A review on development of novel strategies for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in laying hens: Fiber-based molt diets

Poultry Science

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 502-525

  Ricke, S C ^a   Dunkley, C S ^b   Durant, J A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^c OAKWOOD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Egg; Fiber; Laying hen; Molt; Salmonella enteritidis

Indexed keywords

MEDICAGO SATIVA; SALMONELLA; SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS;

EID: 84872299037     PISSN: 00325791     EISSN: 15253171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02763     Document Type: Article

References (334)

1. Akiba, Y., and T. Matsumoto. 1978. Effects of force-feeding and dietary cellulose on liver lipid accumulation and lipid composition of liver and plasma in growing chicks. J. Nutr. 108:739-748.
2. Alodan, M. A., and M. M. Mashaly. 1999. Effect of induced molting in laying hens on production and immune parameters.Poult. Sci. 78:171-177.
3. Altekruse, S. F., N. Bauer, A. Chanlongbutra, R. DeSagun, A. Naugle, W. Schlosser, R. Umholtz, and P. White. 2006. Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:1848-1852.
4. Altekruse, S. F., and D. L. Swerdlow. 1996. The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases. Am. J. Med. Sci. 311:23-29.
5. Anderson, K. E., G. S. Davis, P. K. Jenkins, and A. S. Carroll. 2004. Effects of bird age, density, and molt on behavioral profiles of two commercial layer strains in cages.Poult. Sci. 83:15-23.
6. Anderson, R. C., S. C. Ricke, B. Lungu, M. G. Johnson, C. Oliver, S. M. Horrocks, and D. J. Nisbet. 2009. Food safety issues and the microbiology of beef. Pages 115-145 in Microbiologically Safe Foods. N. Heredia, I. Wesley, and S. Garcia, ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
7. Arnouts, S., J. Buyse, M. M. Cokelaere, and E. Decuypere. 1993. Jojoba meal (Simmondsia chinensis) in the diet of broiler breeder pullets: Physiological and endocrinological aspects.Poult. Sci. 72:1714-1721.
8. Arrington, L. R., R. A. Santa Cruz, R. H. Harms, and H. R. Wilson. 1967. Effects of excess dietary iodine upon pullets and laying hens. J. Nutr. 92:325-330.
9. Bach Knudsen, K. E. 2001. The nutritional significance of dietary fiber analysis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 90:3-20.
10. Bai, Y., M. L. Sande, and M. E. Cook. 1992. Wheat middlings as an alternate feedstuff for laying hens.Poult. Sci. 71:1007-1014.
11. Bajaj, V., R. L. Lucas, C. Hwang, and C. A. Lee. 1996. Co-ordinate regulation of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes by environmental and regulatory factors is mediated by control of hilA expression. Mol. Microbiol. 22:703-714.
12. Baker, D. H. 1977. Xylose and xylan utilization by the chick.Poult. Sci. 56:2105-2107.
13. Baker, M., J. Brake, and G. R. McDaniel. 1983. The relationship between body weight loss during an induced molt and postmolt egg production, egg weight, and shell quality in caged layers.Poult. Sci. 62:409-413.
14. Bar, A., V. Razaphkovsky, D. Shinder, and E. Vax. 2003. Alternative procedures for molt induction: Practical aspects.Poult. Sci. 82:543-550.
15. Barrow, P. A., G. C. Mead, C. Wray, and M. Duchet-Suchaux. 2003. Control of food-poisoning Salmonella in poultry-Biological options. World'sPoult. Sci. J. 59:373-383.
16. Barrow, P. A., J. M. Simpson, and M. A. Lovell. 1988. Intestinal colonization in the chicken by food-poisoning Salmonella serotypes: Microbial characteristics associated with faecal excretion. Avian Pathol. 17:571-588.
17. Barrow, P. A., and T. S. Wallis. 2000. Vaccination against Salmonella infections in food animals: Rationale, theoretical basis and practical application. Pages 323-339 in Salmonella in Domestic Animals. C. Wray and A. Wray, ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
18. Bäumler, A. J., B. M. Hargis, and R. M. Tsolis. 2000. Tracing the origins of Salmonella outbreaks. Science 287:50-52.
19. Beach, J. R. 1924. Studies of a nutritional disease of poultry caused by vitamin A deficiency. Calif. Exp. Sta. Bul. 378:8-12.
20. Beaumont, C., J. Protais, J. F. Guillot, P. Colin, K. Proux, N. Millet, and P. Pardon. 1999. Genetic resistance to mortality of dayold chicks and carrier-state of hens after inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Pathol. 28:131-135.
21. Bell, D. D. 2003. Historical and current molting practices in the U.S. table egg industry.Poult. Sci. 82:965-970.
22. Bell, D. D., and D. R. Kuney. 1992. Effects of fasting and postfast diets on performance in molted flocks. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1:200-206.
23. Ben-Nathan, D., E. D. Heller, and M. Perek. 1977. The effects of starvation on antibody production of chicks.Poult. Sci. 56:1468-1471.
24. Berry, W. D. 2003. The physiology of induced molting.Poult. Sci. 82:971-980.
25. Berry, W. D., and J. Brake. 1985. Comparison of parameters associated with molt induced by fasting, zinc, and low dietary sodium in caged layers.Poult. Sci. 64:2027-2036.
26. Berry, W. D. R. P. G., and J. Brake. 1987. Characterization of different hematological responses during molts induced by zinc or fasting.Poult. Sci. 66:1841-1845.
27. Biggs, P. E., M. W. Douglas, K. W. Koelkebeck, and C. M. Parsons. 2003. Evaluation of non-feed removal methods for molting programs.Poult. Sci. 82:749-753.
28. Biggs, P. E., M. E. Persia, K. W. Koelkebeck, and C. M. Parsons. 2004. Further evaluation of nonfeed removal methods for molting programs.Poult. Sci. 83:745-752.
29. Bilgili, S. F. 1988. Effect of feed and water withdrawal on shear strength of broiler gastrointestinal tract.Poult. Sci. 67:845-847.
30. Braden, C. R. 2006. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: A national epidemic in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:512-517.
31. Brake, J. 1993. Recent advances in induced molting.Poult. Sci. 72:929-931.
32. Brake, J., and P. Thaxton. 1979. Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 2. Gross changes in organs.Poult. Sci. 58:707-716.
33. Bregendahl, K. 2008. Use of distillers co-products fed to poultry. Pages 99-133 in Using Distillers Grains in the U.S. and International Livestock and Poultry Industries. B. A. Babcock, D. J. Hayes, and J. D. Lawrence, ed. Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center at the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames.
34. Brownlie, L. E., and F. H. Grau. 1967. Effect of food intake on growth and survival of salmonellas and Escherichia coli in the bovine rumen. J. Gen. Microbiol. 46:125-134.
35. Burdick, D., and D. Fletcher. 1984. Utilization of xanthophylls in freshcut and field-wilted, dehydrated alfalfa and coastal Bermudagrass for pigmenting egg yolks.Poult. Sci. 63:388-390.
36. Callaway, T. R., S. E. Dowd, R. D. Wolcott, Y. Sun, J. L. McReynolds, T. S. Edrington, J. A. Byrd, R. C. Anderson, N. Krueger, and D. J. Nisbet. 2009. Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in cecal contents of laying hens fed various molting diets by using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing.Poult. Sci. 88:298-302.
37. Callaway, T. R., and S. C. Ricke, eds. 2012. Direct Fed Microbials/Prebiotics for Animals: Science and Mechanisms of Action. Springer Science, New York, NY.
38. Campos, E. J., and N. C. Baiao. 1979. The effects of methods of forced molting on performance of commercial layer.Poult. Sci. 58:1040. (Abstr.)
39. Cason, J. A., J. S. Bailey, and N. A. Cox. 1994. Transmission of Salmonella typhimurium during hatching of broiler chicks. Avian Dis. 38:583-588.
40. CDC. 1993. Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis-California. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42:793-797.
41. CDC. 2010a. Investigation update: Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Enteritidis infections associated with shell eggs. Accessed Jan. 18, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis/.
42. CDC. 2010b. PHLIS surveillance data. Accessed Jan. 17, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/phlisdata/salmonella. htm#1995.
43. Chantarapanont, W., L. Slutsker, R. V. Tauxe, and L. R. Beuchat. 2000. Factors influencing inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis in hard-cooked eggs. J. Food Prot. 63:36-43.
44. Cheeke, P. R., J. H. Kinzell, and M. W. Pederson. 1977. Influence of saponins on alfalfa utilization by rats, rabbits and swine. J. Anim. Sci. 45:476-481.
45. Cherel, Y., J. Leloup, and Y. L. Maho. 1988. Fasting in king penguin. II Hormonal and metabolic changes during molt. Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 23):R178-R184.
46. Cogburn, L. A., X. Wang, W. Carre, L. Rejto, T. E. Porter, S. Aggrey, and J. Simon. 2003. Systems-wide chicken microarrays, gene expression profiling, and discovery of functional genes.Poult. Sci. 82:939-951.
47. Cohen, M. L., and R. V. Tauxe. 1986. Drug-resistant Salmonella in the United States: An epidemiologic perspective. Science 234:964-969.
48. Cole, J. T., G. C. Fahey Jr., N. R. Merchen, A. R. Patil, S. M. Murray, H. S. Hussein, and J. L. Brent Jr. 1999. Soybean hulls as a dietary fiber source for dogs. J. Anim. Sci. 77:917-924.
49. Cooney, W. T., J. S. Butts, and L. E. Bacon. 1948. Alfalfa meal in chick rations.Poult. Sci. 27:828-830.
50. Corrier, D. E., J. A. Byrd, B. M. Hargis, M. E. Hume, R. H. Bailey, and L. H. Stanker. 1999. Presence of Salmonella in the crop and ceca of broiler chickens before and after preslaughter feed withdrawal.Poult. Sci. 78:45-49.
51. Corrier, D. E., D. J. Nisbet, B. M. Hargis, P. S. Holt, and J. R. DeLoach. 1997. Provision of lactose to molting hens enhances resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. J. Food Prot. 60:10-15.
52. Cox, N. A., J. A. Cason, and L. J. Richardson. 2011. Minimization of Salmonella contamination in raw poultry. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2:75-95.
53. Coyle, E. F., C. D. Ribeiro, A. J. Howard, S. R. Palmer, H. I. Jones, L. Ward, and B. Rowe. 1988. Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection: Association with hen's eggs. Lancet II:1295-1297.
54. Creger, C. R., and J. T. Scott. 1977. Dietary zinc as an effective resting agent for the laying hen.Poult. Sci. 56:1706. (Abstr.)
55. Creger, C. R., and J. T. Scott. 1980. Using zinc oxide to rest laying hens. Poult. Dig. 39:230-232.
56. Cunningham, D. L., and C. C. McCormick. 1985. A multicycle comparison of dietary zinc and feed removal molting procedures: Production and income performance.Poult. Sci. 64:253-260.
57. Curtis, P. 2007. Microbiological challenges of poultry egg production in the US. World'sPoult. Sci. J. 63:301-307.
58. D'Aoust, J. Y., and J. Maurer. 2007. Chapter 10-Salmonella species. Pages 187-236 in Food Microbiology-Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd ed. M. P. Doyle and L. R. Beuchat, ed. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Press, Washington, DC.
59. Davis, A. J., M. M. Lordelo, and N. Dale. 2002. The use of cottonseed meal with or without added soapstock in laying hens diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:127-133.
60. Davis, D. E., and J. R. Beach. 1925. A study of the relative values of certain succulent feeds and alfalfa meal as sources of vitamin A for poultry. Calif. Exp. Sta. Bull. 384:3-14.
61. Davis, G. S., K. E. Anderson, and A. S. Carroll. 2000. The effects of long-term caging and molt of single comb White Leghorn Hens on heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, corticosterone and thyroid hormones.Poult. Sci. 79:514-518.
62. De Buck, J., F. Van Immerseel, F. Haesebrouck, and R. Ducatelle. 2004. Colonization of the chicken Rep.roductive tract and egg contamination by Salmonella. J. Appl. Microbiol. 97:233-245.
63. DePasquale-Jardieu, P., and P. J. Fraker. 1979. The role of the corticosterone in the loss in immune function in the zinc-deficient A/J mouse. J. Nutr. 109:1847-1855.
64. De Vylder, J., S. Van Hoorebeke, R. Ducatelle, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck, J. Dewulf, and F. Van Immerseel. 2009. Effect of the housing system on shedding and colonization of gut and internal organs of laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis.Poult. Sci. 88:2491-2495.
65. Dewaele, I., H. Van Meirhaeghe, G. Rasschaert, M. Vanrobaeys, E. De Graef, L. Herman, R. Ducatelle, M. Heyndrickx, and K. De Reu. 2012. Persistent Salmonella Enteritidis environmental contamination on layer farms in the context of an implemented national control program with obligatory vaccination.Poult. Sci. 91:282-291.
66. Dhillon, A. S., H. L. Shivaprasad, P. Roy, B. Alisantosa, D. Schaberg, D. Bandli, and S. Johnson. 2001. Pathogenicity of environmental origin salmonellas in specific pathogen-free chicks.Poult. Sci. 80:1323-1328.
67. Dickey, E. R., K. Bregendahl, K. Stalder, R. Fitzgerald, and A. K. Johnson. 2010. Effects of a premolt calcium and low-energy molt program on laying hen behavior and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios.Poult. Sci. 89:2317-2325.
68. Dickey, E. R., A. K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder, and K. Bregendahl. 2012. Effects of a premolt calcium and low-energy molt program on laying hen performance, egg quality, and economics.Poult. Sci. 91:292-303.
69. Dillworth, D. C., and E. J. Day. 1976. Sodium depletion and Rep.letion of White Leghorn hens in cages.Poult. Sci. 55:1593. (Abstr.)
70. Donalson, L. M., W. K. Kim, V. I. Chalova, P. Herrera, V. G. Gotcheva, D. Vidanović, C. L. Woodward, J. L. McReynolds, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007. In vitro anaerobic incubation of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and laying hen cecal bacteria in poultry feed substrates and a fructooligosacharide prebiotic. Anaerobe 13:208-214.
71. Donalson, L. M., W. K. Kim, V. I. Chalova, P. Herrera, J. L. McReynolds, V. G. Gotcheva, D. Vidanović, C. L. Woodward, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008a. In vitro fermentation response of laying hen cecal bacteria to combinations of fructooligosaccharide prebiotics with alfalfa or a layer ration.Poult. Sci. 87:1263-1275.
72. Donalson, L. M., W. K. Kim, P. Herrera, C. L. Woodward, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2005. Utilizing different ratios of alfalfa and layer ration for molt induction and performance in commercial laying hens.Poult. Sci. 84:362-369.
73. Donalson, L. M., J. L. McReynolds, W. K. Kim, V. I. Chalova, C. L. Woodward, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008b. The influence of a fructooligosacharide prebiotic combined with alfalfa molt diets on the gastrointestinal tract fermentation, Salmonella Enteritidis infection and intestinal shedding in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 87:1253-1262.
74. Douglas, C. R., R. H. Harms, and H. R. Wilson. 1972. The use of extremely low dietary calcium to alter the production pattern of laying hens.Poult. Sci. 51:2015-2020.
75. Doyle, M. P., and M. C. Erickson. 2012. Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 152:54-74.
76. Draper, C. I. 1948. A comparison of sun cured and dehydrated alfalfa meal in the diet of chicks.Poult. Sci. 27:659. (Abstr.)
77. Duncan, I. J. 1970. Frustration in the fowl. Pages 15-31 In B. M. Freeman and R. F. Gordon, ed. Aspects of Poultry Behavior. British Poultry Science Ltd., Edinburgh, UK.
78. Dunkley, C. S., T. H. Friend, J. L. McReynolds, W. K. Kim, K. D. Dunkley, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008a. Behavior of laying hens on alfalfa crumble molt diets.Poult. Sci. 87:815-822.
79. Dunkley, C. S., T. H. Friend, J. L. McReynolds, C. L. Woodward, W. K. Kim, K. D. Dunkley, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008b. Behavioral responses of laying hens to different alfalfa-layer ration combinations fed during molting.Poult. Sci. 87:1005-1011.
80. Dunkley, C. S., W.-K. Kim, W. D. James, W. C. Ellis, J. L. McReynolds, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008c. Passage rates in poultry digestion using stable isotope markers and INAA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 276:35-39.
81. Dunkley, C. S., J. L. McReynolds, K. D. Dunkley, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007a. Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged laying hens fed alfalfa crumbles. III. Blood plasma metabolite response.Poult. Sci. 86:2492-2501.
82. Dunkley, C. S., J. L. McReynolds, K. D. Dunkley, L. N. Njongmeta, L. R. Berghman, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007b. Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged laying hens fed alfalfa crumbles. IV. Immune and stress protein response.Poult. Sci. 86:2502-2508.
83. Dunkley, K. D., T. R. Callaway, V. I. Chalova, R. C. Anderson, M. M. Kundinger, C. S. Dunkley, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008d. Glucose yields and genetic responses in a poultry isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium in an anaerobic continuous culture during shifts in pH. Anaerobe 14:35-42.
84. Dunkley, K. D., T. R. Callaway, V. I. Chalova, J. L. McReynolds, M. E. Hume, C. S. Dunkley, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2009a. Foodborne Salmonella ecology in the avian gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobe 15:26-35.
85. Dunkley, K. D., T. R. Callaway, C. O'Bryan, M. M. Kundinger, C. S. Dunkley, R. C. Anderson, D. J. Nisbet, P. G. Crandall, and S. C. Ricke. 2009b. Cell yields and fermentation responses of a Salmonella Typhimurium poultry isolate at different dilution rates in an anaerobic steady state continuous culture (CC). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol. 96:537-544.
86. Dunkley, K. D., T. R. Callaway, C. O'Bryan, M. M. Kundinger, C. S. Dunkley, R. C. Anderson, D. J. Nisbet, P. G. Crandall, and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Comparison of real time polymerase chain reaction quantification of changes in hilA and rpoS gene expression of a Salmonella Typhimurium poultry isolate grown at fast versus slow dilution rates in an anaerobic continuous culture system. Food Biotechnol. 26:239-251.
87. Dunkley, K. D., C. S. Dunkley, N. L. Njongmeta, T. R. Callaway, M. E. Hume, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007c. Comparison of in vitro fermentation and molecular microbial profiles of high-fiber feed substrates incubated with chicken cecal inocula.Poult. Sci. 86:801-810.
88. Dunkley, K. D., J. L. McReynolds, M. E. Hume, C. S. Dunkley, T. R. Callaway, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007d. Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis challenged laying hens fed alfalfa crumbles I. Salmonella Enteritidis colonization and virulence gene hilA response.Poult. Sci. 86:1633-1639.
89. Dunkley, K. D., J. L. McReynolds, M. E. Hume, C. S. Dunkley, T. R. Callaway, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007e. Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis challenged laying hens fed alfalfa crumbles II. Fermentation and microbial ecology response.Poult. Sci. 86:2101-2109.
90. Durant, J. A., D. E. Corrier, J. A. Byrd, L. H. Stanker, and S. C. Ricke. 1999a. Feed deprivation affects crop environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of Leghorn hens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1919-1923.
91. Durant, J. A., D. E. Corrier, and S. C. Ricke. 2000a. Short-chain volatile fatty acids modulate the expression of the hilA and invF genes of Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Food Prot. 63:573-578.
92. Durant, J. A., D. E. Corrier, L. H. Stanker, and S. C. Ricke. 2000b. Expression of the hilA Salmonella typhimurium gene in a poultry Salm. enteritidis isolate in response to lactate and nutrients. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89:63-69.
93. Durant, J. A., D. E. Corrier, L. H. Stanker, and S. C. Ricke. 2000c. Salmonella enteritidis hilA gene fusion response after incubation in a spent media from either S. enteritidis or a probiotic Lactobacillus strain. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 35:599-610.
94. Durant, J. A., V. K. Lowry, D. J. Nisbet, L. H. Stanker, D. E. Corrier, and S. C. Ricke. 1999b. Short-chain volatile fatty acids affect the adherence and invasion of HEp-2 cells by Salmonella typhimurium. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 34:1083-1099.
95. Durant, J. A., V. K. Lowry, D. J. Nisbet, L. H. Stanker, D. E. Corrier, and S. C. Ricke. 2000d. Late logarithmic Salmonella typhimurium HEp-2 cell-association and invasion response to short chain volatile fatty acid addition. J. Food Saf. 20:1-11.
96. Durant, J. A., V. K. Lowry, D. J. Nisbet, L. H. Stanker, D. E. Corrier, and S. C. Ricke. 2000e. Short-chain fatty acids alter HEp-2 cell association and invasion by stationary growth phase Salmonella typhimurium. J. Food Sci. 65:1206-1209.
97. Ebel, E. D., M. J. David, and J. Mason. 1992. Occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis in the U.S. commercial egg industry: Rep.ort on a national spent hen survey. Avian Dis. 36:646-654.
98. Economic Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture, (2003, April 12). Economics of foodborne disease: Salmonella. (ERS/USDA Briefing Room). Accessed Jan. 26, 2004. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodborneDisease/Salmonella/.
99. Etches, R. J. 1996. Photoperiodism. Pages 106-124 in Rep.roduction in Poultry. R. J. Etches, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
100. Etches, R. J., J. B. Williams, and J. Rzasa. 1984. Effects of corticosterone and dietary changes in the hen on ovarian function, plasma LH and steroids and the response to exogenous LH-RH. J. Rep.rod. Fertil. 70:121-130.
101. Fanelli, M. J., W. W. Sadler, C. E. Franti, and J. R. Brownell. 1971. Localization of salmonellae within the intestinal tract of chickens. Avian Dis. 15:366-375.
102. Finlay, B. B., and S. Falkow. 1989. Salmonella as an intracellular parasite. Mol. Microbiol. 3:1833-1841.
103. Finstad, S., C. A. O'Bryan, J. A. Marcy, P. G. Crandall, and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Salmonella and broiler production in the United States: Relationship to foodborne salmonellosis. Food Res. Int. 45:789-794.
104. Foley, S., R. Nayak, I. B. Hanning, T. L. Johnson, J. Han, and S. C. Ricke. 2011. Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:4273-4279.
105. Foster, J. W., and M. P. Spector. 1995. How Salmonella survive against the odds. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49:145-174.
106. Francis, G., Z. Kerem, H. P. Makkar, and K. Becker. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review. Br. J. Nutr. 88:587-605.
107. Frenzen, P. D., T. L. Riggs, J. C. Buzby, T. Breuer, T. Roberts, D. Voetsch, S. Reddy, and FoodNet Working Group. 1999. Salmonella cost estimate updated using FoodNet data. FoodReview. 22:10-15.
108. Fuller, R. 1973. Ecological studies on the Lactobacillus flora associated with the crop epithelium of the fowl. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 36:131-139.
109. Galán, J. E. 1996. Molecular genetic bases of Salmonella entry into host cells. Mol. Microbiol. 20:263-271.
110. Gantois, I., R. Ducatelle, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck, R. Gast, T. J. Humphrey, and F. Van Immerseel. 2009. Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 33:718-738.
111. Garlich, J., J. Brake, C. R. Parkhurst, J. P. Thaxton, and G. W. Morgan. 1984. Physiological profile of caged layers during one production year, molt, and postmolt: Egg production, egg shell quality, liver, femur, and blood parameters.Poult. Sci. 63:339-343.
112. Gast, R. K. 2007. Serotype-specific and serotype-independent strategies for preharvest control of food-borne Salmonella in poultry. Avian Dis. 51:817-828.
113. Gast, R. K., and C. W. Beard. 1990a. Production of Salmonella enteritidis-contaminated eggs by experimentally infected hens. Avian Dis. 34:438-446.
114. Gast, R. K., and C. W. Beard. 1990b. Isolation of Salmonella enteritidis from internal organs of experimentally infected hens. Avian Dis. 34:991-993.
115. Gast, R. K., B. W. Mitchell, and P. S. Holt. 2004. Evaluation of culture media for detecting airborne Salmonella enteritidis collected with an electrostatic sampling device from the environment of experimentally infected laying hens.Poult. Sci. 83:1106-1111.
116. German, H. L., and J. R. Couch. 1950. The effect of feeding varying levels of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal on the growth of chicks and poults.Poult. Sci. 29:841-845.
117. Gilbert, A. B., and R. Blair. 1975. A comparison of the effects of two low calcium diets on egg production in the domestic fowl. Br.Poult. Sci. 16:547-552.
118. Golden, N. J., H. H. Marks, M. E. Coleman, C. M. Schroeder, N. E. Bauer Jr., and N. D. Schlosser. 2008. Review of induced molting by feed removal and contamination of eggs with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Vet. Microbiol. 131:215-228.
119. Gomez, T. M., Y. Molarjemi, S. Miyagawa, F. K. Kaferstein, and K. Stohr. 1997. Foodborne salmonellosis. World Health Stat. Q. 50:81-89.
120. Goodman, B. L., R. A. Norton Jr., and O. H. Diambra. 1986. Zinc oxide to induce molt in layers.Poult. Sci. 65:2008-2014.
121. Gross, R. L., and P. M. Newberne. 1980. Role of nutrition in immunologic function. Physiol. Rev. 60:188-302.
122. Gross, W. B., and H. S. Siegel. 1983. Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis. 27:927-979.
123. Guard-Petter, J. 2001. The chicken, the egg and Salmonella enteritidis. Environ. Microbiol. 3:421-430.
124. Güçlü, B. K., K. M. İşcan, F. Uyanik, M. Eren, and A. C. Aǧca. 2004. Effect of alfalfa meal in diets of laying quails on performance, egg quality and serum parameters. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 58:255-263.
125. Guo, F. C., B. A. Williams, R. P. Kwakkel, and M. W. A. Verstagen. 2003. In vitro fermentation characteristics of two mushroom species, an herb, and their polysaccharide fractions, using chicken cecal contents as inoculum.Poult. Sci. 82:1608-1615.
126. Gutierrez, O., C. Zhang, D. J. Caldwell, J. B. Carey, A. L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey. 2008. Guar meal diets as an alternative approach to inducing molt and improving Salmonella Enteritidis resistance in late-phase laying hens.Poult. Sci. 87:536-540.
127. Hanning, I., J. D. Nutt, and S. C. Ricke. 2009. Salmonellosis outbreaks due to fresh produce: Sources and potential intervention measures. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6:635-648.
128. Hargis, B. M., D. J. Caldwell, R. L. Brewer, D. E. Corrier, and J. R. DeLoach. 1995. Evaluation of chicken crop as a source of Salmonella contamination for broiler carcasses.Poult. Sci. 74:1548-1552.
129. Hegsted, M., and H. M. Linkswiler. 1980. Protein quality of high and low saponin alfalfa protein concentrate. J. Sci. Food Agric. 31:777-781.
130. Heiman, V., and L. A. Wilhelm. 1937. The transmission of xanthophylls in feeds to the yolk of the hens' egg.Poult. Sci. 16:400-403.
131. Hester, P. Y. 2005. Impact of science and management on the welfare of egg laying strains of hens.Poult. Sci. 84:687-696.
132. Hetland, H., and B. Svihus. 2001. Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens. Br.Poult. Sci. 42:354-361.
133. Heywang, B. W. 1933. Alfalfa products as green feed substitutes for layers.Poult. Sci. 12:167-172.
134. Heywang, B. W. 1950. High levels of alfalfa meal in diets for chickens.Poult. Sci. 29:804-811.
135. Hitchner, S. B. 2004. History of biological control of poultry diseases in the U.S. Avian Dis. 48:1-8.
136. Holt, P. S. 1992a. Effects of induced molting on immune responses of hens. Br.Poult. Sci. 33:165-175.
137. Holt, P. S. 1992b. Effect of induced molting on B cell and CT4 and CT8 T cell numbers in spleens and peripheral blood of White Leghorn hens.Poult. Sci. 71:2027-2034.
138. Holt, P. S. 1993. Effect of induced molting on the susceptibility of White Leghorn hens to a Salmonella enteritidis infection. Avian Dis. 37:412-417.
139. Holt, P. S. 1999. Chapter 33. Impact of induced molting on immunity and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in laying hens. Pages 367-375 in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Humans and Animals-Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control. A. M. Saeed, R. K. Gast, M. E. Potter, and P. G. Wall, ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
140. Holt, P. S. 2003. Molting and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection: The problem and some solutions.Poult. Sci. 82:1008-1010.
141. Holt, P. S., R. J. Buhr, D. L. Cunningham, and R. E. Porter. 1994. Effects of two different molting procedures on a Salmonella enteritidis infection.Poult. Sci. 73:1267-1275.
142. Holt, P. S., R. H. Davies, J. Dewulf, R. K. Gast, J. K. Huwe, D. R. Jones, D. Waltman, and K. R. Willian. 2011. The impact of different housing systems on egg safety and quality.Poult. Sci. 90:251-262.
143. Holt, P. S., and R. K. Gast. 2002. Comparison of the effects of infection with Salmonella enteritidis, in combination with an induced molt, on serum levels of the acute phase protein, α1 acid glycoprotein, in hens.Poult. Sci. 81:1295-1300.
144. Holt, P. S., C. J. Geden, R. W. Moore, and R. K. Gast. 2007. Isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from houseflies (Musca domestica) found in rooms containing Salmonella serovar Enteritidis-challenged hens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6030-6035.
145. Holt, P. S., N. P. Macri, and R. E. Porter Jr. 1995. Microbiological analysis of the early Salmonella enteritidis infection in molted and non-molted hens. Avian Dis. 39:55-63.
146. Holt, P. S., B. W. Mitchell, and R. K. Gast. 1998. Airborne horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in molted laying chickens. Avian Dis. 42:45-52.
147. Holt, P. S., and R. E. Porter Jr. 1992a. Effect of induced molting on the course of infection and transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in White Leghorn hens of different ages.Poult. Sci. 71:1842-1848.
148. Holt, P. S., and R. E. Porter Jr. 1992b. Microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-molt fasting procedure on a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Dis. 36:610-618.
149. Holt, P. S., and R. E. Porter Jr. 1993. Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous Salmonella enteritidis infection.Poult. Sci. 72:2069-2078.
150. Hopper, S. A., and S. Mawer. 1988. Salmonella Enteritidis in a commercial layer flock. Vet. Rec. 123:351.
151. Howard, Z. R., C. A. O'Bryan, P. G. Crandall, and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs: Current issues and prospects for control. Food Res. Int. 45:755-764.
152. Huang, D. S., D. F. Li, J. J. Xing, Y. X. Ma, Z. J. Li, and S. Q. Lv. 2006. Effects of feed particle size and feed form on survival of Salmonella typhimurium in the alimentary tract and cecal S. typhimurium reduction in growing broilers.Poult. Sci. 85:831-836.
153. Hueck, C. J. 1998. Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:379-433.
154. Hume, M. E., L. F. Kubena, T. S. Edrington, C. J. Donskey, R. W. Moore, S. C. Ricke, and D. J. Nisbet. 2003. Poultry digestive microflora diversity as indicated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.Poult. Sci. 82:1100-1107.
155. Humphrey, T. J., A. Baskerville, S. L. Mawer, B. Rowe, and S. Hopper. 1989. Salmonella enteritidis PT4 from contents of intact eggs: A study involving naturally infected hens. Epidemiol. Infect. 103:415-423.
156. Humphrey, T. J., A. Baskerville, A. Whitehead, B. Rowe, and A. Healey. 1993. Influence of feeding patterns on the artificial infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. Vet. Rec. 132:407-409.
157. Hussein, A. S., A. H. Cantor, and T. H. Johnson. 1989. Comparison of the use of dietary aluminum with the use of feed restriction for force-molting laying hens.Poult. Sci. 68:891-896.
158. Ishihara, N., D.-C. Chu, S. Akachi, and L. R. Juneja. 2000. Preventive effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on infection of Salmonella enteritidis in young and laying hens.Poult. Sci. 79:689-697.
159. Izat, A. L., R. E. Hierholzer, J. M. Kopek, M. H. Adams, M. A. Reiber, and J. P. McGinnis. 1990. Effects of d-mannose on incidence and levels of salmonellae in ceca and carcass samples of market age broilers.Poult. Sci. 69:2244-2247.
160. Joerger, R. D. 2003. Alternatives to antibiotics: Bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages.Poult. Sci. 82:640-647.
161. Jones, D. R., K. E. Anderson, and J. Y. Guard. 2012. Prevalence of coliforms, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter associated with eggs and the environment of conventional cage and freerange egg production.Poult. Sci. 91:1195-1202.
162. Jones, F. T., R. C. Axtell, D. V. Rives, S. E. Scheideler, F. R. Tarver Jr., R. L. Walker, and M. J. Wineland. 1991. A survey of Salmonella contamination in modern broiler production. J. Food Prot. 54:502-507.
163. Jørgensen, H., X. Q. Zhao, K. E. B. Knudsen, and B. O. Eggum. 1996. The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 75:379-395.
164. Kaiser, M. G., and S. J. Lamont. 2001. Genetic line differences in survival and pathogen load in young layer chicks after Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis exposure.Poult. Sci. 80:1105-1108.
165. Keller, L. H., C. E. Benson, K. Krotec, and R. J. Eckroade. 1995. Salmonella Enteritidis colonization of the Rep.roductive tract and forming of freshly laid eggs of chickens. Infect. Immun. 63:2443-2449.
166. Kennard, D. C., and G. Lingle. 1928. Feeding legume hay to chickens. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 13:24-26.
167. Keshavarz, K., and F. W. Quimby. 2002. An investigation of different molting techniques with an emphasis on animal welfare. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:54-67.
168. Kim, W. K., S. A. Bloomfield, T. Sugiyama, and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Concepts and methods for understanding bone metabolism in laying hens. World'sPoult. Sci. J. 68:71-82.
169. Kim, W. K., L. M. Donalson, S. A. Bloomfield, H. A. Hogan, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007. Molt performance and bone density of cortical, medullary, and cancellous bone in laying hens during feed restriction of alfalfa-based feed molt.Poult. Sci. 86:1821-1830.
170. Kim, W. K., L. M. Donalson, P. Herrera, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2005. Comparisons of molting diets on skeletal quality and eggshell parameters in hens at the end of the second egg-laying cycle.Poult. Sci. 84:522-527.
171. Kim, W. K., L. M. Donalson, A. D. Mitchell, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2006. Effects of alfalfa and fructooligosaccharide on molting parameters and bone qualities using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional bone assays.Poult. Sci. 85:15-20.
172. Kim, W. K., T. M. Herfel, C. S. Dunkley, P. Y. Hester, T. D. Crenshaw, and S. C. Ricke. 2008. The effects of alfalfa-based molt diets on skeletal integrity of White Leghorns.Poult. Sci. 87:2178-2185.
173. Koelkebeck, K. W., C. M. Parsons, P. Biggs, and P. Utterback. 2006. Nonwithdrawal molting programs. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:483-491.
174. Kogut, M. H., K. J. Genovese, and L. H. Stanker. 1999. Effect of induced molting on heterophil function in White Leghorn hens. Avian Dis. 43:538-548.
175. Koo, O. K., S. A. Sirsat, P. G. Crandall, and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Physical and chemical control of Salmonella in ready-to-eat products. Agric. Food Anal. Bacteriol. 2:56-68.
176. Kuenzel, W. J. 2003. Neurobiology of molt in avian species.Poult. Sci. 82:981-991.
177. Kuenzel, W. J., and C. W. Helms. 1974. An annual cycle study of tan-striped and white striped White-throated sparrows. Auk 9:44-53.
178. Kuzmicky, D. D., and G. O. Kohler. 1977. Nutritional value of alfalfa leaf protein concentrate (Pro-Xan) for broilers.Poult. Sci. 56:1510-1516.
179. Kwon, Y. M., S. Y. Park, S. G. Birkhold, and S. C. Ricke. 2000a. Induction of resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to environmental stresses by exposure to short-chain fatty acids. J. Food Sci. 65:1037-1040.
180. Kwon, Y. M., and S. C. Ricke. 1998. Induction of acid resistance of Salmonella typhimurium by exposure to short-chain fatty acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3458-3463.
181. Kwon, Y. M., and S. C. Ricke, ed. 2011. High-Throughput Next Generation Sequencing: Methods and Applications. Methods in Molecular Microbiology 733-Springer Protocols. Humana Press, New York, NY.
182. Kwon, Y. M., C. L. Woodward, D. E. Corrier, J. A. Byrd, S. D. Pillai, and S. C. Ricke. 2000b. Recovery of a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium in litter and aerosols from isolation rooms containing infected chickens. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 35:517-525.
183. Kwon, Y. M., C. L. Woodward, S. D. Pillai, J. Peña, D. E. Corrier, J. A. Byrd, and S. C. Ricke. 2000c. Litter and aerosol sampling of chicken houses for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium using gene amplification. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:379-382.
184. Landers, K. L., R. W. Moore, C. S. Dunkley, P. Herrera, W. K. Kim, D. A. Landers, Z. R. Howard, J. L. McReynolds, J. A. Byrd, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008a. Immunological cell and serum metabolite response of 60 week old commercial laying hens to an alfalfa meal molt diet. Bioresour. Technol. 99:604-608.
185. Landers, K. L., R. W. Moore, P. Herrera, D. A. Landers, Z. R. Howard, J. L. McReynolds, J. A. Byrd, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008b. Organ weight and serum triglyceride responses of older (80 week) commercial laying hens fed an alfalfa meal molt diet. Bioresour. Technol. 99:6692-6696.
186. Landers, K. L., C. Woodward, Z. R. Howard, S. G. Birkhold, and S. C. Ricke. 2005a. Potential of alfalfa as an alternative molt induction diet for laying hens: Egg quality and consumer acceptability. Bioresour. Technol. 96:907-911.
187. Landers, K. L., C. Woodward, X. Li, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2005b. Alfalfa as a single dietary source for molt induction in laying hens. Bioresour. Technol. 96:565-570.
188. Langhans, W. 1999. Appetite regulation. Pages 225-252 in Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. G. E. Lobley, A. White, and J. C. MacRae, ed. EAAP publication no. 96. Wageningen Pers., the Netherlands.
189. Lee, K. 1982. Effects of forced molt period on post molt performance of Leghorn hens.Poult. Sci. 61:1594-1598.
190. Li, X., J. B. Payne, F. B. Santos, J. F. Levine, K. E. Anderson, and B. W. Sheldon. 2007. Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces from commercial high-rise houses and characterization of the Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis.Poult. Sci. 86:591-597.
191. Lillard, H. S. 1988. Comparison of sampling methods and implications for bacterial decontamination of poultry carcasses by rinsing. J. Food Prot. 51:405-408.
192. Lillard, H. S. 1989. Incidence and recovery of salmonellae and other bacteria from commercially processed poultry carcasses at selected pre-and post-evisceration sites. J. Food Prot. 52:88-91.
193. Lister, S. A. 1988. Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broilers and broiler breeders. Vet. Rec. 123:351.
194. Lo, G. S. 1989. Nutritional and physical properties of dietary fiber from soybeans. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. 66:531-534.
195. Lu, C. D., and N. A. Jorgensen. 1987. Alfalfa saponins affect site and extent of nutrient digestion in ruminants. J. Nutr. 117:919-927.
196. Lucas, A. M., and P. R. Stettenheim. 1972. Avian Anatomy Integument, Part 1. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
197. Maciorowski, K. G., F. T. Jones, S. D. Pillai, and S. C. Ricke. 2004. Incidence and control of food-borne Salmonella spp. in poultry feeds-A review. World'sPoult. Sci. J. 60:446-457.
198. Macri, N. P., R. E. Porter, and P. S. Holt. 1997. The effects of induced molting on the severity of acute intestinal inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Dis. 41:117-124.
199. Martin, G. A., T. B. Morris, M. H. Gehle, and D. G. Harwood. 1973. Force-molting by limiting calcium intake.Poult. Sci. 52:2058. (Abstr.)
200. Mateos, G. G., E. Jiménez-Moreno, M. P. Serrano, and R. P. Lázaro. 2012. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 21:156-174.
201. Matsushima, J. K. 1972. Feedlot feeding. Pages 632-640 in Alfalfa Science and Technology. C. H. Hanson, ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
202. Mazzuco, H., V. S. Avila, A. Coldebella, R. Mores, F. R. F. Jaenisch, and L. S. Lopes. 2011. Comparison of the effect of different methods of molt: Production and welfare evaluation.Poult. Sci. 90:2913-2920.
203. Mazzuco, H., and P. Y. Hester. 2005a. The effect of an induced molt and a second cycle of lay on skeletal integrity of White Leghorns.Poult. Sci. 84:771-781.
204. Mazzuco, H., and P. Y. Hester. 2005b. The effect of an induced molt using a nonfasting program on bone mineralization of White Leghorns.Poult. Sci. 84:1483-1490.
205. McCormick, C. C., and D. L. Cunningham. 1984a. High dietary zinc and fasting as methods of forced resting: A performance comparison.Poult. Sci. 63:1201-1206.
206. McCormick, C. C., and D. L. Cunningham. 1984b. Forced resting by high dietary zinc: Tissue zinc accumulation and Rep.roductive organ weight changes.Poult. Sci. 63:1207-1212.
207. McDaniel, B. A., and D. R. Aske. 2000. Egg prices, feed costs, and the decision to molt.Poult. Sci. 79:1242-1245.
208. McGinnis, J., L. Timmerman, and M. B. Patel. 1983. Effects of different molting procedure for laying hens on weight loss, changes in body composition and subsequent layer performance. Coll. Agric. and Home Econ. Res. Commun. Poult. No. 2. Wash. State Univ., Pullman.
209. McNaughton, J. L. 1978. Effect of dietary fiber on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of the laying hen. J. Nutr. 108:1842-1848.
210. McReynolds, J., K. J. Genovese, H. He, C. L. Swaggerty, J. A. Byrd, S. C. Ricke, D. J. Nisbet, and M. H. Kogut. 2009. Alfalfa as a nutritive modulator in maintaining the innate immune response during the molting process. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:410-417.
211. McReynolds, J., L. Kubena, J. Byrd, R. Anderson, S. Ricke, and D. Nisbet. 2005. Evaluation of Salmonella enteritidis in molting hens after administration of an experimental chlorate product (for nine days) in the drinking water and feeding an alfalfa molt diet.Poult. Sci. 84:1186-1190.
212. McReynolds, J. L., R. W. Moore, L. F. Kubena, J. A. Byrd, C. L. Woodward, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2006. Effect of various combinations of alfalfa and standard layer diet on susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella Enteritidis during forced molt.Poult. Sci. 85:1123-1128.
213. Mead, G., A. M. Lammerding, N. Cox, M. P. Doyle, F. Humbert, A. Kulikovskiy, A. Panin, V. P. Do Nascimento, M. Wierup, and The Salmonella on Raw Poultry Writing Committee. 2010. Scientific and technical factors affecting the setting of Salmonella criteria for raw poultry: A global perspective. J. Food Prot. 73:1566-1590.
214. Mejia, L., E. T. Meyer, D. L. Studer, P. L. Utterback, C. W. Utterback, C. M. Parsons, and K. W. Koelkebeck. 2011. Evaluation of limit feeding varying levels of distillers dried grains with solubles in non-feed-withdrawal molt programs for laying hens.Poult. Sci. 90:321-327.
215. Mejia, L., E. T. Meyer, P. L. Utterback, C. W. Utterback, C. M. Parsons, and K. W. Koelkebeck. 2010. Evaluation of limit feeding corn and distillers dried grains with soluble in non-feed-withdrawal molt programs for laying hens.Poult. Sci. 89:386-392.
216. Mikkelsen, L. L., P. J. Naughton, M. S. Hedemann, and B. B. Jensen. 2004. Effects of physical properties of feed on microbial ecology and survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the pig gastrointestinal tract. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:3485-3492.
217. Miller, R. E., R. H. Edwards, M. E. Lazar, E. M. Bickoff, and G. O. Kohler. 1972. PRO-XAN process: Air drying of alfalfa leaf protein concentrate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:1151-1154.
218. Mishu, B., J. Koehler, L. A. Lee, D. Rodrigue, F. H. Brenner, P. Brake, and R. V. Tauxe. 1994. Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States, 1985-1991. J. Infect. Dis. 169:547-552.
219. Mole, S., J. Rogler, and L. Butler. 1993. Growth reduction by dietary tannins. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 21:667-677.
220. Mollenhorst, H., C. J. Woudenbergh, E. G. M. Bokkers, and I. J. M. de Boer. 2005. Risk factors for Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 84:1308-1313.
221. Moore, R. W., S. Y. Park, L. F. Kubena, J. A. Byrd, J. L. McReynolds, M. R. Burnham, M. E. Hume, S. G. Birkhold, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2004. Comparison of zinc acetate and propionate addition on gastrointestinal tract fermentation and susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella Enteritidis during forced molt.Poult. Sci. 83:1276-1286.
222. Moran, E. T., Jr., and S. F. Bilgili. 1990. Influence of feeding and fasting broilers prior to marketing on cecal access of orally administered Salmonella. J. Food Prot. 53:205-207.
223. Moran, E. T., Jr., and E. Evans. 1977. Performance and nutrient utilization by laying hens fed practical rations having extremes in fibre content. Can. Anim. Sci. 57:433-438.
224. Morrison, F. B. 1954. Feeds and Feeding: A Handbook for the Student and Stockman. 21st ed. The Morrison Publishing Company, Ithaca, NY.
225. Mrosovsky, N., and D. F. Sherry. 1980. Animal anorexia. Science 207:837-842.
226. Mumma, J. O., J. P. Thaxton, Y. Vizzier-Thaxton, and W. L. Dodson. 2006. Physiological stress in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 85:761-769.
227. Murphy, M. E. 1996. Energetics and nutrition of molt. Chapter 6 in Avian Energetics and Nutritional Ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
228. Murphy, M. E., T. G. Taruscio, J. R. King, and S. G. Truitt. 1992. Do molting birds renovate their skeletons as well as their plumages? Osteoporosis during the annual molt in sparrows. Can. J. Zool. 70:1109-1113.
229. Murphy, M. E., and T. G. Taruscio. 1995. Sparrows increase their rates of tissue and whole body protein turnover during their annual molt. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. IIIA:385-396.
230. Murray, C. J. 2000. Chapter 16-Environmental Aspects of Salmonella. Pages 265-283 in Salmonella in Domestic Animals. C. Wray and A. Wray, ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
231. Muzilla, M., N. Unklesbay, Z. Helsel, K. Unklesbay, and M. Ellersieck. 1989. Effect of particle size and heat on absorptive properties of soy hulls. J. Food Qual. 12:305-318.
232. Nakamura, M., N. Nagamine, T. Suzuki, M. Norimatsu, K. Oishi, M. Kijima, Y. Tamura, and S. Sato. 1993. Long term shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis in chickens which received a contact exposure within 24 hrs of hatching. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 55:649-653.
233. Nakamura, M., M. Takagi, T. Takahashi, S. Suzuki, S. Sato, and K. Takehara. 1997. The effect of the flow of air on horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in chickens. Avian Dis. 41:354-360.
234. Nesbeth, W. G., C. R. Douglas, and R. H. Harms. 1976. Response of laying hens to a low salt diet.Poult. Sci. 55:2128-2133.
235. Ngou Ngoupayou, J. D., P. M. Maiorino, and B. L. Reid. 1982. Jojoba meal in poultry diets.Poult. Sci. 61:1692-1696.
236. Nisbet, D. J., D. E. Corrier, S. C. Ricke, M. E. Hume, J. A. Byrd II, and J. R. DeLoach. 1996a. Cecal propionic acid as a biological indicator of the early establishment of a microbial ecosystem inhibitory to Salmonella in chicks. Anaerobe 2:345-350.
237. Nisbet, D. J., D. E. Corrier, S. C. Ricke, M. E. Hume, J. A. Byrd II, and J. R. DeLoach. 1996b. Maintenance of the biological efficacy in chicks of a cecal competitive-exclusion culture against Salmonella by continuous-flow fermentation. J. Food Prot. 59:1279-1283.
238. Nisbet, D. J., T. S. Edrington, J. L. McReynolds, T. R. Callaway, and J. A. Byrd. 2008. Influence of exogenous melatonin administration on Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in molted layers.Poult. Sci. 87:1083-1088.
239. Norberg, L. M., J. L. McReynolds, W.-K. Kim, V. I. Chalova, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2010. Colonization and pathogenesis of foodborne Salmonella in egg-laying hens. Pages 63-84 in Perspectives on Food Safety Issues of Food Animal Derived Foods. S. C. Ricke and F. T. Jones, ed. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville.
240. NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
241. O'Brien, J. D. P. 1988. Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Vet. Rec. 122:214.
242. Park, S. Y., S. G. Birkhold, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2003. Effect of storage condition on bone breaking strength and bone ash in laying hens at different stages in production cycles.Poult. Sci. 82:1688-1691.
243. Park, S. Y., S. G. Birkhold, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2004a. Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on molt induction, organs, and postmolt egg production and quality in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 83:24-33.
244. Park, S. Y., W. K. Kim, S. G. Birkhold, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2004b. Using a feed-grade zinc propionate to achieve molt induction in laying hens and retain postmolt egg production and quality. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 101:165-179.
245. Park, S. Y., W. K. Kim, S. G. Birkhold, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2004c. Induced moulting issues and alterna-tive dietary strategies for the egg industry in the United States. World'sPoult. Sci. J. 60:196-209.
246. Park, S. Y., C. L. Woodward, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, S. G. Birkhold, and S. C. Ricke. 2008. Environmental dissemination of foodborne Salmonella in preharvest poultry production: Reservoirs, critical factors and research strategies. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:73-111.
247. Patrick, M. E., P. M. Adcock, T. M. Gomez, S. F. Altekruse, B. H. Holland, R. V. Tauxe, and D. L. Swerdlow. 2004. Salmonella Enteritidis infections, United States, 1985-1999. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:1-7.
248. Patterson, J. A., and K. M. Burkholder. 2003. Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production.Poult. Sci. 82:627-631.
249. Patterson, P. H., M. L. Sunde, E. M. Schieber, and W. B. White. 1988. Wheat middlings as an alternate feedstuff for laying hens.Poult. Sci. 67:1329-1337.
250. Patwardhan, D. S., A. J. King, A. M. Oberbauer, and T. B. Holland. 2011. Bone measurements of molted layers fed low-salt corn and soybean meal diets containing safflower meal or tomato pomace. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 20:190-196.
251. Perek, M., and F. Sulman. 1945. The basal metabolic rate in molting and laying hens. Endocrinology 36:240-243.
252. Perumalla, A. V. S., N. S. Hettiarachchy, and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Current perspectives in poultry preharvest food safety. Pages 89-120 in Direct Fed Microbials/Prebiotics for Animals: Science and Mechanisms of Action. T. R. Callaway and S. C. Ricke, ed. Springer Science, New York, NY.
253. Phelps, R. A., F. S. Shenstone, A. R. Kemmerer, and R. J. Evans. 1965. A review of cyclopropenoid compounds: Biological effects of some derivatives.Poult. Sci. 44:358-394.
254. Ponte, P. I. P., I. Mendes, M. Quaresma, M. N. M. Aguiar, J. P. C. Lemos, L. M. A. Ferreira, M. A. C. Soares, C. M. Alfaia, J. A. M. Prates, and C. M. G. A. Fontes. 2004. Cholesterol levels and sensory characteristics of meat from broilers consuming moderate to high levels of alfalfa.Poult. Sci. 83:810-814.
255. Poppe, C. 1999. Chapter 1. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Pages 3-18 in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans and animals-Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. A. M. Saeed, R. K. Gast, M. E. Potter, and P. G. Wall, ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
256. Poppe, C. 2000. Chapter 7-Salmonella infections in domestic fowl. Pages 107-132 in Salmonella in Domestic Animals, ed. C. Wray and A. Wray, ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
257. Porter, R. E., and P. S. Holt. 1993. Effect of induced molting on the severity of intestinal lesions caused by Salmonella enteritidis in chickens. Avian Dis. 37:1009-1016.
258. President's Council on Food Safety. 1999. Egg safety from production to consumption: An action plan to eliminate Salmonella Enteritidis illnesses due to eggs. Washington, DC.
259. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000a. Model of physiological stress in chickens. 1. Response parameters.Poult. Sci. 79:363-369.
260. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000b. Model of physiological stress in chickens. 2. Dosimetry of adrenocorticotropin.Poult. Sci. 79:370-376.
261. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000c. Model of physiological stress in chickens. 3. Temporal patterns of response.Poult. Sci. 79:377-382.
262. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000d. Model of physiological stress in chickens. 4. Digestion and metabolism.Poult. Sci. 79:383-390.
263. Rabsch, W., B. M. Hargis, R. M. Tsolis, R. A. Kingsley, K. Hinz, H. Tschäpe, and A. J. Bäumler. 2000. Competitive exclusion of Salmonella enteritidis by Salmonella gallinarum in poultry. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:443-448.
264. Rao, A. V., and D. M. Gurfinkel. 2000. The bioactivity of saponins: Tritetpenoid and steroidal glycosides. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 17:211-235.
265. Ricke, S. C., P. J. Van der aar, G. C. Fahey Jr., and L. L. Berger. 1982. Influence of dietary fiber on performance and fermentation characteristics from gut contents from growing chicks.Poult. Sci. 61:1335-1343.
266. Ricke, S. C. 2003a. The gastrointestinal tract ecology of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in molting hens.Poult. Sci. 82:1003-1007.
267. Ricke, S. C. 2003b. Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials.Poult. Sci. 82:632-639.
268. Ricke, S. C., S. G. Birkhold, and R. K. Gast. 2001. Chapter 46: Eggs and egg products. Pages 473-481 in Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examinations of Foods. 4th ed. F. P. Downes, and K. Ito, ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, DC.
269. Ricke, S. C., C. S. Dunkley, J. L. McReynolds, K. D. Dunkley, and D. J. Nisbet. 2010. Molting in laying hens and Salmonella infection. Pages 135-146 in Dynamics in Animal Nutrition. P. J. van der Aar and J. Doppenberg, ed. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
270. Ricke, S. C., P. Hererra, and D. Biswas. 2012. Bacteriophages for potential food safety applications in organic meat production. Pages 407-424 in Organic Meat Production and Processing. S. C. Ricke, E. J. Van Loo, M. G. Johnson, and C. A. O'Bryan, ed. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY.
271. Ricke, S. C., M. E. Hume, S. Y. Park, R. W. Moore, S. G. Birkhold, L. F. Kubena, and D. J. Nisbet. 2004a. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) as a rapid method for assessing gastrointestinal tract microflora responses in laying hens fed similar zinc molt induction diets. J. Rapid Meth. Automation Microbiol. 12:69-81.
272. Ricke, S. C., S. Y. Park, R. W. Moore, Y. M. Kwon, C. L. Woodward, J. A. Byrd, D. J. Nisbet, and L. F. Kubena. 2004b. Feeding low calcium and zinc molt diets sustains gastrointestinal fermentation and limits Salmonella enterica servar Enteritidis colonization in laying hens. J. Food Saf. 24:291-308.
273. Ricke, S. C., C. L. Woodward, Y. M. Kwon, L. F. Kubena, and D. J. Nisbet. 2004c. Limiting avian gastrointestinal tract Salmonella colonization by cecal anaerobic bacteria and a potential role for methanogens. Pages 141-150 in Pre-Harvest and Post-Harvest Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. R. C. Beier, S. D. Pillai, T. D. Phillips, and R. L. Ziprin, ed. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA.
274. Rijnen, M. M. J. A., J. W. Heetkemp, M. W. A. Verstegen, and J. W. Schrama. 1999. Effects of dietary fermentable carbohydrates on physical activity and energy metabolism in group-housed sows. Page 182 in Proceedings of the ASAS Meetings. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., Champaign, IL.
275. Rodrigue, D. C., R. V. Tauxe, and B. Rowe. 1990. International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: A new pandemic? Epidemiol. Infect. 105:21-27.
276. Rodriguez-Romo, L. A., and A. E. Yousef. 2005. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on shell eggs by ozone and UV radiation. J. Food Prot. 68:711-717.
277. Roland, D. A., Sr., and R. D. Bushong. 1978. The influence of force molting on the incidence of uncollectable eggs.Poult. Sci. 57:22-26.
278. Rolls, B. A., A. Turvey, and M. E. Coates. 1978. The influence of the gut microflora and of dietary fibre on epithelial cell migration in the chick intestine. Br. J. Nutr. 39:91-98.
279. Ross, E., and R. B. Herrick. 1981. Forced rest induced by molt or low salt diet and subsequent hen performance.Poult. Sci. 60:63-67.
280. Ruszler, P. L. 1998. Health and husbandry considerations of induced molting.Poult. Sci. 77:1789-1793.
281. Saengkerdsub, S., R. C. Anderson, H. H. Wilkinson, W.-K. Kim, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007a. Identification and quantification of methanogenic Archaea in adult chicken ceca. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:353-356.
282. Saengkerdsub, S., P. Herrera, C. L. Woodward, R. C. Anderson, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2007b. Detection of methane and quantification of methanogenic Archaea in faeces from young broiler chickens using real-time PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 45:629-634.
283. Saengkerdsub, S., W.-K. Kim, R. C. Anderson, C. L. Woodward, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2006. Effects of nitrocompounds and feedstuffs on in vitro methane production in chicken cecal contents and rumen fluid. Anaerobe 12:85-92.
284. Santos, R. L., M. Raffatellu, C. L. Bevins, L. G. Adams, Ç. Tukel, R. M. Tsolis, and A. J. Bäumler. 2009. Life in the inflamed intestine, Salmonella style. Trends Microbiol. 17:498-506.
285. Scallan, E., R. M. Hoekstra, F. J. Angulo, R. V. Tauxe, M.-A. Widdowson, S. L. Roy, J. L. Jones, and P. M. Griffen. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-Major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17:7-15.
286. Schroeder, C. M., H. K. Latimer, W. D. Schlosser, N. J. Golden, H. M. Marks, M. E. Coleman, A. T. Hogue, E. D. Ebel, N. M. Quiring, A.-R. Kadry, and J. Kause. 2006. Overview and summary of the food safety and inspection risk assessment for Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs, October, 2005. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 3:403-412.
287. Scott, J. T., and C. R. Creger. 1976. The use of zinc as an effective molting agent in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 55:2089. (Abstr.)
288. Sen, S., H. P. S. Makker, and K. Becker. 1998. Alfalfa saponins and their implications in animal nutrition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:131-140.
289. Seo, K. H., P. S. Holt, and R. K. Gast. 2001. Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis infection in hens molted via long-term feed withdrawal versus full-fed wheat middling. J. Food Prot. 64:1917-1921.
290. Sherry, D. F., N. Mrosovsky, and J. A. Hogan. 1980. Weight loss and anorexia during incubation in birds. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 94:89-98.
291. Shippee, R. L., P. E. Stake, U. Koehn, J. L. Lambert, and R. W. Simmons III. 1979. High dietary zinc or magnesium as forcedresting agents for laying hens.Poult. Sci. 58:949-954.
292. Shivaprasad, H. L. 2003. Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid. Pages 568-582 in Diseases of Poultry. 11th ed. Y. M. Saif, H. J. Barnes, J. R. Glisson, A. M. Fadly, L. R. McDougald, and D. E. Swayne, ed. Iowa State University Press-A Blackwell Publishing Company, Ames.
293. Sibbald, I. R. 1979a. The passage of feed through the adult rooster.Poult. Sci. 58:446-459.
294. Sibbald, I. R. 1979b. The effect of the duration of the excreta collection period on the true metabolizable energy values of feedingstuffs with slow rates of passage.Poult. Sci. 58:896-899.
295. Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Gut clearance and true metabolizable energy value of dehydrated alfalfa supplemented with sodium chloride.Poult. Sci. 59:939-940.
296. Siragusa, G. R., and S. C. Ricke. 2012. Chapter 20. Probiotics as pathogen control agents for organic meat production. Pages 331-349 in Organic Meat Production and Processing. S. C. Ricke, E. J. Van Loo, M. G. Johnson, and C. A. O'Bryan, ed. Wiley Scientific/IFT, New York, NY.
297. Sirsat, S. A., A. Muthaiyan, S. E. Dowd, Y. M. Kwon, and S. C. Ricke. 2010. The potential for application of foodborne Salmonella gene expression profiling assays in postharvest poultry processing. Pages 195-222 in Perspectives on Food Safety Issues of Food Animal Derived Foods. S. C. Ricke and F. T. Jones, ed. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville.
298. St. Louis, M. E., D. L. Morse, M. E. Potter, T. M. DeMelfi, J. J. Guzewick, R. V. Tauxe, and P. A. Blake. 1988. The emergence of Grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections: New implications for the control of salmonellosis. JAMA 259:2103-2107.
299. Stavric, S. 1992. Defined cultures and prospects. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 15:245-263.
300. Stavric, S., and J.-Y. D'Aoust. 1993. Undefined and defined bacterial pRep.arations for the competitive exclusion of Salmonella in poultry: A review. J. Food Prot. 56:173-180.
301. Stavric, S., and E. T. Kornegay. 1995. Microbial probiotics for pigs and poultry. Pages 205-231 in Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding. R. J. Wallace and A. Chesson, ed. VCH Publishers Inc., New York, NY.
302. Stettenheim, P. 1972. Patterns of molting. Pages 65-102 in Avian Biology. Vol. II. D. S. Farner and J. R. King, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY.
303. Stevenson, M. H., and N. Jackson. 1984. Comparison of dietary hydrated copper sulfate, dietary zinc oxide and a direct method for inducing a moult in laying hens. Br.Poult. Sci. 25:505-517.
304. Stuart, H. O. 1929. Effects of certain green feed substitutes upon egg production and hatchability.Poult. Sci. 8:354-360.
305. Swanson, M. H., and D. D. Bell. 1975. Force molting of chickens-IV Egg quality. Leaflet 2810. University of California, Davis.
306. Tannock, G. W., and J. M. B. Smith. 1972. The effect of food and water deprivation (stress) on Salmonella-carrier mice. J. Med. Microbiol. 5:283-289.
307. Thaxton, J. P., and S. Puvadolpirod. 2000. Model of physiological stress in chickens. 5. Quantitative evaluation.Poult. Sci. 79:391-395.
308. Thiagarajan, D., A. M. Saeed, and E. K. Asem. 1994. Mechanism of transovarian transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 73:89-98.
309. Timoney, J. F., H. L. Shivaprasad, R. C. Baker, and B. Rowe. 1989. Egg transmission after infection of hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type IV. Vet. Rec. 125:600-601.
310. Todd, E. 1990. Foodborne illness. Lancet 336:788-790.
311. Todd, E. C. D. 1989. Preliminary estimates of costs of foodborne disease in Canada and costs to reduce salmonellosis. J. Food Prot. 52:586-588.
312. US Department of Health and Health and Human Services-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USDHHS-CDC). 2000. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of foodborne illnessselected sites, United States, 1999. Morb. Mort. Weekly Rep.ort 5049:201-205.
313. US Department of Health and Health and Human Services-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USDHHS-CDC). 2003. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of foodborne illnessselected sites, United States, 2002. Morb. Mort. Weekly Rep.ort 52:340-343.
314. USDA. 2000. NAHMS Layers >99. Page 17 in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in table egg layers in the U.S. USDA, Washington, DC.
315. van der Aar, P. J., G. C. Fahey Jr., S. C. Ricke, S. E. Allen, and L. L. Berger. 1983. Effects of dietary fibers on mineral status of chicks. J. Nutr. 113:653-661.
316. van der Werf, M. J., R. H. Jellema, and T. Hankemeier. 2005. Microbial metabolomics: Rep.lacing trial-and-error by the unbiased selection and ranking of targets. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:234-252.
317. Van Hoorebeke, S., F. Van Immerseel, J. Schulz, J. Hartung, M. Harisberger, L. Barco, A. Ricci, G. Theodoropoulos, E. Xylouri, J. De Vylder, R. Ducatelle, F. Haesebrouck, F. Pasmans, A. de Kruif, and J. Dewulf. 2010. Determination of the within and between flock prevalence and identification of risk factors for Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks housed in conventional and alternative systems. Prev. Vet. Med. 94:94-100.
318. Vermaut, S., K. De Coninck, F. O. Onagbesan, G. Flo, M. Cokelaere, and E. Decuypere. 1998a. A jojoba rich diet as a new forced molting method in poultry. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 7:239-246.
319. Vermaut, S., M. Onagbesan, V. Bruggeman, G. Verhoeven, L. Berghman, G. Flo, M. Cokelaere, and E. Decuypere. 1998b. Unidentified factors in jojoba meal prevent oviduct development in broiler breeder females. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:194-201.
320. Vispo, C., and W. H. Karasov. 1997. The interaction of avian gut microbes and their host: An elusive symbiosis. Pages 116-155 in Gastrointestinal Microbiology: Gastrointestinal Ecosystems and Fermentation, Vol. 1. R. I. Mackie and B. A. White, ed. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
321. Wakeling, D. E. 1978. The use of low calcium and low sodium diets to induce an egg production pause in commercial layers. Agric. Dev. Advisory Service Bull. No. 8L-51-8-76. Starcross, Exeter, Devon, UK.
322. Waldroup, P. W. 1981. Cotton seed meal in poultry diets. Feedstuffs 53:21-24.
323. Webster, A. B. 1995. Immediate and subsequent effects of a short fast on the behavior of laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 45:255-266.
324. Webster, A. B. 2000. Behavior of White Leghorn laying hens after withdrawal of feed.Poult. Sci. 79:192-200.
325. Webster, A. B. 2003. Physiology and behavior of the hen during the induced molt.Poult. Sci. 82:992-1002.
326. Wenk, C. 2001. The role of dietary fiber in the digestive physiology of the pig. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 90:21-33.
327. Whitehead, C. C., J. McNab, and H. Griffin. 1981. The effects of low dietary concentrations of saponins on liver lipid accumulation and performance in laying hens. Br.Poult. Sci. 22:281-288.
328. Whitehead, C. C., and D. W. F. Shannon. 1974. The control of egg production using a sodium deficient diet. Br.Poult. Sci. 15:429-434.
329. Williams, J. K., C. E. Lampman, and D. W. Bolin. 1938. The efficiency of carotene as supplied by alfalfa meal in meeting the vitamin A requirements of laying hens. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Research Paper No. 175.
330. Willis, W. L., I. Goktepe, O. S. Isikhuemhen, M. Reed, K. King, and C. Murray. 2008. The effect of mushroom and pokeweed extract on Salmonella, egg production, and weight loss in molting hens.Poult. Sci. 87:2451-2457.
331. Winter, S. E., P. Thiennimitr, M. G. Winter, B. P. Butler, D. L. Huseby, R. W. Crawford, J. M. Russell, C. L. Bevins, G. Adams, R. M. Tsolis, J. R. Roth, and A. J. Bäumler. 2010. Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for Salmonella. Nature 467:426-429.
332. Wolford, J. H., and R. K. Ringer. 1962. Adrenal weight, adrenal ascorbic acid, adrenal cholesterol and differential leukocyte counts as physiological indicators of "stressor" agents in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 41:1521-1529.
333. Woodward, C. L., Y. M. Kwon, L. F. Kubena, J. A. Byrd, R. W. Moore, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2005. Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization and invasion by an alfalfa diet during molt in leghorn hens.Poult. Sci. 84:185-193.
334. Zimmermann, N. G., D. K. Andrews, and J. McGinnis. 1987. Comparison of several induced molting methods on subsequent performance of Single Comb White Leghorn hens.Poult. Sci. 66:408-417.