Metamorphosis in Teleosts

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 103, Issue , 2013, Pages 127-165

  McMenamin, Sarah K ^a   Parichy, David M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Larva to juvenile transition; Marine larvae; Postembryonic development; Smoltification; Teleost; Thyroid hormone; Zebrafish

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872574291     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385979-2.00005-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (199)

1. ágústsson T., Sundell K., Sakamoto T., Johansson V., Ando M., Bjornsson B.T. Growth hormone endocrinology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Pituitary gene expression, hormone storage, secretion and plasma levels during parr-smolt transformation. The Journal of Endocrinology 2001, 170:227-234.
2. Alt B., Reibe S., Feitosa N.M., Elsalini O.A., Wendl T., Rohr K.B. Analysis of origin and growth of the thyroid gland in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 2006, 235:1872-1883.
3. Andersen Ø., Dahle S.W., van Nes S., Bardal T., Tooming-Klunderud A., Kjørsvik E., et al. Differential spatio-temporal expression and functional diversification of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD1 and MyoD2 in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 2009, 154:93-101.
4. Arai T., Otake T., Tsukamoto K. Drastic changes in otolith microstructure and microchemistry accompanying the onset of metamorphosis in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1997, 161:17-22.
5. Aroua S., Schmitz M., Baloche S., Vidal B., Rousseau K., Dufour S. Endocrine evidence that silvering, a secondary metamorphosis in the eel, is a pubertal rather than a metamorphic event. Neuroendocrinology 2005, 82:221-232.
6. Baggerman B. Salinity preference, thyroid activity and the seaward migration of four species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1960, 17:295-322.
7. Balon E.K. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: The development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews 1990, 1:1-48.
8. Balon E.K. Alternative ways to become a juvenile or a definitive phenotype (and on some persisting linguistic offenses). Environmental Biology of Fishes 1999, 56:17-38.
9. Bao B., Ke Z., Xing J., Peatman E., Liu Z., Xie C., et al. Proliferating cells in suborbital tissue drive eye migration in flatfish. Developmental Biology 2011, 351:200-207.
10. Bird N.C., Mabee P.M. Developmental morphology of the axial skeleton of the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae). Developmental Dynamics 2003, 228:337-357.
11. Björnsson B.T., Einarsdottir I.E., Power D. Is salmon smoltification an example of vertebrate metamorphosis? Lessons learnt from work on flatfish larval development. Aquaculture 2012, 28:264-272.
12. Björnsson B.T., Stefansson S.O., McCormick S.D. Environmental endocrinology of salmon smoltification. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2011, 170:290-298.
13. Boeuf G. Salmonid smolting: A pre-adaptation to the oceanic environment. Fish ecophysiology 1993, Vol. 9:105-125. Chapman & Hall, London.
14. Boeuf G., Le Bail P., Prunet P. Growth hormone and thyroid hormones during Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolting, and after transfer to seawater. Aquaculture 1989, 82:257-268.
15. Bouzaffour M., Rampon C., Ramaugé M., Courtin F., Vriz S. Implication of type 3 deiodinase induction in zebrafish fin regeneration. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2010, 168:88-94.
16. Britz R., Conway K.W., Rüber L. Spectacular morphological novelty in a miniature cyprinid fish, Danionella dracula n. sp. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009, 276:2179.
17. Brown C.L. Thyroid hormones in early development, with special reference to teleost fishes. Hormones in development, maturation and senescence of neuroendocrine systems 1989, 289-306. Academic Press, San Diego. M.P. Schreibman, C.G. Scanes (Eds.).
18. Brown D.D. The role of thyroid hormone in zebrafish and axolotl development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America 1997, 94:13011-13016.
19. Budi E.H., Patterson L.B., Parichy D.M. Embryonic requirements for ErbB signaling in neural crest development and adult pigment pattern formation. Development (Cambridge, England) 2008, 135:2603-2614.
20. Budi E.H., Patterson L.B., Parichy D.M. Post-embryonic nerve-associated precursors to adult pigment cells: Genetic requirements and dynamics of morphogenesis and differentiation. PLoS Genetics 2011, 7:e1002044.
21. Campinho M.A., Galay-Burgos M., Sweeney G.E., Power D.M. Coordination of deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor expression during the larval to juvenile transition in sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus). General and Comparative Endocrinology 2010, 165:181-194.
22. Campinho M.A., Silva N., Sweeney G.E., Power D.M. Molecular, cellular and histological changes in skin from a larval to an adult phenotype during bony fish metamorphosis. Cell and Tissue Research 2007, 327:267-284.
23. Chang W.J., Hwang P.P. Development of zebrafish epidermis. Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today: Reviews 2011, 93:205-214.
24. Chang J., Wang M., Gui W., Zhao Y., Yu L., Zhu G. Changes in thyroid hormone levels during zebrafish development. Zoological Science 2012, 29:181-184.
25. Chen Y., Zhang Q., Qi J., Wang Z., Wang X., Sun Y., et al. Cloning and stage-specific expression of CK-M1 gene during metamorphosis of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010, 28:558-564.
26. Cieri M., McCleave J. Discrepancies between otoliths of larvae and juveniles of the American eel: Is something fishy happening at metamorphosis?. Journal of Fish Biology 2000, 57:1189-1198.
27. Crane H.M., Pickford D.B., Hutchinson T.H., Brown J.A. Developmental changes of thyroid hormones in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004, 139:55-60.
28. Cubbage C.C., Mabee P.M. Development of the cranium and paired fins in the zebrafish Danio rerio (Ostariophysi, Cyprinidae). Journal of Morphology 1996, 229:121-160.
29. +-ATPase in Atlantic salmon smolts: Differences in α-mRNA and α-protein levels. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2000, 278:R101-R110.
30. Deane E.E., Woo N. Ontogeny of thyroid hormones, cortisol, hsp70 and hsp90 during silver sea bream larval development. Life Sciences 2003, 72:805-818.
31. Dêbowski P., Glogowski J., Robak S., Dobosz S. Smoltification of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)-Indices and methods of estimation. Archives of Polish Fisheries/Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego 1999, 7:267-279.
32. de Jesus E.G., Hirano T., Inui Y. Changes in cortisol and thyroid hormone concentrations during early development and metamorphosis in the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1991, 82:369-376.
33. de Jesus E.G., Hirano T., Inui Y. Flounder metamorphosis: Its regulation by various hormones. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 1993, 11:323-328.
34. de Jesus E.G., Inui Y., Hirano T. Cortisol enhances the stimulating action of thyroid hormones on dorsal fin-ray resorption of flounder larvae in vitro. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1990, 79:167-173.
35. de Jesus E.G.T., Toledo J.D., Simpas M.S. Thyroid hormones promote early metamorphosis in grouper (Epinephelus coioides) larvae. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1998, 112:10-16.
36. De Silva S., Gunasekera R., Gooley G., Ingram B. Growth of Australian shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 2001, 7:53-57.
37. Denver R.J. Acceleration of anuran amphibian metamorphosis by corticotropin-releasing hormone-like peptides. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1993, 91:38-51.
38. Denver R.J. Environmental stress as a developmental cue: Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a proximate mediator of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis. Hormones and Behavior 1997, 31:169-179.
39. Dickhoff W.W., Brown C.L., Sullivan C.V., Bern H.A. Fish and amphibian models for developmental endocrinology. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 1990, 256:90-97.
40. Dickhoff W.W., Folmar L.C., Gorbman A. Changes in plasma thyroxine during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1978, 36:229-232.
41. Dickhoff W.W., Folmar L.C., Mighell J.L., Mahnken C.V.W. Plasma thyroid hormones during smoltification of yearling and underyearling coho salmon and yearling chinook salmon and steelhead trout. Aquaculture 1982, 28:39-48.
42. Donaldson E., Fagerlund U., Higgs D., McBride J. Hormonal enhancement of growth. Fish physiology 1979, Vol. 8. Academic Press, New York.
43. Dufour S., Rousseau K. Neuroendocrinology of fish metamorphosis and puberty: Evolutionary and ecophysiological perspectives. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 2007, 68:55-68.
44. Elizondo M.R., Arduini B.L., Paulsen J., MacDonald E.L., Sabel J.L., Henion P.D., et al. Defective skeletogenesis with kidney stone formation in dwarf zebrafish mutant for trpm7. Current Biology 2005, 15:667-671.
45. Eom D.S., Inoue S., Patterson L.B., Gordon T.N., Slingwine R., Kondo S., et al. Melanophore migration and survival during zebrafish adult pigment stripe development require the immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule Igsf11. PLoS Genetics 2012, 8:e1002899.
46. Fernández-Díaz C., Ýyfera M., Cañavate J., Moyano F., Alarcón F., Díaz M. Growth and physiological changes during metamorphosis of Senegal sole reared in the laboratory. Journal of Fish Biology 2001, 58:1086-1097.
47. Fukuhara O. Size and age at transformation in red sea bream, Pagrus major, reared in the laboratory. Aquaculture 1991, 95:117-124.
48. Fukuhara O., Fushimi T. Fin differentiation and squamation of artificially reared grouper, Epinephelus akaara. Aquaculture 1988, 69:379-386.
49. Galay-Burgos M., Power D.M., Llewellyn L., Sweeney G.E. Thyroid hormone receptor expression during metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2008, 281:56-63.
50. Goldsmith M., Iovine M., O'Reilly-Pol T., Johnson S. A developmental transition in growth control during zebrafish caudal fin development. Developmental Biology 2006, 296:450-457.
51. Grau E.G., Specker J.L., Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A. Factors determining the occurrence of the surge in thyroid activity in salmon during smoltification. Aquaculture 1982, 28:49-57.
52. Harada M., Yoshinaga T., Ojima D., Iwata M. cDNA cloning and expression analysis of thyroid hormone receptor in the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch during smoltification. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2008, 155:658-667.
53. Harris M. Comparative genetics of postembryonic development as a means to understand evolutionary change. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 2012, 28:306-315.
54. Harris M.P., Rohner N., Schwarz H., Perathoner S., Konstantinidis P., Nüsslein-Volhard C. Zebrafish eda and edar mutants reveal conserved and ancestral roles of ectodysplasin signaling in vertebrates. PLoS Genetics 2008, 4:e1000206.
55. Hashimoto H., Mizuta A., Okada N., Suzuki T., Tagawa M., Tabata K., et al. Isolation and characterization of a Japanese flounder clonal line, reversed, which exhibits reversal of metamorphic left-right asymmetry. Mechanisms of Development 2002, 111:17-24.
56. Hawkes J.W. The structure of fish skin. Cell and Tissue Research 1974, 149:159-172.
57. Hildahl J., Power D.M., Björnsson B.T., Einarsdóttir I.E. Involvement of growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I system in cranial remodeling during halibut metamorphosis as indicated by tissue-and stage-specific receptor gene expression and the presence of growth hormone receptor protein. Cell and Tissue Research 2008, 332:211-225.
58. Hildahl J., Sweeney G., Galay-Burgos M., Einarsdóttir I.E., Björnsson B.T. Cloning of Atlantic halibut growth hormone receptor genes and quantitative gene expression during metamorphosis. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2007, 151:143-152.
59. Hoath S.B., Maibach H.I. Neonatal skin: Structure and function 2003, CRC Press, New York, NY.
60. Hoegg S., Brinkmann H., Taylor J.S., Meyer A. Phylogenetic timing of the fish-specific genome duplication correlates with the diversification of teleost fish. Journal of Molecular Evolution 2004, 59:190-203.
61. Hultman K.A., Budi E.H., Teasley D.C., Gottlieb A.Y., Parichy D.M., Johnson S.L. Defects in ErbB-dependent establishment of adult melanocyte stem cells reveal independent origins for embryonic and regeneration melanocytes. PLoS Genetics 2009, 5:e1000544.
62. Hussain N.A., Higuchi M. Larval rearing and development of the brown spotted grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Forskål). Aquaculture 1980, 19:339-350.
63. Infante C., Asensio E., Cañavate J.P., Manchado M. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of five different elongation factor 1 alpha genes in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup): Differential gene expression and thyroid hormones dependence during metamorphosis. BMC Molecular Biology 2008, 9:19.
64. Infante C., Manchado M., Asensio E., Cañavate J.P. Molecular characterization, gene expression and dependence on thyroid hormones of two type I keratin genes (sseKer1 and sseKer2) in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). BMC Developmental Biology 2007, 7:118.
65. Inui Y., Miwa S. Thyroid hormone induces metamorphosis of flounder larvae. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1985, 60:450-454.
66. Inui Y., Tagawa M., Miwa S., Hirano T. Effects of bovine TSH on the tissue thyroxine level and metamorphosis in prometamorphic flounder larvae. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1989, 74:406-410.
67. Iovine M.K. Conserved mechanisms regulate outgrowth in zebrafish fins. Nature Chemical Biology 2007, 3:613-618.
68. Itoh K., Watanabe K., Wu X., Suzuki T. Three members of the iodothyronine deiodinase family, dio1, dio2 and dio3, are expressed in spatially and temporally specific patterns during metamorphosis of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Zoological Science 2010, 27:574-580.
69. Iwamatsu T. Stages of normal development in the medaka Oryzias latipes. Zoological Science 1994, 11:825-839.
70. Iwashita M., Watanabe M., Ishii M., Chen T., Johnson S.L., Kurachi Y., et al. Pigment pattern in jaguar/obelix zebrafish is caused by a Kir7.1 mutation: Implications for the regulation of melanosome movement. PLoS Genetics 2006, 2:e197.
71. Jegstrup I., Rosenkilde P. Regulation of post-larval development in the European eel: Thyroid hormone level, progress of pigmentation and changes in behaviour. Journal of Fish Biology 2003, 63:168-175.
72. Johnson S.L., Africa D., Walker C., Weston J.A. Genetic control of adult pigment stripe development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology 1995, 167:27-33.
73. Johnston C., Saunders R. Parr-smolt transformation of yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at several rearing temperatures. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:1189-1198.
74. Just J.J., Kraus-Just J., Check D.A. Survey of chordate metamorphosis. Metamorphosis: A problem in developmental biology 1981, Vol. 2:265-326. Plenum, New York. L.I. Gilbert, E. Frieden (Eds.).
75. Kaji T., Tanaka M., Oka M., Takeuchi H., Ohsumi S., Teruya K., et al. Growth and morphological development of laboratory-reared yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares larvae and early juveniles, with special emphasis on the digestive system. Fisheries Science 1999, 65:700-707.
76. Kaji T., Tanaka M., Takahashi Y., Oka M., Ishibashi N. Preliminary observations on development of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus (Scombridae) larvae reared in the laboratory, with special reference to the digestive system. Marine and Freshwater Research 1996, 47:261-269.
77. Kawakami Y., Nozaki J., Seoka M., Kumai H., Ohta H. Characterization of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone receptors during the early development of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). General and Comparative Endocrinology 2008, 155:597-606.
78. Kawakami Y., Tanda M., Adachi S., Yamauchi K. Characterization of thyroid hormone receptor α and β in the metamorphosing Japanese conger eel, Conger myriaster. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2003, 132:321-332.
79. Kawakami Y., Yokoi K., Kumai H., Ohta H. The role of thyroid hormones during the development of eye pigmentation in the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 2008, 150:112-116.
80. Keefe M., Able K. Patterns of metamorphosis in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Journal of Fish Biology 1993, 42:713-728.
81. Keith P., Hoareau T., Lord C., Ah-Yane O., Gimonneau G., Robinet T., et al. Characterisation of post-larval to juvenile stages, metamorphosis and recruitment of an amphidromous goby, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas) (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Sicydiinae). Marine and Freshwater Research 2008, 59:876-889.
82. Kelsh R.N. Genetics and evolution of pigment patterns in fish. Pigment Cell Research 2004, 17:326-336.
83. Kelsh R.N., Inoue C., Momoi A., Kondoh H., Furutani-Seiki M., Ozato K., et al. The Tomita collection of medaka pigmentation mutants as a resource for understanding neural crest cell development. Mechanisms of Development 2004, 121:841-859.
84. Kitajima C., Sato T., Kawanishi M. On the effect of thyroxine to promote the metamorphosis of a conger eel-preliminary report. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 1967, 33:919-922.
85. Kitano J., Lema S.C., Luckenbach J.A., Mori S., Kawagishi Y., Kusakabe M., et al. Adaptive divergence in the thyroid hormone signaling pathway in the stickleback radiation. Current Biology 2010, 20:2124-2130.
86. Klaren P.H.M., Wunderink Y.S., Yúfera M., Mancera J.M., Flik G. The thyroid gland and thyroid hormones in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) during early development and metamorphosis. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2008, 155:686-694.
87. Laforest L., Brown C.W., Poleo G., Geraudie J., Tada M., Ekker M., et al. Involvement of the sonic hedgehog, patched 1 and bmp2 genes in patterning of the zebrafish dermal fin rays. Development (Cambridge, England) 1998, 125:4175-4184.
88. Lam T., Sharma R. Effects of salinity and thyroxine on larval survival, growth and development in the carp,Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 1985, 44:201-212.
89. Lang M.R., Patterson L.B., Gordon T.N., Johnson S.L., Parichy D.M. Basonuclin-2 requirements for zebrafish adult pigment pattern development and female fertility. PLoS Genetics 2009, 5:e1000744.
90. Larson T.A., Gordon T.N., Lau H.E., Parichy D.M. Defective adult oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell development, pigment pattern, and craniofacial morphology in puma mutant zebrafish having an alpha tubulin mutation. Developmental Biology 2010, 346:296-309.
91. Laudet V. The origins and evolution of vertebrate metamorphosis. Current Biology 2011, 21:R726-R737.
92. Le Guellec D., Morvan-Dubois G., Sire J.Y. Skin development in bony fish with particular emphasis on collagen deposition in the dermis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). International Journal of Developmental Biology 2004, 48:217-232.
93. Ledent V. Postembryonic development of the posterior lateral line in zebrafish. Development (Cambridge, England) 2002, 129:597-604.
94. Leis J.M., McCormick M.I. The biology, behavior and ecology of the pelagic, larval stage of coral reef fishes. Coral reef fishes: Dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem 2006, 171-200. Elsevier, Inc., Burlington, MA. P.F. Sale (Ed.).
95. Lin R.J., Cross T.F., Mills C.P.R., Nishioka R.S., Grau E.G., Bern H.A. Changes in plasma thyroxine levels during smoltification in hatchery-reared one-year and two-year Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 1988, 74:369-378.
96. Madsen S.S., Bern H.A. Antagonism of prolactin and growth hormone-impact on seawater adaptation in two salmonids, Salmotrutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Zoological Science 1992, 9:775-784.
97. Manchado M., Infante C., Asensio E., Crespo A., Zuasti E., Cañavate J.P. Molecular characterization and gene expression of six trypsinogens in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) during larval development and in tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 2008, 149:334-344.
98. Manchado M., Infante C., Asensio E., Planas J.V., Cañavate J.P. Thyroid hormones down-regulate thyrotropin β subunit and thyroglobulin during metamorphosis in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). General and Comparative Endocrinology 2008, 155:447-455.
99. Manchado M., Infante C., Rebordinos L., Cañavate J.P. Molecular characterization, gene expression and transcriptional regulation of thyroid hormone receptors in Senegalese sole. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2009, 160:139-147.
100. Manchado M., Salas-Leiton E., Infante C., Ponce M., Asensio E., Crespo A., et al. Molecular characterization, gene expression and transcriptional regulation of cytosolic HSP90 genes in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). Gene 2008, 416:77-84.
101. Manzon R.G. Thyroidal regulation of life history transitions in fish. Mechanisms of life history evolution: The genetics and physiology of life history traits and trade-offs 2011, 72-86. OUP, Oxford. T. Flatt, A. Heyland (Eds.).
102. Marchand O., Duffraisse M., Triqueneaux G., Safi R., Laudet V. Molecular cloning and developmental expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors and T3 target genes in the turbot (Scophtalmus maximus) during post-embryonic development. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004, 135:345-357.
103. Marí-Beffa M., Murciano C. Dermoskeleton morphogenesis in zebrafish fins. Developmental Dynamics 2010, 239:2779-2794.
104. Martinez G.M., Bolker J.A. Embryonic and larval staging of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). Journal of Morphology 2003, 255:162-176.
105. Martínez-Lagos R., Gracia-López V. Morphological development and growth patterns of the leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea during larval development. Aquaculture Research 2009, 41:120-128.
106. Matsumoto J., Lynch T.J., Grabowski S., Richards C.M., Lo S.L., Clark C., et al. Fish tumor pigment cells: Differentiation and comparison to their normal counterparts. American Zoologist 1983, 23:569-580.
107. Matsumoto S., Tanaka M. The influence of thyroid hormone on development and settlement of spottybelly greenling (Hexagrammos agrammus; Pisces). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 1996, 28:33-44.
108. Mayden R.L., Chen W.J. The world's smallest vertebrate species of the genus Paedocypris: A new family of freshwater fishes and the sister group to the world's most diverse clade of freshwater fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010, 57:152-175.
109. McCormick M., Makey L. Post-settlement transition in coral reef fishes: Overlooked complexity in niche shifts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1997, 153:247-257.
110. McCormick M., Makey L., Dufour V. Comparative study of metamorphosis in tropical reef fishes. Marine Biology 2002, 141:841-853.
111. McCormick S.D., Moriyama S., Björnsson B.T. Low temperature limits photoperiod control of smolting in Atlantic salmon through endocrine mechanisms. The American Journal of Physiology 2000, 278:R1352-R1361.
112. McCormick S.D., Saunders R.L. Preparatory physiological adaptations for marine life of salmonids: Osmoregulation, growth, and metabolism. American Fisheries Society Symposium 1987, 1:211-229.
113. McCormick S.D., Shrimpton J.M., Moriyama S., Björnsson B.T. Effects of an advanced temperature cycle on smolt development and endocrinology indicate that temperature is not a zeitgeber for smolting in Atlantic salmon. The Journal of Experimental Biology 2002, 205:3553-3560.
114. Miller C.T., Beleza S., Pollen A.A., Schluter D., Kittles R.A., Shriver M.D., et al. cis-Regulatory changes in Kit ligand expression and parallel evolution of pigmentation in sticklebacks and humans. Cell 2007, 131:1179-1189.
115. Miwa S., Inui Y. Thyroid hormone stimulates the shift of erythrocyte populations during metamorphosis of the flounder. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 1991, 259:222-228.
116. Miwa S., Tagawa M., Inui Y., Hirano T. Thyroxine surge in metamorphosing flounder larvae. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1988, 70:158-163.
117. Miwa S., Yamano K., Inui Y. Thyroid hormone stimulates gastric development in flounder larvae during metamorphosis. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 1992, 261:424-430.
118. Miyashita S., Sawada Y., Okada T., Murata O., Kumai H. Morphological development and growth of laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Thunnus thynnus (Pisces: Scombridae). Fishery Bulletin 2001, 99:601-616.
119. Moser H.G. Morphological and functional aspects of marine fish larvae. Marine fish larvae, Washington Sea Grant Program 1981, 89-131. University Washington Press, Seattle. R. Lasker (Ed.).
120. Nuñez V.A., Sarrazin A.F., Cubedo N., Allende M.L., Dambly-Chaudiére C., Ghysen A. Postembryonic development of the posterior lateral line in the zebrafish. Evolution & Development 2009, 11:391-404.
121. Odenthal J., Rossnagel K., Haffter P., Kelsh R.N., Vogelsang E., Brand M., et al. Mutations affecting xanthophore pigmentation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development (Cambridge, England) 1996, 123:391-398.
122. Okimoto K., Weber M., Grau G. The effects of thyroxine and propylthiouracil treatment on changes in body form associated with a possible developmental thyroxine surge during post-hatching development of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Zoological Science 1993, 10:803-811.
123. Orozco A., Valverde-R C. Thyroid hormone deiodination in fish. Thyroid 2005, 15:799-813.
124. Page R.B., Monaghan J.R., Samuels A.K., Smith J.J., Beachy C.K., Voss S.R. Microarray analysis identifies keratin loci as sensitive biomarkers for thyroid hormone disruption in the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 2007, 145:15-27.
125. Parhar I.S., Iwata M. Intracerebral expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone is delayed until smoltification in the salmon. Neuroscience Research 1996, 26:299-308.
126. Parichy D.M. Evolution of danio pigment pattern development. Heredity 2006, 97:200-210.
127. Parichy D.M., Elizondo M.R., Mills M.G., Gordon T.N., Engeszer R.E. Normal table of postembryonic zebrafish development: Staging by externally visible anatomy of the living fish. Developmental Dynamics 2009, 238:2975-3015.
128. Parichy D.M., Rawls J.F., Pratt S.J., Whitfield T.T., Johnson S.L. Zebrafish sparse corresponds to an orthologue of c-kit and is required for the morphogenesis of a subpopulation of melanocytes, but is not essential for hematopoiesis or primordial germ cell development. Development (Cambridge, England) 1999, 126:3425-3436.
129. Parichy D.M., Turner J.M. Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. Development (Cambridge, England) 2003, 130:817-833.
130. Parichy D.M., Turner J.M. Zebrafish puma mutant decouples pigment pattern and somatic metamorphosis. Developmental Biology 2003, 256:242-257.
131. Paris M., Escriva H., Schubert M., Brunet F., Brtko J., Ciesielski F., et al. Amphioxus postembryonic development reveals the homology of chordate metamorphosis. Current Biology 2008, 18:825-830.
132. Paris M., Laudet V. The history of a developmental stage: Metamorphosis in chordates. Genesis (New York, N.Y.: 2000) 2008, 46:657-672.
133. Patterson S.E., Mook L.B., Devoto S.H. Growth in the larval zebrafish pectoral fin and trunk musculature. Developmental Dynamics 2008, 237:307-315.
134. Policansky D., Sieswerda P. Early life history of the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, reared through metamorphosis in the laboratory. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1979, 108:326-327.
135. Porazzi P., Calebiro D., Benato F., Tiso N., Persani L. Thyroid gland development and function in the zebrafish model. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2009, 312:14-23.
136. Power D., Silva N., Campinho M.A. Metamorphosis. Fish larval physiology 2008, 607-638. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire. R.N. Finn, B.G. Kapoor (Eds.).
137. Prunet P., Boeuf G., Bolton J.P., Young G. Smoltification and seawater adaptation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Plasma prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1989, 74:355-364.
138. Quigley D.T.G., Harvey M., Hayden T., Dowling C., O'Keane M. A comparative study of smoltification in sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Seawater tolerance and thyroid hormone titres. Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2006, 106:35-47.
139. Quigley I.K., Turner J.M., Nuckels R.J., Manuel J.L., Budi E.H., MacDonald E.L., et al. Pigment pattern evolution by differential deployment of neural crest and post-embryonic melanophore lineages in Danio fishes. Development (Cambridge, England) 2004, 131:6053-6069.
140. Raju S.N. Distribution, growth and metamorphosis of leptocephali of the garden eels, Taenioconger sp. and Gorgasia sp. Copeia 1974, 2:494-500.
141. Rakers S., Gebert M., Uppalapati S., Meyer W., Maderson P., Sell A.F., et al. 'Fish matters': The relevance of fish skin biology to investigative dermatology. Experimental Dermatology 2010, 19:313-324.
142. Ramanathan N., Natarajan P., Sukumran N. Studies on the induced spawning and larval rearing of a freshwater catfish, Mystus punctatus (Jerdon). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 1985, 94:389-398.
143. Ravi V., Venkatesh B. Rapidly evolving fish genomes and teleost diversity. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2008, 18:544-550.
144. Richman N.H., de Diaz S.T., Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A. Developmental study of coho gill functional morphology and the effects of cortisol. Aquaculture 1985, 45:386-387.
145. Roberts R.B., Ser J.R., Kocher T.D. Sexual conflict resolved by invasion of a novel sex determiner in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. Science 2009, 326:998-1001.
146. Robertson G., McGee C., Dumbarton T., Croll R., Smith F. Development of the swimbladder and its innervation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Journal of Morphology 2007, 268:967-985.
147. Rousseau K., Aroua S., Schmitz M., Elie P., Dufour S. Silvering: Metamorphosis or puberty. Spawning migration of the European Eel 2009, 39-63. Springer, Amsterdam. G. van den Thillart, S. Dufour, J.C. Rankin (Eds.).
148. Rüber L., Kottelat M., Tan H., Ng P., Britz R. Evolution of miniaturization and the phylogenetic position of Paedocypris, comprising the world's smallest vertebrate. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:38.
149. Ryan A.K., Blumberg B., Rodriguez-Esteban C., Yonei-Tamura S., Tamura K., Tsukui T., et al. Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. Nature 1998, 394:545-551.
150. Sæle Ø., Solbakken J., Watanabe K., Hamre K., Power D., Pittman K. Staging of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) from first feeding through metamorphosis, including cranial ossification independent of eye migration. Aquaculture 2004, 239:445-465.
151. Sarropoulou E., Nousdili D., Magoulas A., Kotoulas G. Linking the genomes of nonmodel teleosts through comparative genomics. Marine Biotechnology 2008, 10:227-233.
152. Saunders R., McCormick S., Henderson E., Eales J., Johnston C. The effect of orally administered 3, 5, 3'-triiodo-l-thyronine on growth and salinity tolerance of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 1985, 45:143-156.
153. Schreiber A.M. Metamorphosis and early larval development of the flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes): An osmoregulatory perspective. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 2001, 129:587-595.
154. Schreiber A.M., Specker J.L. Metamorphosis in the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus): Stage-specific developmental response to altered thyroid status. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1998, 111:156-166.
155. Seear P.J., Carmichael S.N., Talbot R., Taggart J.B., Bron J.E., Sweeney G.E. Differential gene expression during smoltification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): A first large-scale microarray study. Marine Biotechnology 2010, 12:126-140.
156. Shiao J.C., Wu S.M., Hwang Y.P., Wu D.P., Hwang P.P. Evaluation of thyroid-mediated otolith growth of larval and juvenile tilapia. The Journal of Experimental Biology 2008, 211:1919-1926.
157. Sims K., Eble D.M., Iovine M.K. Connexin43 regulates joint location in zebrafish fins. Developmental Biology 2009, 327:410-418.
158. Sire J.Y., Akimenko M.A. Scale development in fish: A review, with description of sonic hedgehog (shh) expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The International Journal of Developmental Biology 2004, 48:233-248.
159. Sire J.Y., Géraudie J. Fine structure of the developing scale in the cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus (Pisces, Teleostei, Perciformes). Acta Zoologica 1983, 64:1-8.
160. Solbakken J.S., Norberg B., Watanabe K., Pittman K. Thyroxine as a mediator of metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Environmental Biology of Fishes 1999, 56:53-65.
161. Specker J.L. Interrenal function and smoltification. Aquaculture 1982, 28:59-66.
162. Specker J.L., Schreck C.B. Changes in plasma corticosteroids during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1982, 46:53-58.
163. Stefansson S.O., Björnsson B.T., Ebbesson L.O., McCormick S.D. Smoltification. Fish larval physiology 2008, Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire. R.N. Finn, B.G. Kapoor (Eds.).
164. Sullivan C.V., Dickhoff W.W., Mahnken C.V.W., Hersbberger W.K. Changes in the hemoglobin system of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch during smoltification and triiodothyronine and propylthiouracil treatment. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Physiology 1985, 81:807-813.
165. Suzuki T., Washio Y., Aritaki M., Fujinami Y., Shimizu D., Uji S., et al. Metamorphic pitx2 expression in the left habenula correlated with lateralization of eye-sidedness in flounder. Development, Growth & Differentiation 2009, 51:797-808.
166. Sweeting R., McKeown B. Changes in plasma growth hormone and various metabolic factors during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture 1989, 82:279-295.
167. Szisch V., Papandroulakis N., Fanouraki E., Pavlidis M. Ontogeny of the thyroid hormones and cortisol in the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2005, 142:186-192.
168. Tagawa M., Aritaki M. Production of symmetrical flatfish by controlling the timing of thyroid hormone treatment in spotted halibut Verasper variegatus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2005, 141:184-189.
169. Taillebois L., Keith P., Valade P., Torres P., Baloche S., Dufour S., et al. Involvement of thyroid hormones in the control of larval metamorphosis in Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) at the time of river recruitment. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2011, 173:281-288.
170. Tanaka M., Kawai S., Seikai T., Burke J. Development of the digestive organ system in Japanese flounder in relation to metamorphosis and settlement. Marine & Freshwater Behaviour & Physiology 1996, 28:19-31.
171. Tanaka Y., Satoh K., Iwahashi M., Yamada H. Growth-dependent recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 319:225-235.
172. Thorson G. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biological Reviews 1950, 25:1-45.
173. Tipsmark C.K., Sørensen K.J., Madsen S. Aquaporin expression dynamics in osmoregulatory tissues of Atlantic salmon during smoltification and seawater acclimation. The Journal of Experimental Biology 2010, 213:368-379.
174. Trijundo D.D., Yoseda K., Hirokawa J., Tagawa M., Tanaka M. Effects of thyroxine and thiourea on the metamorphosis of coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus. Fisheries Science 2002, 68:282-289.
175. Tsukamoto K., Yamada Y., Okamura A., Kaneko T., Tanaka H., Miller M.J., et al. Positive buoyancy in eel leptocephali: An adaptation for life in the ocean surface layer. Marine Biology 2009, 156:835-846.
176. Virtanen E. Correlations between energy metabolism, osmotic balance and external smolt indices in smolting young salmon, Salmo salar L. Annales Zoologici Fennici 1987, 24:71-78.
177. Virtanen E., Soivio A. The patterns of T3, T4, cortisol and Na+/K+-ATPase during smoltification of hatchery-reared Salmo salar and comparison with wild smolts. Aquaculture 1985, 45:97-109.
178. Volff J.-N. Genome evolution and biodiversity in teleost fish. Heredity 2005, 94:280-294.
179. Wang C., Tzeng W. The timing of metamorphosis and growth rates of American and European eel leptocephali: A mechanism of larval segregative migration. Fisheries Research 2000, 46:191-205.
180. Watanabe M., Iwashita M., Ishii M., Kurachi Y., Kawakami A., Kondo S., et al. Spot pattern of leopard Danio is caused by mutation in the zebrafish connexin41. 8 gene. EMBO Reports 2006, 7:893-897.
181. Watanabe K., Washio Y., Fujinami Y., Aritaki M., Uji S., Suzuki T. Adult-type pigment cells, which color the ocular sides of flounders at metamorphosis, localize as precursor cells at the proximal parts of the dorsal and anal fins in early larvae. Development, Growth & Differentiation 2008, 50:731-741.
182. Webb J. Larvae in fish development and evolution. The origin and evolution of larval forms 1999, Academic Press, San Diego. B.K. Hall, M.H. Wake (Eds.).
183. Webb J., Shirey J. Postembryonic development of the cranial lateral line canals and neuromasts in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 2003, 228:370-385.
184. Winans G.A., Nishioka R.S. A multivariate description of change in body shape of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification. Aquaculture 1987, 66:235-245.
185. Wittenrich M.L., Baldwin C.C., Turingen R.G. Larval development of Larval development of laboratory-reared Green Mandarinfish,Synchiropus splendidus(Teleostei: Callionymidae). aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 2010, 16:7-18.
186. Woo N., Bern H., Nishioka R. Changes in body composition associated with smoltification and premature transfer to seawater in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and king salmon (O. tschawytscha). Journal of Fish Biology 1978, 13:421-428.
187. Yamada T., Okauchi M., Araki K. Origin of adult-type pigment cells forming the asymmetric pigment pattern, in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Developmental Dynamics 2010, 239:3147-3162.
188. Yamano K., Miwa S. Differential gene expression of thyroid hormone receptor α and β in fish development. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1998, 109:75-85.
189. Yamano K., Miwa S., Obinata T., Inui Y. Thyroid hormone regulates developmental changes in muscle during flounder metamorphosis. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1991, 81:464-472.
190. Yamano K., Nomura K., Tanaka H. Development of thyroid gland and changes in thyroid hormone levels in Leptocephali of Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica). Aquaculture 2007, 270:499-504.
191. Yamano K., Tagawa M., Jesus E.G., Hirano T., Miwa S., Inui Y. Changes in whole body concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in metamorphosing conger eel. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 1991, 161:371-375.
192. Yen P.M. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiological Reviews 2001, 81:1097-1142.
193. Yoo J.H., Takeuchi T., Tagawa M., Seikai T. Effect of thyroid hormones on the stage-specific pigmentation of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Zoological Science 2000, 17:1101-1106.
194. Young G., Bjornsson B.T., Prunet P., Lin R.J., Bern H.A. Smoltification and seawater adaptation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Plasma prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and cortisol. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1989, 74:335-345.
195. Youngson A., McLay H., Wright R., Johnstone R. Steroid hormone levels and patterns of growth in the early part of the reproductive cycle of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 1988, 69:145-157.
196. Yousefian M., Shirzad E. The review of the effect of growth hormone on immune system, metabolism and osmoregulation of fish. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2011, 5:467-475.
197. Youson J. First metamorphosis. Fish physiology 1988, Vol. 1lB:125-196. Academic Press, New York.
198. Youson J.H. Is lamprey metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones?. American Zoologist 1997, 37:441-460.
199. Youson J.H. The impact of environmental and hormonal cues on the evolution of fish metamorphosis. Environment, development, and evolution: Toward a synthesis. Vol. 1, (pp. 239-278). Cambridge: The MIT Press. 2004, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. B.K. Hall, R.D. Pearson, G.B. Müller (Eds.).