serbielle, C., Moreau, S., Veillard, F., Voldoire, E., Bezier, A., Mannucci, M.A., Volkoff, A.N., Drezen, J.M., Lalmanach, G. and Huguet, E. 2009. Identification of Parasite-Responsive Cysteine Proteases in Manduca sexta. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 390: 493-502.
180. Shelby, K.S., Adeyeye, O.A., Okot-Kotber, B.M. and Webb, B.A. 2000. Parasitism-Linked Block of Host Plasma Melanization. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 75: 218-225. doi:10.1006/jipa.2000.4925
181. Shelby, K.S., Cui, L. and Webb, B.A. 1998. Polydnavirus-Mediated Inhibition of Lysozyme Gene Expression and the Antibacterial Response. Insect Molecular Biology, 7: 265-272. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.1998.00071.x
182. Shelby, K.S. and Webb, B.A. 1994. Polydnavirus Infection Inhibits Synthesis of an Insect Plasma Protein, Arylphorin. Journal of General Virology, 75: 2285-2292. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-75-9-2285
183. Shelby, K.S. and Webb, B.A. 1997. Polydnavirus Infection Inhibits Translation of Specific Growth-Associated Host Proteins. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 27: 263-270. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00095-1
184. Shelby, K.S. and Webb, B.A. 1999. Polydnavirus-Mediated Suppression of Insect Immunity. Journal of Insect Physiology, 45: 507-514. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00144-9
185. Shi, M., Chen, Y.F., Huang, F., Liu, P.C., Zhou, X.P. and Chen, X.X. 2008. Characterization of a Novel Gene Encoding Ankyrin Repeat Domain From Cotesia vestalis Polydnavirus (CvBV). Virology, 375: 374-82. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.027
186. Sklan, E.H., Staschke, K., Oakes, T.M., Elazar, M., Winters, M., Aroeti, B., Danieli, T. and Glenn, J.S. 2007. A Rab-GAP TBC Domain Protein Binds Hepatitis C Virus NS5A and Mediates Viral Replication. Journal of Virology, 81: 11096-11105. doi:10.1128/JVI.01249-07
187. Smagghe, G., Goodman, C.L. and Stanley, D. 2009. Insect Cell Culture and Applications to Research and Pest Management. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology, 45: 93-105. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9181-x
188. Soller, M. and Lanzrein, B. 1996. Polydnavirus and Venom of the Egg-Larval Parasitoid Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae) Induce Developmental Arrest in the Prepupa of its Host Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 42: 471-481. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(95)00132-8
189. Song, K.H., Jung, M.K., Eum, J.H., Hwang, I.C. and Han, S.S. 2008. Proteomic Analysis of Parasitized Plutella xylostella Larvae Plasma. Journal of Insect Physiology, 54: 1270-1280. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.06.010
190. Stettler, P., Trenczek, T., Wyler, T., Pfister-Wilhelm, R. and Lanzrein, B. 1998. Overview of Parasitism Associated Effects on Host Haemocytes in Larval Parasitoids and Comparison With Effects of the Egg-Larval Parasitoid Chelonus inanitus on its Host Spodoptera littoralis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 44: 817-831. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00014-6
191. Stoltz, D.B. 1990. Evidence for Chromosomal Transmission of Polydnavirus DNA. Journal of General Virology, 71: 1051-1056. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-5-1051
192. Stoltz, D.B. and Cook, D. 1983. Inhibition of Host Phenoloxidase Activity by Parasitoid Hymenoptera. Experientia, 39: 1022-1024. doi:10.1007/BF01989783
193. Stoltz, D.B. and Guzo, D. 1986. Apparent Haemocytic Transformation Associated With Parasitoid Induced Inhibition of Immunity in Malacosoma disstria Larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 32: 377-388. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(86)90051-X
194. Stoltz, D. and Makkay, A. 2003. Overt Viral Diseases Induced From Apparent Latency Following Parasitization by the Ichneumonid Wasp, Hyposoter exiguae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49: 483-489. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00050-7
195. Stoltz, D.B. and Vinson, S.B. 1977. Baculoviruslike Particles in the Reproductive Tracts of Female Parasitoid Wasps. II. The genus Apanteles. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 23(1): 28-37. doi:10.1139/m77-004
196. Stoltz, D.B. and Vinson, S.B. 1979. Viruses and Parasitism in Insects. Advances in Virus Research, 24: 125-171.
197. Stoltz, D.B., Vinson, S.B. and MacKinnon, E.A. 1976. Baculovirus-Like Particles in the Reproductive Tracts of Female Parasitoid Wasps. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 22: 1013-1023. doi:10.1139/m76-148
198. Strand, M.R. 1994. Microplitis demolitor Polydnavirus Infects and Expresses in Specific Morphotypes of Pseudoplusia includens Haemocytes. Journal of General Virology, 75: 3007-3020. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-75-11-3007
199. Strand, M.R. 2008. The Insect Cellular Immune Response. Insect Science, 15: 1-14. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2008.00183.x
200. Strand, M.R. 2010a. "The Interactions Between Polydnavirus-Carrying Parasitoids and Their Lepidopteran Hosts". In Molecular Biology and Genetics of the Lepidoptera, Edited by: Goldsmith, M. and Marec, F. 321-336. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
201. Strand, M.R. 2010b. "Polydnaviruses". In Insect Virology, Edited by: Asgari, S. and Johnson, K. 171-197. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
202. Strand, M.R., Beck, M.H. and Lavine, M.D. 2006. Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Inhibits Phagocytosis by Hemocytes From Pseudoplusia includens. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 61: 134-145. doi:10.1002/arch.20107
203. Strand, M.R. and Casas, J. 2007. "Parasitoid and Host Nutritional Physiology in Behavioral Ecology". In Parasitoid Behavioral Ecology, Edited by: Wajnberg, E., van Alphen, J. and Bernstein, C. 113-128. Oxford: Blackwell Press.
204. Strand, M.R. and Clark, K.D. 1999. Plasmatocyte Spreading Peptide Induces Spreading of Plasmatocytes But Represses Spreading of Granulocytes. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 42: 213-223.
205. Strand, M.R., McKenzie, D.I., Grassl, V., Dover, B.A. and Aiken, J.M. 1992. Persistence and Expression of Microplitis demolitor Polydnavirus in Pseudoplusia includens. The Journal of General Virology, 73: 1627-1635. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-73-7-1627
206. Strand, M.R. and Noda, T. 1991. Alterations in the Haemocytes of Pseudoplusia includens After Parasitism by Microplitis demolitor. Journal of Insect Physiology, 37: 839-850. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(91)90080-J
207. Strand, M.R. and Pech, L.L. 1995a. Microplitis demolitor Polydnavirus Induces Apoptosis of a Specific Haemocyte Morphotype in Pseudoplusia includens. Journal of General Virology, 76: 283-291. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-76-2-283
208. Strand, M.R. and Pech, L.P. 1995b. Immunological Basis for Compatibility in Parasitoid-Host Relationships. Annual Review of Entomology, 40: 31-56. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.000335
209. Strand, M.R., Witherell, R.A. and Trudeau, D. 1997. Two Microplitis demolitor Polydnavirus mRNAs Expressed in Hemocytes of Pseudoplusia includens Contain a Common Cysteine-Rich Domain. Journal of Virology, 71: 2146-56.
210. Suderman, R.J., Pruijssers, A.J. and Strand, M.R. 2008. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-H2 From a Polydnavirus Induces Apoptosis of Insect Cells. Journal of General Virology, 89: 1411-20. doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/000307-0
211. Tanaka, T. 1987. Morphological Changes in Haemocytes of the Host, Pseudaletia separata, Parasitized by Microplitis mediator or Apanteles kariyai. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 11: 57-67. doi:10.1016/0145-305X(87)90008-5
212. Tanaka, K., Lapointe, R., Barney, W.E., Makkay, A.M., Stoltz, D., Cusson, M. and Webb, B.A. 2007. Shared and Species-Specific Features Among Ichnovirus Genomes. Virology, 363: 26-35. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.034
213. Terenius, O., Bettencourt, R., Lee, S.Y., Li, W., Soderhall, K. and Faye, I. 2007. RNA Interference of Hemolin Causes Depletion of Phenoloxidase Activity in Hyalophora cecropia. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 31: 571-575. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2006.09.006
214. Theilmann, D.A. and Summers, M.D. 1987. Physical Analysis of Campoletis sonorensis Virus Multipartite Genome and Identification of a Family of Tandemly Repeated Elements. Journal of Virology, 61: 2589-2598.
215. Thoetkiattikul, H., Beck, M.H. and Strand, M.R. 2005. Inhibitor κB-Like Proteins From a Polydnavirus Inhibit NF-κB Activation and Suppress the Insect Immune Response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America, 102: 11426-11431. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505240102
216. Trudeau, D., Washburn, J.O. and Volkman, L.E. 2001. Central Role of Hemocytes in Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. Journal of Virology, 75: 996-1003. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.2.996-1003.2001
217. Turnbull, M.W., Volkoff, A.N., Webb, B.A. and Phelan, P. 2005. Functional Gap Junction Genes are Encoded by Insect Viruses. Current Biology, 15: R491-R492. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.052
218. Urwin, P.E., McPherson, M.J. and Atkinson, H.J. 1998. Enhanced Transgenic Plant Resistance to Nematodes by Dual Proteinase Inhibitor Constructs. Planta, 204: 472-479. doi:10.1007/s004250050281
219. Vanarsdall, A.L., Mikhailov, V.S. and Rohrmann, G.F. 2007. Baculovirus DNA Replication and Processing. Current Drug Targets, 8: 1096-1102. doi:10.2174/138945007782151397
220. Vanarsdall, A.L., Okano, K. and Rohrmann, G.F. 2006. Characterization of the Role of Very Late Expression Factor 1 in Baculovirus Capsid Structure and DNA Processing. Journal of Virology, 80: 1724-1733. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.4.1724-1733.2006
221. Vigdorovich, V., Miller, A.D. and Strong, R.K. 2007. Ability of Hyaluronidase 2 to Degrade Extracellular Hyaluronan is not Required for its Function as a Receptor for Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus. Journal of Virology, 81: 3124-3129. doi:10.1128/JVI.02177-06
222. Vinson, S.B. 1990. Physiological Interactions Between the Host Genus Heliothis and its Guild of Parasitoids. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 13: 63-81. doi:10.1002/arch.940130107
223. Volkoff, A.N., Béliveau, C., Rocher, J., Hilgarth, R., Levasseur, A., Duonor-Cérutti, C., Cusson, M. and Webb, B.A. 2002. Evidence for a Conserved Polydnavirus Gene Family: Ichnovirus Homologs of the CsIV Repeat Element Genes. Virology, 300: 316-331. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1535
224. Volkoff, A.-N., Drezen, J.-M., Cusson, M. and Webb, B. 2011. "The Organization of Genes Encoding Ichnovirus Structural Proteins". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 33-45. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
225. Volkoff, A.N., Jouan, V., Urbach, S., Samain, S., Bergoin, M., Wincker, P., Demettre, E., Cousserans, F., Provost, B., Coulibaly, F., Legeai, F., Béliveau, C., Cusson, M., Gyapay, G. and Drezen, J.-M. 2010. Analysis of Virion Structural Components Reveals Vestiges of the Ancestral Ichnovirus Genome. Public Library of Science: Pathogens, 6: e1000923
226. Volkoff, A.N., Ravallec, M., Bossy, J., Cerutti, P., Rocher, J., Cerutti, M. and Devauchelle, G. 1995. The Replication of Hyposoter didymator Polydnavirus: Cytopathology of the Calyx Cells in the Parasitoid. Biology of the Cell, 83: 1-13. doi:10.1016/0248-4900(96)89926-6
227. Volkoff, A.N., Rocher, J., Cérutti, P., Ohresser, M.C., d'Aubenton-Carafa, Y., Devauchelle, G. and Duonor-Cérutti, M. 2001. Persistent Expression of a Newly Characterized Hyposoter didymator Polydnavirus Gene in Long-term Infected Lepidopteran Cell Lines. Journal of General Virology, 82: 963-969.
228. Wang, Y., Bininda-Emonds, O.R., van Oers, M.M., Vlak, J.M. and Jehle, J.A. 2011. The Genome of Oryctes rhinoceros Nudivirus Provides Novel Insight into the Evolution of Nuclear Arthropod-Specific Large Circular Double-Stranded DNA Viruses. Virus Genes, 42: 444-56. doi:10.1007/s11262-011-0589-5
229. Wang, Y. and Jehle, J.A. 2009. Nudiviruses and Other Large, Double-Stranded Circular DNA Viruses of Invertebrates: New Insights on an Old Topic. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101: 187-193. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.03.013
230. Washburn, J.O., Haas-Stapleton, E.J., Tan, F.T., Beckage, N.E. and Volkman, L.E. 2000. Co-infection of Manduca sexta Larvae With Polydnavirus From Cotesia congregata Increases the Susceptibility to Fatal Infection by Autographica californica M Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus. Journal of Insect Physiology, 46: 179-190. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00115-8
231. Washburn, J.O., Kirkpatrick, B.A. and Volkman, L.E. 1996. Insect Protection Against Viruses. Nature, 383: 767 doi:10.1038/383767a0
232. Webb, B.A. 1998. "Polydnavirus Biology, Genome Structure, and Evolution". In The Insect Viruses, Edited by: Miller, L.K. and Ball, L.A. 105-139. New York: Plenum Press.
233. Webb, B.A. and Cui, L. 1998. Relationships between Polydnavirus Genomes and Viral Gene Expression. Journal of Insect Physiology, 44: 785-793. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00011-0
234. Webb, B. and Luckhart, S. 1996. Factors Mediating Short- and Long Term Immune Suppression in a Parasitized Insect. Journal of Insect Physiology, 42: 33-40. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(95)00080-1
235. Webb, B.A. and Strand, M.R. 2005. "The Biology and Genomic of Polydnaviruses". In Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, Edited by: Gilbert, L., Iatrou, K. and Gill, S.S. 323-360. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
236. Webb, B.A., Strand, M.R., Dickey, S.E., Beck, M.H., Hilgarth, R.S., Barney, W.E., Kadash, K., Kroemer, J.A., Lindstrom, K.G., Rattanadechakul, W., Shelby, K.S., Thoetkiattikul, H., Turnbull, M.W. and Witherell, R.A. 2006. Polydnavirus Genomes Reflect Their Dual Roles as Mutualists and Pathogens. Virology, 347: 160-174. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.010
237. Weber, B., Annaheim, M. and Lanzrein, B. 2007. Transcriptional Analysis of Polydnaviral Genes in the Course of Parasitization Reveals Segment-Specific Patterns. Archives of Insect Biochemistry & Physiology, 66: 9-22. doi:10.1002/arch.20190
238. Wetterwald, C., Roth, T., Kaeslin, M., Annaheim, M., Wespi, G., Heller, M., Maser, P., Roditi, I., Pfister-Wilhelm, R., Bézier, A., Gyapay, G., Drezen, J.-M. and Lanzrein, B. 2010. Identification of Bracovirus Particle Proteins and Analysis of Their Transcript Levels at the Stage of Virion Formation. Journal of General Virology, 91: 2610-2619. doi:10.1099/vir.0.022699-0
239. Whitfield, J.B. 2002. Estimating the Age of the Polydnavirus/Braconid Wasp Symbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science Unites States of America, 99: 7508-7513. doi:10.1073/pnas.112067199
240. Whitfield, J. and O'Connor, J. 2011. "Molecular Systematics of Wasp and Polydnavirus Genomes and Their Co-Evolution". In Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens, Edited by: Beckage, N. and Drezen, J.-M. 89-97. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
241. Wu, W., Lin, T., Pan, L., Yu, M., Li, Z., Pang, Y. and Yang, K. 2006. Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Nucleocapsid Assembly is Interrupted Upon Deletion of the 38K Gene. Journal of Virology, 80: 11475-11485. doi:10.1128/JVI.01155-06
242. Wyder, S., Tschannen, A., Hochuli, A., Gruber, A., Saladin, V., Zumbach, S. and Lanzrein, B. 2002. Characterization of Chelonus inanitus Polydnavirus Segments: Sequences and Analysis, Excision Site and Demonstration of Clustering. Journal of General Virology, 83: 247-256.
243. Wyler, T. and Lanzrein, B. 2003. Ovary Development and Polydnavirus Morphogenesis in the Parasitic Wasp Chelonus inanitus. II. Ultrastructural Analysis of Calyx Cell Development, Virion Formation and Release. Journal of General Virology, 84: 1151-1163. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18830-0
244. Xu, D. and Stoltz, D. 1993. Polydnavirus Genome Segment Families in the Inchneumonid Parasitoid Hyposoter fugitivus. Journal of Virology, 67: 1340-1349.
245. Yang, S. and Miller, L.K. 1998. Expression and Mutational Analysis of the Baculovirus Very Late Factor 1 (vlf-1) Gene. Virology, 245: 99-109. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9152
246. Yu, X.Q., Jiang, H., Wang, Y. and Kanost, M.R. 2003. Nonproteolytic Serine Proteinase Homologs are Involved in Prophenoloxidase Activation in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 33: 197-208. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00191-1
247. Zhang, J. 2003. Evolution by Gene Duplication, an Update. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18: 292-297. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00033-8
248. Zhuang, S., Kelo, L., Nardi, J.B. and Kanost, M.R. 2007a. An Integrin-Tetraspanin Interaction Required for Cellular Innate Immune Responses of an Insect, Manduca sexta. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282: 22563-22572. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700341200
249. Zhuang, S., Kelo, L., Nardi, J.B. and Kanost, M.R. 2007b. Neuroglian on Hemocyte Surfaces is Involved in Homophilic and Heterophilic Interactions of the Innate Immune System of Manduca sexta. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 31: 1159-1167. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2007.03.002
250. Zhuang, S., Kelo, L., Nardi, J.B. and Kanost, M.R. 2008. Multiple Alpha Subunits of Integrin are Involved in Cell-Mediated Responses of the Manduca Immune System. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 32: 365-379. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2007.07.007
251. Zitnan, D., Kingan, T.G. and Beckage, N.E. 1995a. Parasitism-Induced Accumulation of FRMF Amide-Like Peptides in the Gut Innervation and Endocrine Cells of Manduca sexta. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 25: 669-678. doi:10.1016/0965-1748(95)00006-H
252. Zitnan, D., Kingan, T.G., Kramer, S.J. and Beckage, N.E. 1995b. Accumulation of Neuropeptides in the Cerebral Neurosecretory System of Manduca sexta Larvae Parasitized by the Braconid Wasp Cotesia congregata. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 356: 83-100. doi:10.1002/cne.903560106
253. Zou, Z., Najar, F., Wang, Y., Roe, B. and Jiang, H. 2008. Pyrosequence Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags for Manduca sexta Hemolymph Proteins Involved in immune responses. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 38: 677-682. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.03.009