Affirmative action and the U.S. black freedom struggle

The Next Twenty-five Years: Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 35-49

  Garrow, David J ^a  

^a HOMERTON COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84872529880     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (62)

1. Terry H. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 12, 46.
2. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 33. Ch. 18, [1945] N. Y. Laws 457.
3. Executive Order 10925 (accessible at www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/thelaw/ eo-10925.html).
4. Hobart Taylor, Jr., Oral History Interview with Stephen Goodell, January 6, 1969, pp. 12-13, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, TX.
5. Graham, The Civil Rights Era, p. 28.
6. Graham, The Civil Rights Era, p. 42.
7. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 61.
8. Executive Order 11114, 28 Federal Register 6485-88 (25 June 1963) (accessible at www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=59053).
9. Executive Order 11246, 30 Federal Register 12319-25 (28 September 1965) (accessible at www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/thelaw/eo-11246.html.
10. Lyndon B. Johnson, "To Fulfill These Rights", 4 June 1965 (accessible at www.lbj lib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604. asp).
11. Report of the 1967 Plans for Progress Fifth National Conference, 23-24 January 1967, pp. 73-74
12. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 103.
13. Thomas J. Sugrue, "The Tangled Roots of Affirmative Action", American Behavioral Scientist 41(April 1998):886-97, at 895.
14. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), pp. 310-11, 680 n20.
15. Martin Luther King, Jr., to Hermine Popper, 3 February 1964, Hermine Popper Papers, Box 17, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA.
16. Matt Schudel, "Labor, Hill Official Edward Sylvester Dies", Washington Post, 18 February 2005, p. B6.
17. Warren P. Phelan, "Memorandum to Philadelphia Federal Executive Board", 27 October 1967
18. Graham, The Civil Rights Era, p. 290.
19. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 105, 108.
20. "U. S. Plans Formula To Get Contractors To Hire Minorities", New York Times, 28 June 1969, p. 61
21. Paul Delaney, "Shultz Defends Minority Hiring", New York Times, 7 August 1969, p. 23.
22. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 124.
23. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 129.
24. Linda Greenhouse, "Columbia Accused of Bias on Women", New York Times, 11 January 1970, p. 55
25. Harold Orlans, "Affirmative Action in Higher Education", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 523(September 1992):144-58, at 150
26. John D. Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 242-49
27. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, pp. 142-45.
28. Paul Seabury, "HEW and the Universities", Commentary, February 1972, pp. 28-44.
29. Elliot L. Richardson, "To the Editor of Commentary", Commentary, May 1972, p. 10.
30. Robert E. Smith, "To the Editor of Commentary", Commentary, May 1972, pp. 10-11, at 11.
31. Joyce Heard, "Richardson: Women and the Ivory Tower", The Harvard Crimson, 24 April 1972 (accessible at www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx? ref=495266).
32. "Job Unit Widens Women's Rights", New York Times, 31 March 1972, pp. 1, 17
33. "College Group to Tell Members of New Hiring-Bias Regulations", New York Times, 9 April 1972, p. 44.
34. J. Stanley Pottinger, "The Drive Toward Equality", Change 4(October 1972):24, 26-29
35. Seth A. Goldberg, "A Proposal for Reconciling Affirmative Action with Nondiscrimination Under the Contractor Antidiscrimination Program", Stanford Law Review 30(April 1978):803-33, at 811-21
36. Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution, pp. 249-51.
37. Paul J. Mishkin, "The Uses of Ambivalence: Reflections on the Supreme Court and the Constitutionality of Affirmative Action", University of Pennsylvania Law Review 131(March 1983):907-31, at 922, 929, 930.
38. Mishkin, "The Uses of Ambivalence", p. 929 n78, 926.
39. Mishkin, "The Uses of Ambivalence", pp. 924, 928.
40. John C. Jeffries, Jr., Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994), pp. 500, 484.
41. John C. Jeffries, Jr., "Bakke Revisited", 2003 Supreme Court Review 1-25, at 20.
42. Akhil Reed Amar and Neal Kumar Kaytal, "Bakke's Fate", UCLA Law Review 43(August 1996):1745-80, at 1777n142.
43. Alan J. Meese, "Bakke Betrayed", Law and Contemporary Problems 63(Winter-Spring 2000):479-506, at 482.
44. Robert C. Post and Neil S. Siegel, "Theorizing the Law/Politics Distinction: Neutral Principles, Affirmative Action, and the Enduring Legacy of Paul Mishkin", California Law Review 95(2007):1473-1513, at 1495, 1493.
45. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 157.
46. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, pp. 160, 203-4, 213
47. Note, "The Civil Rights Act of 1991: The Business Necessity Standard", Harvard Law Review 106(February 1993):896-913
48. John David Skrentny, The Ironies of Affirmative Action (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 227.
49. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 256.
50. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness, p. 258.
51. Jeffries, "Bakke Revisited", p. 14 n55 (terming the outcome "clearly foreseeable").
52. David J. Garrow, "The Path to Diversity? Different Differences", New York Times, 2 September 2001, p. IV-4.
53. Tamar Lewin, "Michigan Rejects Affirmative Action, and Backers Sue", New York Times, 9 November 2006, p. P1
54. Steve Chapman, "University of Michigan vs. the People", Chicago Tribune, 23 November 2006
55. Dave Gershman, "U-M Files for Delay on Prop 2", Ann Arbor News, 12 December 2006
56. Tamar Lewin, "University to Comply With Ruling", New York Times, 11 January 2007, p. A27
57. [Editorial], "A New Diversity at Michigan", Chicago Tribune, 14 January 2007.
58. 539 U. S. at 305.
59. Tamar Lewin, "Colleges Regroup After Voters Ban Race Preferences", New York Times, 26 January 2007, p. A1.
60. Michael C. Dorf, "Universities Adjust to State Affirmative Action Bans", Findlaw, 29 January 2007 (accessible at http://writ.news.findlaw. com/dorf/20070129.html).
61. Mark R. Killenbeck, Affirmative Action and Diversity: The Beginning of the End? Or the End of the Beginning? (Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2004), pp. 25-26.
62. Killenbeck, Affirmative Action and Diversity, p. 26.