Stretching the limbs? Tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis

BMJ Case Reports

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Andrade, Carlos ^a,b   Massano, João ^a,b   Guimarães, Joana ^a,b   Garrett, Maria Carolina ^a,b  

^a University of Porto   (Portugal)

^b Universidade do Porto   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERFERON BETA SERINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; OLIGOCLONAL BAND; VALPROIC ACID;

ADULT; AFFERENT PUPILLARY DEFECT; ARM PAIN; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FOCAL EPILEPSY; HUMAN; LEG PAIN; MALE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYOTONIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NEURITIS; PAROXYSMAL DYSTONIA; PLEOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMISSION; SEIZURE; UNPLEASANT SENSATION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

EID: 84872180774     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1757790X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007513     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Tranchant C, Bhatia KP, Marsden CD. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord 1995;10:418-23.
2. Waubant E, Alizé P, Tourbah A, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia (tonic spasm) in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001;57;2320-1.
3. Usmani N, Bedi G, Lam BL, et al. Association between paroxysmal tonic spasms and neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:121-4.
4. Schmidt FR, Costa FH, Silva FM, et al Paroxysmal dystonia and neuromyelitis optica. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2012;70:271-3.
5. Yates TJV, Crawley F. Paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis masquerading as transient ischaemic attacks. BMJ Case Reports 2010;doi:10. 1136/bcr.03.2010.2831.
6. Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald criteria". Ann Neurol 2005;58:840-6.
7. Montalban X, Tintoré M, et al. MRI criteria for MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology 2010;74:427-34.
8. Carecchio M, Massano J, Bhatia KP. Paroxysmal dyskinesias. In: Albanese A, Jankovic J.eds. Hyperkinetic movement disorders: differential diagnosis and treatment. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012:363-74.
9. Blakeley J, Jankovic J. Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias. Mov Disord 2002;17:726-34.
10. Osterman PO, Westerberg CE. Paroxysmal attacks in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1975;98:189-202.
11. Spissu A, Cannas A, Ferrigno P, et al. Anatomic correlates of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord 1999;14:331-5.
12. Cosentino C, Torres L, Flores M, et al. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia and spinal cord lesion. Mov Disord 1996;11:453-5.
13. Guimarães J, Ribeiro JA. Pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs in clinical practice. Neurologist 2010;16:353-7.
14. Lüders H, Acharya J, Baumgartner C, et al. Semiological seizure classification. Epilepsia 1998;39:1006-13.
15. Foldvary-Schaefer N, Unnwongse K. Localizing and lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2011;20:160-6.
16. Werhahn KJ, Noachtar S, Arnold S, et al. Tonic seizures: their significance for lateralization and frequency in different focal epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 2000;41:1153-61.
17. van Rootselaar AF, van Westrum SS, Velis DN, et al. The paroxysmal dyskinesias. Pract Neurol 2009;9:102-9.
18. Baik JS, Han SW, Park JH, et al. Psychogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia: the role of placebo in the diagnosis and management. Mov Disord 2009;24:1244-5.
19. Morgan JC, Hughes M, Figueroa RE, et al. Psychogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia following paroxysmal hemidystonia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005;65:E12.