Suppressive composts: Microbial ecology links between abiotic environments and healthy plants

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Volumn 50, Issue , 2012, Pages 133-153

  Hadar, Yitzhak ^a   Papadopoulou, Kalliope K ^b  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

Author keywords

antagonists; competition; disease suppression; ecological theory; induced resistance; microbiome; parasitism

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOSIS; BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM; MICROBIOLOGY; PLANT; PLANT DISEASE; REVIEW; SOIL;

ANTIBIOSIS; BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; MICROBIAL CONSORTIA; PLANT DISEASES; PLANTS; SOIL; SOIL MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 84872258676     PISSN: 00664286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172914     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Abawi GS, Widmer TL. 2000. Impact of soil health management practices on soilborne pathogens, nematodes and root diseases of vegetable crops. Appl. Soil Ecol. 15:37-47
2. Abbasi PA,Miller SA, Meulia T, HoitinkHA, Kim JM. 1999. Precise detection and tracing of Trichoderma hamatum 382 in compost-amended potting mixes by using molecular markers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:5421-26
3. Aidahmani JH, Abbasi PA, Sahin F, Hoitink HAJ, Miller SA. 2005. Reduction of bacterial leaf spot severity on radish, lettuce, and tomato plants grown in compost-amended potting mixes. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27(2):186-93
4. Alabouvette C, Olivain C, SteinbergC. 2006. Biological control of plant diseases: the European situation. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 114:329-41
5. Alfano G, Ivey MLL, Cakir C, Bos JIB, Miller SA, et al. 2007. Systemic modulation of gene expression in tomato by Trichoderma hamatum 382. Phytopathology 97(4):429-37
6. Allgaier M, Reddy A, Park JI, Ivanova N, D'haeseleer P, et al. 2010. Targeted discovery of glycoside hydrolases from a switchgrass-adapted compost community. PLoS ONE 5(1):e8812
7. Anastasi A, Coppola T, Prigione V, Varese GC. 2009. Pyrene degradation and detoxification in soil by a consortium of basidiomycetes isolated from compost: role of laccases and peroxidases. J. Hazard. Mater. 165:1229-33
8. Anastasi A, Varese GC, Bosco F, Chimirri F, Marchisio VF. 2008. Bioremediation potential of basidiomycetes isolated from compost. Bioresour. Technol. 99:6626-30
9. Bailey KL, Lazarovits G. 2003. Suppressing soil-borne diseases with residue management and organic amendments. Soil Tillage Res. 72:169-80
10. Barret M, Morrisey JP, O'Gara F. 2011. Functional genomics analysis of plant-growth promoting rhizobacterial traits involved in rhizosphere competence. Biol. Fertil. Soils 47:729-43
11. Berg G, Opelt K, Zachow C, Lottmann J, Gotz M, et al. 2006. The rhizosphere effect on bacteria antagonistic towards the pathogenic fungus Verticillium differs depending on plant species and site. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 56:250-61
12. Berg G, Roskot N, Steidle A, Eberl L, Zock A, Smalla K. 2002. Plant-dependent genotypic and phenotypic diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria isolated from different Verticillium host plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3328-38
13. Boehm MJ, Hoitink HAJ. 1992. Sustenance of microbial activity in potting mixes and its impact on severity of Pythium root rot of Poinsettia. Phytopathology 82:259-64
14. Bonanomi G, Antignani V, Pane C, Scala F. 2007. Suppression of soilborne fungal diseases with organic amendments. J. Plant Pathol. 89:311-24
15. Borrero C, Ordovas J, Trillas MI, Aviles M. 2006. Tomato Fusarium wilt suppressiveness. The relationship between the organic plant growth media and their microbial communities as characterised by Biolog. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:1631-37
16. Borrero C, Trillas MI, Ordovas J, Tello JC, Aviles M. 2004. Predictive factors for the suppression of Fusarium wilt of tomato in plant growth media. Phytopathology 94(10):1094-101
17. Bradley GG, Punja ZK. 2010. Composts containing fluorescent pseudomonads suppress fusarium root and stem rot development on greenhouse cucumber. Can. J. Microbiol. 56(11):896-905
18. Carter JP, Spink J, Cannon PF, DanielsMJ, Osbourn AE. 1999. Isolation, characterization and avenacin sensitivity of a diverse collection of cereal-root-colonizing fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(8):364-72
19. Chae DH, De Jin R, Hwangbo H, Kim YW, Kim YC, et al. 2006. Control of late blight (Phytophthora capsici ) in pepper plant with a compost containing multitude of chitinase-producing bacteria. Biocontrol 51:339-51
20. Chen W, Hoitink HAJ, Schmitthenner AF. 1987. Factors affecting suppression of Pythium damping off in container media amended with composts. Phytopathology 77:755-60
21. Chen W, Hoitink HAJ, Schmitthenner AF, Tuovinen OH. 1988. The role of microbial activity in suppression of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology 78:314-22
22. Chen MH, Nelson EB. 2008. Seed-colonizing microbes from municipal biosolids compost suppress Pythium ultimum damping-off on different plant species. Phytopathology 98(9):1012-18
23. Chung YR, Hoitink HAJ, Dick WD, Herr LJ. 1988. Effects of organic matter decomposition level and cellulose amendments on the inoculum potential of Rhizoctonia solani in hardwood bark media. Phytopathology 78:836-40
24. Chung YR, HoitinkHAJ, Lipps PE. 1988. Interactions between organic matter decomposition level and soilborne disease severity. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 24:183-93
25. Cook RJ, Baker KF. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. St. Paul, MN: APS Press
26. Craft CM, Nelson EB. 1996. Microbial properties of composts that suppress damping-off and root rot of creeping bentgrass caused by Pythium graminicola. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1550-57
27. DanonM, Frank-Whitle IH, Insam H, Chen Y, Hadar Y. 2008. Molecular analysis of bacterial community succession during prolonged compost curing. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 65:133-44
28. Danon M, Zmora-Nahum S, Chen Y, Hadar Y. 2007. Prolonged compost curing reduces suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39:1936-46
29. De la Cruz J, Rey M, Lora JM, Hidalgo-Gallego A, Dom?nguez F, et al. 1993. Carbon source control on β-glucanases, chitobiase and chitinase from Trichoderma harzianum. Arch. Microbiol. 159:316-22
30. DeAngelis KM, Brodie EL, DeSantis TZ, Andersen GL, Lindow SE, Firestone MK. 2009. Selective progressive response of soil microbial community to wild oat roots. ISME J. 3(2):168-78
31. Dimitrov DV. 2011. The human gutome: nutrigenomics of the host-microbiome interactions. OMICS J. Integr. Biol. 15(7-8):419-30
32. Druzhinina IS, Seidl-SeibothV,Herrera-Estrella A, Horwitz BA,KenerleyCM, et al. 2011. Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9(10):749-59
33. Dukare AS,Prasanna R, Dubey SC, Nain L, ChaudharyV, et al. 2011. Evaluating novel microbe amended composts as biocontrol agents in tomato. Crop Prot. 30(4):436-42
34. El-Masry MH, Khalil AI, Hassouna MS, Ibrahim HAH. 2002. In situ and in vitro suppressive effect of agricultural composts and their water extracts on some phytopathogenic fungi. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18(6):551-58
35. Fray RG. 2002. Altering plant-microbe interaction through artificially manipulating bacterial quorum sensing. Ann. Bot. Lond. 89(3):245-53
36. Garbeva P, Van Elsas JD, Van Veen JA. 2008. Rhizosphere microbial community and its response to plant species and soil history. Plant Soil 302(1-2):19-32
37. Ghorbani R, Wilcockson S, Koocheki A, Leifert C. 2008. Soil management for sustainable crop disease control: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 6(3):149-62
38. Grinhut T, Chen Y, Hadar Y. 2007. Humic acids bleaching by white-rot fungi isolated from biosolids compost. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39:1040-46
39. Gupta R, Saxena RK, Chaturvedi P, Virdi JS. 1995. Chitinase production by Streptomyces viridificans: its potential in fungal cell wall lysis. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:378-83
40. Hadar Y, Mandelbaum R. 1986. Suppression of P. aphanidermatum damping-off in container media containing composted licorice roots. Crop Prot. 5:88-92
41. Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I, Lorito M. 2004. Trichoderma species: opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2:43-56
42. Henis Y, Papavizas GC. 1983. Factors affecting germinability and susceptibility to attack of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii by Trichoderma harzianum in field soil. Phytopathology 73(10):1469-74
43. Heringa SD, Kim JK, Jiang X, Doyle MP, Erickson MC. 2010. Use of a mixture of bacteriophages for biological control of Salmonella enterica strains in compost. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:5327-32
44. Hoitink HAJ, Van Doren DM, Schmitthenner AF. 1977. Suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi in a composted hardwood bark potting medium. Phytopathology 67:561-65
45. Hoitink HAJ. 1980. Composted bark, a light weight growth medium with fungicidal properties. Plant Dis. 64:142-47
46. Hoitink HAJ, Fahy PC. 1986. Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 24:93-114
47. HoitinkHAJ. 1990. Production of disease suppressive compost and container media, andmicroorganisms culture for use therein. U.S. Patent No. 4,960,348
48. Hoitink HAJ, Boehm MJ, Hadar Y. 1993. Mechanism of suppression of soil borne plant pathogen in compost-amended substrates. In Science and Engineering of Composting: Design, Environmental,Microbiological and Utilization Aspects, ed. HAJ Hoitink, HM Keener, pp. 601-21. Worthington, Ohio: Renaissance Publ.
49. HoitinkHAJ, BoehmMJ. 1999. Biocontrol within the context of soil microbial communities: a substratedependent phenomenon. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 37:427-46
50. HoitinkHAJ, MaddenLV, Dorrance AE. 2006. Systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma spp.: interactions between the host, the pathogen, the biocontrol agent, and soil organicmatter quality. Phytopathology 96(2):186-89
51. HoitinkHAJ, Stone A,GandHDY. 1997. Suppression of plant diseases by composts. Hortscience 32:184-87
52. Horst LE, Locke J, Krause CR,McMahon RW,Madden LV, HoitinkHAJ. 2005. Suppression of Botrytis blight of begonia by Trichoderma hamatum 382 in peat and compost-amended potting mixes. Plant Dis. 89(11):1195-200
53. Hoynes CD, Lewis JA, Lumsden RD, Bean GA. 1999. Biological control agents in disease management. Biol. Control. 44:180-87
54. Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. 2008. Microbiology-metagenomics. Nature 455:481-83
55. Inbar Y, Boehm MJ,Hoitink HAJ. 1991. Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate in sphagnum peat container media for predicting suppressiveness to damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 23:479-83
56. Ivors KL, Collopy PD, Beyer DM, Kang S. 2000. Identification of bacteria in mushroom compost using ribsomal RNA sequence. Compost Sci. Util. 8(3):247-53
57. Katan J, Gamliel A. 2009. Soil solarization-30 years on: What lessons have been learned? In Recent Developments in Disease Management: Plant Pathology in the 21st Century, vol. 1, ed. ML Gullino, U Gisi, I Chet, pp. 265-83. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
58. Kavroulakis N, EhaliotisC,Ntougias S, Zervakis G, Papadopoulou K. 2005. Local and systemic resistance against fungal pathogens of tomato plants elicited by a compost derived from agricultural residues. Physiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 66:163-74
59. Kavroulakis N, Ntougias S, Besi MI, Katsou P, Damaskinou A, et al. 2010. Antagonistic bacteria of composted agro-industrial residues exhibit antibiosis against soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and protection of tomato plants from Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Soil 333(1):233-47
60. Kavroulakis N, Ntougias S, Zervakis G, Ehaliotis C, Haralampidis K, Papadopoulou KK. 2007. Role of ethylene in the protection of tomato plants against fungal pathogens conferred by an endophytic Fusarium solani strain. J. Exp. Bot. 58(14):3853-64
61. Kavroulakis N, Papadopoulou K, Ntougias S, Zervakis G, Ehaliotis C. 2006. Cytological and other aspects of pathogenesis-related gene expression in tomato plants grown on a suppressive compost. Ann. Bot. Lond. 98(3):555-64
62. Kinkel LL, Baker MM, Schlatter DC. 2011. A coevolutionary framework for managing diseasesuppressive soils. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 49:47-67
63. Klamer M, Baath E. 1998. Microbial community dynamics during composting of straw material studied using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 27(1):9-20
64. Krause MS, De Ceuster TJJ, Tiquia SM, Michel FCJR, Madden LV, Hoitink HAJ. 2003. Isolation and characterization of rhizobacteria from composts that suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish. Phytopathology 93:1292-300
65. Kwok OCH, Fahy PC, Hoitink HAJ, Kuter GA. 1987. Interactions between bacteria and Trichoderma hamatum in suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media. Phytopathology 77:1206-12
66. Kwon EJ, Jeong YS, Kim YH, Kim SK, Na HB, et al. 2010. Construction of a metagenomic library from compost and screening of cellulase-and xylanase-positive clones. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 53(6):702-8
67. Lievens B, Vaes K, Coosemans J, Ryckeboer J. 2001. Systemic resistance induced in cucumber against Pythium root rot by source separated household waste and yard trimmings composts. Compost Sci. Util. 9(3):221-29
68. Lifshitz R, TabachnikM, Katan J, Chet I. 1983. The effect of sublethal heating on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii. Can. J. Microbiol. 29(12):1607-10
69. Lorito M, Woo SL, Harman GE, Monte E. 2010. Translational research on Trichoderma: from 'omics to the field. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 48:395-417
70. LoritoM,DiPietroA,Hayes CK,WooL,HarmanGE. 1993. Antifungal, synergistic interaction between chitinolytic enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum and Enterobacter cloacae. Phytopathology 83:721-28
71. LynchMDJ, Thorn RG. 2006. Diversity of basidiomycetes in Michigan agricultural soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:7050-56
72. Malandraki I, Tjamos SE, Pantelides I, Paplomatas EJ. 2008. Thermal inactivation of compost suppressiveness implicates possible biological factors in disease management. Biol. Control 44(2):180-87
73. Mandelbaum R, Hadar Y, Chen Y. 1988. Compost of agricultural wastes for their use as container media: effect of heat treatments on suppression of Pythium aphanidermatum and microbial activities in substrates containing compost. Biol. Wastes 26:261-74
74. Mandelbaum R, Hadar Y. 1990. Effects of available carbon source on microbial activity and suppression of Pythium aphanidermatum in compost and peat container media. Phytopathology 80:794-804
75. Mavrodi DV, Blankenfeldt W, Thomashow LS. 2006. Phenazine compounds in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. biosynthesis and regulation. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 44:417-45
76. McGrath KC, Mondav R, Sintrajaya R, Slattery B, Schmidt S, Schenk PM. 2010. Development of an environmental functional gene microarray for soil microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(21):7161-70
77. McKellar ME, Nelson EB. 2003. Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off is mediated by fatty-acid-metabolizing seed-colonizing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:452-60
78. Mendes R, Kruijt M, de Bruijn I, Dekkers E, Van der VoortM, et al. 2011. Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria. Science 332:1097-100
79. Minz D, Green SJ,OfekM,Hadar Y. 2010. Compostmicrobial populations and interactions with plants. In Microbes at Work: From Wastes to Resource, ed. H Insam, I Franke-Whittle, M Goberna, pp. 231-51. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
80. Nakasaki K, Hiraoka S, Nagata H. 1998. A new operation for producing disease-suppressive compost from grass clippings. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(10):4015-20
81. Nelson EB, ChaoWL, Norton JM,Nash GT, Harman GE. 1986. Attachment of Enterobacter cloacae to hyphae of Pythium ultimum: possible role in the biological control of Pythium preemergence damping-off. Phytopathology 76(3):327-35
82. Nelson EB, Hoitink HAJ. 1983. The role of microorganisms in the suppression of Rhizoctonia solani in container media amended with composted hardwood bark. Phytopathology 73:274-78
83. Nelson EB, Kuter GA, HoitinkHAJ. 1983. Effects of fungal antagonists and compost age on suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in container media amended with composted hardwood bark. Pythopathology 73:1457-62
84. Nelson EB. 2004. Microbial dynamics and interactions in the spermosphere. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42:271-309
85. Niisawa C, Oka SI, Kodama H, Hirai M, Kumagai Y, et al. 2008. Microbial analysis of a composted product of marine animal resources and isolation of bacteria antagonistic to a plant pathogen from the compost. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 54(3):149-58
86. Noble R. 2011. Risks and benefits of soil amendment with composts in relation to plant pathogens. Australas. Plant Path. 40:157-67
87. Noble R, Coventry E. 2005. Suppression of soil-borne plant diseases with composts: a review. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 15:3-20
88. Ntougias S, Papadopoulou KK, Zervakis GI, Kavroulakis N, Ehaliotis C. 2008. Suppression of soilborne pathogens of tomato by composts derived from agro-industrial wastes abundant in Mediterranean regions. Biol. Fertil. Soils 44:1081-90
89. Ofek M, Hadar Y, Minz D. 2009. Comparison of effects of compost amendment and of single-strain inoculation on root bacterial communities of young cucumber seedlings. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(20):6441-50
90. Pantelides IS, Tjamos SE, Striglis IA, Chatzipavlidis I, Paplomatas EJ. 2009. Mode of action of a nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain against Verticillium dahlia using real time QPCR analysis and biomarker transformation. Biol. Control 50:30-36
91. Pharand B, Carisse O, Benhamou N. 2002. Cytological aspects of compost mediated induced resistance against Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato. Phytopathology 92:424-38
92. Pieterse CMJ, Leon-Reyes A, Van der Ent S, Van Wees SCM. 2009. Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5(5):308-16
93. Postma J, Montanari M, Van den Boogert PHJF. 2003. Microbial enrichment to enhance the disease suppressive activity of compost. Eur. J. Soil. Biol. 39(3):157-63
94. Prosser JI, Bohannan BJM, Curtis TP, Ellis RJ, Firestone MK, et al. 2007. The role of ecological theory in microbial ecology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5:384-92
95. Pugliese M, Liu BP, Lodovica GM, Garibaldi A. 2011. Microbial enrichment of compost with biological control agents to enhance suppressiveness to four soil-borne diseases in greenhouse. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 118:45-50
96. Ryckeboer J, Mergaert J, Coosemans J, Deprins K, Swings J. 2003. Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 94(1):127-37
97. Sang MK, Kim KD. 2011. Biocontrol activity and primed systemic resistance by compost water extracts against anthracnoses of pepper and cucumber. Phytopathology 101(6):732-40
98. Scheuerell SJ, Mahaffee WF. 2005. Microbial recolonization of compost after peak heating needed for the rapid development of damping-off suppression. Compost Sci. Util. 13:65-71
99. Scheuerell SJ, SulliVan DM,MahaffeeWF. 2005. Suppression of seedling damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare, and Rhizoctonia solani in container media amended with a diverse range of Pacific Northwest compost sources. Phytopathology 95:306-15
100. Serra-Wittling C, Houot S, Alabouvette C. 1996. Increased soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt of flax after addition of municipal solid waste compost. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28:1207-14
101. Shoda M. 2000. Bacterial control of plant diseases J. Biosci. Bioeng. 89(6):515-21
102. Shoresh M, Harman GE, Mastouri F. 2010. Induced systemic resistance and plant responses to fungal biocontrol agents. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 48:21-43
103. Shrestha PM, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Liesack W. 2009. Transcriptional activity of paddy soil bacterial communities. Environ. Microbiol. 11(4):960-70
104. Smalla K, Wieland G, Buchner A, Zock A, Parzy J, et al. 2001. Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4742-51
105. Steger K, Sjogren AM, Jarvis A, Jansson JK, Sundh I. 2007. Development of compost maturity and Actinobacteria populations during full-scale composting of organic household waste. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103:487-98
106. Suárez MB, Vizcaíno JA, Llobell A, Monte E. 2007. Characterization of genes encoding novel peptidases in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 using the TrichoEST functional genomics approach. Curr. Genet. 51:331-42
107. Suenaga H, Ohnuki T, Miyazaki K. 2007. Functional screening of a metagenomic library for genes involved in microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. Environ. Microbiol. 9:2289-97
108. Termorshuizen AJ, Van Rijn E, Van der Gaag DJ, Alabouvette C, Chen Y, et al. 2006. Suppressiveness of 18 composts against 7 pathosystems: variability in pathogen response. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:2461-77
109. Tiquia SM, Wan JHC, Tam NFY. 2002. Dynamics of yard trimmings composting as determined by dehydrogenase activity, ATP content, arginine ammonification, and nitrification potential. Process Biochem. 37(10):1057-65
110. Tringe SG, von Mering C, Kobayashi A, Salamov AA, Chen K, et al. 2005. Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities. Science 308:554-57
111. UlhoaCJ, Peberdy JF. 1991. Regulation of chitinase synthesis in Trichoderma harzianum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:2163-69
112. Van Beneden S, Roobroeck D, Franca SC, De Neve S, Boeckx P, Hofte M. 2010. Microbial populations involved in the suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1B by lignin incorporation in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42:1268-74
113. Van Dijk K, Nelson EB. 1998. Inactivation of seed exudate stimulants of Pythium ultimum sporangium germination by biocontrol strains of Enterobacter cloacae and other seed-associated bacteria. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:183-92
114. Verhage A, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ. 2010. Plant immunity: It's hormones talking, but what do they say? Plant Physiol. 154:536-40
115. Vinale F, Flematti G, Sivasithamparam K, Lorito M, Marra R, et al. 2009. Harzianic acid, an antifungal and plant growth promoting metabolite from Trichoderma harzianum. J. Nat. Prod. 72:2032-35
116. Wichuk KM, McCartney D. 2010. Compost stability and maturity evaluation: a literature review. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 37:1505-23
117. Wieland G, Neumann R, Backhaus H. 2001. Variation of microbial communities in soil, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane in response to crop species, soil type, and crop development. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5849-54
118. Wiggins E, Kinkel LL. 2005. Green manures and crop sequences influence alfalfa root rot and pathogen inhibitory activity among soil-borne streptomycetes. Plant Soil 268(1-2):271-83
119. Yogev A, Raviv M, Hadar Y, Cohen R, Katan J. 2006. Plant waste-based composts suppressive to diseases caused by pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 116:267-78
120. Yogev A, Raviv M, Hadar Y, Cohen R, Wolf S, et al. 2010. Induced resistance as a putative component of compost suppressiveness. Biol. Control 54(1):46-51
121. You MP, Sivasithamparam K. 1994. Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate in an avocado plantation mulch suppressive to Phytophthora cinnamomi and its relationship with certain biotic and abiotic factors. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1355-61
122. Zhang W, Dick WA, Hoitink HAJ. 1996. Compost-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber to Pythium root rot and anthracnose. Phytopathology 86(10):1066-70
123. Zhang W, Han DY, Dick WA, Davis KR, Hoitink HAJ. 1998. Compost and compost extract-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber and Arabidopsis. Phytopathology 88:450-55
124. Zmora-Nahum S, Markovitcha O, Tarchitzky J, Chen Y. 2005. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a parameter of compost maturity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37:2109-16
125. Zmora-Nahum S,Danon M, Hadar Y,Chen Y. 2008. Chemical properties of compost extracts inhibitory to germination of Sclerotium rolfsii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40(10):2523-29