Investigation of the curing behaviour of carbon fibre epoxy prepreg by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis DMA

Polymer Testing

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 231-239

  Stark, W ^a  

^a BAM FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TESTING   (Germany)

Author keywords

Carbon fibre; Crosslinking; CRP; Devitrification; DMA; DSC; Epoxy; Glass transition; Prepreg; Vitrification

Indexed keywords

CRP; DEVITRIFICATION; DMA; DSC; EPOXY; PREPREGS;

ACTIVATION ENERGY; ARRHENIUS PLOTS; CARBON FIBERS; CROSSLINKING; CURING; EPOXY RESINS; FIBERS; GELATION; VITRIFICATION;

GLASS TRANSITION;

EID: 84872057949     PISSN: 01429418     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.11.004     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. G.W.H. Höhne, W.F. Flemminger, and H.-J. Flammersheim Differential Scanning Calorimetry 2003 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
2. J.D. Menczel Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Chapter 2) J.D. Menczel, R.B. Prime, Thermal Analysis of Polymers 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, New Jersey 7 240
3. K.P. Menard Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 2008 CRC Press Inc
4. R.P. Chartoff, J.D. Menczel, and S.H. Dillman Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) (Chapter 5) J.D. Menczel, R.B. Prime, Thermal Analysis of Polymers 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, New Jersey 387 495
5. A. Soahib, Z. Miao, and Y. Irfan Analysis of cure reaction kinetics of aramid/toughened-epoxy prepreg system aiming at processing of composite material for structural applications Journal of Polymer Engineering 27 8 2007 565 582
6. M. Xie A new method to characterize the cure state of epoxy prepreg by dynamic mechanical analysis Thermochimica Acta 487 1-2 2009 8 17
7. M.L. Costa Structural carbon/epoxy prepregs properties comparison by thermal and rheological analyses Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering 45 10 2006 1143 1153 (Pubitemid 44446678)
8. S.B. Shim Thermal characterization and comparison of structural prepregs with different cure temperatures Thermochimica Acta 291 1-2 1997 73 79
9. C.D. Wingard Characterization of prepreg and cured epoxy/fiberglass composite material for use in advanced composite piping systems Thermochimica Acta 357 2000 293 301
10. B. Twombly, and D.D. Shepard Simultaneous dynamic-mechanical analysis and dielectric analysis of polymers (DMADEA) Instrumentation Science & Technology 22 3 1994 259 271
11. D.D. Shepard, and B. Twombly Simultaneous dynamic mechanical analysis and dielectric analysis of polymers Thermochimica Acta 272 1996 125 129 (Pubitemid 126316376)
12. R.P. Theriault, T.A. Osswald, and J.M. Castro A numerical model of the viscosity of an epoxy prepreg resin system Polymer Composites 20 5 1999 628 633 (Pubitemid 30498662)
13. B. Bilyeu, and W. Brostow Separation of gelation from vitrification in curing of a fiber-reinforced epoxy composite Polymer Composites 23 6 2002 1111 1119
14. A.C. Senhaji, and D. Harran Showing a rheological effect of gelation on epoxy-amine systems Makromolekulare Chemie-Macromolecular Symposia 30 1989 109 117
15. M.E. Smith, and H. Ishida Critical gel phenomena in the rheology of epoxide network formation Journal of Applied Polymer Science 73 4 1999 593 600
16. J. Ampudia Thermal scanning rheometric analysis of curing kinetic of an epoxy resin. I. An anhydride as curing agent Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71 8 1999 1239 1245
17. A.B. Spoelstra, G.W.M. Peters, and H.E.H. Meijer Chemorheology of a highly filled epoxy compound Polymer Engineering and Science 36 16 1996 2153 2162 (Pubitemid 126680189)
18. F.U. Buehler, and J.C. Seferis Power issues in the manufacturing and characterization of polymers and composite materials Polymer Composites 19 5 1998 558 566 (Pubitemid 128593056)
19. M. Hayaty, M.H. Beheshty, and M. Esfandeh A new approach for determination of gel time of a glass/epoxy prepreg Journal of Applied Polymer Science 120 3 2011 1483 1489
20. A.F. Lewis Showing a rheological effect of gelation on epoxy-amine systems Polymer Engineering and Science 19 10 1979 662 663
21. S. Hedvat Influence of the braid on transition-temperatures as obtained by torsional braid analysis Polymer Engineering and Science 21 3 1981 129 134 (Pubitemid 11479936)
22. J.K. Gillham, and M.B. Roller Advances in instrumentation and technique of torsional pendulum and torsional braid analyses Polymer Engineering and Science 11 4 1971 295 304
23. J.K. Gillham Review - torsional braid analysis of polymers Journal of Macromolecular Science-Physics Part B 9 2 1974 209 237
24. J.K. Gillham Characterization of thermosetting materials by torsional braid analysis Polymer Engineering and Science 16 5 1976 353 356
25. G. Wisanrakkit, and J.K. Gillham Continuous heating transformation (CHT) cure diagram of an aromatic amine epoxy system at constant heating rates Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 9 1991 2453 2463
26. W.X. Zukas Torsional braid analysis of the aromatic amine cure of epoxy-resins Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 4 1994 429 440
27. M.T. DeMeuse, J.K. Gillham, and F. Parodi Evolution of properties of an isocyanate/epoxy thermosetting system during cure: continuous heating (CHT) and isothermal time-temperature-transformation (TTT) cure diagrams Journal of Applied Polymer Science 64 1 1997 15 25 (Pubitemid 127648533)
28. J.K. Gillham The TBA torsion pendulum: a technique for characterizing the cure and properties of thermosetting systems Polymer International 44 3 1997 262 276 (Pubitemid 127618118)
29. ® 6376-175°C curing epoxy matrix. http://www.hexcel.com/Resources/DataSheets/Prepreg-Data-Sheets/6376-eu.pdf.
30. A. Dobuyns, B. Barr, and J. Adelmann RAH-66 comanche building block structural qualification program P. Grant, C.Q. Rousseau, Composite Structures: Theory and Practice 2001 140 159 ASTM Stock Number: STP 1383
31. Netzsch, Dynamic mechanical Analyzer for visco-elastic properties - DMA 242 D - dynamic mechanical Analyzer. http://www.netzsch-thermal-analysis.com/en/ products/detail/pid,20.html.
32. Rickey J. Seyler, P.T. Weissmann, and A. Sircar The application of dynamic mechanical methods to Tg determination in polymers: an overview Rickey Jr., Seyler Assignment of the Glass Transition 1994 Verlag: American Society for Testing & Materials
33. F. Kremer, and A. Schoenhals Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy 2002 Springer Berlin
34. J.D. Ferry Vicoelastic Properties of Polymers 1980 John Wiley & Sons New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Singapore
35. C.M. Roland Characteristic relaxation times and their invariance to thermodynamic conditions Soft Matter 4 12 2008 2316 2322
36. Schmalfuss, H., Thesis: Dynamik und Phasenumwandlungen an mesomorphen Systemen, in Mathemathisch-Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, 1999.
37. ® - Differential Scanning Calorimeter. http://www.netzsch- thermal-analysis.com/en/products/detail/pid,2.html.
38. N. Ersoy, and M. Tugutlu Cure kinetics modeling and cure Shrinkage behavior of a thermosetting composite Polymer Engineering and Science 50 1 2010 84 92
39. L.H. Sperling Introduction to Polymer Physics 1992 John Wiley & Sons, New York
40. W.J. Sichina, and B.N. Matsumori Proc. 20th NATAS Conference 1991 p. 41.
41. G.W. Ehrenstein, G. Riedel, and P. Trawiel Thermal Analysis of Plastics - Theory and Praxis 2004 Carl Hanser
42. W. Stark, and M. Jaunich Investigation of Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) by thermal analysis DSC and DMA Polymer Testing 30 2 2011 236 242
43. S. Vyazovkin, N. Sbirrazzuoli, and I. Dranca Variation of the effective activation energy throughout the glass transition Macromolecular Rapid Communications 25 19 2004 1708 1713
44. N.M. Alves, J.F. Mano, and J.L.G. Ribelles Molecular mobility in polymers studied with thermally stimulated recovery. II. Study of the glass transition of a semicrystalline PET and comparison with DSC and DMA results Polymer 43 13 2002 3627 3633 (Pubitemid 34506232)
45. S. Vyazovkin, N. Sbirrazzuoli, and I. Dranca Variation in activation energy of the glass transition for polymers of different dynamic fragility Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 207 13 2006 1126 1130 (Pubitemid 44088238)
46. Dillman, S.H., Kinetic visoelasticity of reacting polymer systems. Doctoral dissertation, Univ. Washington, Seattle in Menczel, J.D. Bruce, R. - Thermal Analysis of Polymers, Wiley Blackwell 2007, p. 452, 1988.
47. G.W. Ehrenstein Faserverbund-Kunststoffe, Werkstoffe - Verarbeitung - Eigenschaften 2006 Carl Hanser
48. M. Wacker, P. Trwiel, and G.W. Ehrenstein Härtung von Reaktionsharzen: Time-Temperature-Transition-Diagramm Special print, available from: Internet: 2012 http://www.lkt.uni-erlangen.de/publikationen/online- aufsaetze/ttt.pdf
49. N.S. Schneider DSC and TBA studies of the curing behavior of 2 dicy-containing epoxy-resins Polymer Engineering and Science 19 4 1979 304 312 (Pubitemid 9438733)
50. J.P. Eloundou Temperature dependence of the behavior of a reactive epoxy-amine system by means of dynamic rheology.2. High-T-g epoxy-amine system Macromolecules 29 21 1996 6917 6927
51. F.Y.C. Boey, and W. Qiang Determining the gel point of an epoxy-hexaanhydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride (MHHPA) system Journal of Applied Polymer Science 76 8 2000 1248 1256 (Pubitemid 30588833)
52. H.H. Winter, and M. Mours Rheology of Polymers Near Liquid-solid Transitions. Advances in Polymer Science vol. 134 1997 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
53. W.V. Breitigam, R.S. Bauer, and C. May Novel processing and cure of epoxy-resin systems Polymer 34 4 1993 767 771