An overview on non-platinum cathode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell

Applied Energy

Volumn 103, Issue , 2013, Pages 212-220

  Karim, N A ^a   Kamarudin, S K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Co macrocycle catalysts; Direct methanol fuel cell; Non platinum catalysts

Indexed keywords

CATALYST ACTIVITY; CATHODES; DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS (DMFC); PLATINUM; PORPHYRINS; REACTION RATES; TRANSITION METALS;

ALKALINE MEDIA; AMORPHOUS TRANSITION; CATHODE CATALYST; ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES; LITERATURE REVIEWS; MACROCYCLIC MOLECULES; METAL SULFIDES; METAL-BASED CATALYSTS; NON-PLATINUM; OXIDATION AND REDUCTION; PLATINUM CATHODES; PREPARATION PROCEDURES; TRANSITION-METAL OXIDES;

PLATINUM ALLOYS;

CATALYST; COMMERCIALIZATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD; ELECTRODE; FUEL CELL; METHANOL; OXIDATION; PLATINUM; STABILIZATION; SULFIDE;

EID: 84871757397     PISSN: 03062619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.031     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Kamarudin S.K., Daud W.R.W., Som A.M., Mohammad A.W., Takriff S., Masdar M.S. The conceptual design of a PEMFC system via simulation. Chem Eng J 2004, 103:99-113.
2. Zainoodin A.M., Kamarudin S.K., Daud W.R.W. Electrode in direct methanol fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:4606-4621.
3. Basri S., Kamarudin S.K. Process system engineering in direct methanol fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:6219-6236.
4. Rashidi R., Dincer I., Naterer G.F., Berg P. Performance evaluation of direct methanol fuel cells for portable applications. J Power Sources 2009, 187:509-516.
5. Scott K., Taama W.M., Argyropoulos P. Engineering aspects of the direct methanol fuel cell system. J Power Sources 1999, 79:43-59.
6. Thiam H.S., Daud W.R.W., Kamarudin S.K., Mohammad A.B., Kadhum A.A.H., Loh K.S., et al. Overview on nanostructured membrane in fuel cell applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:3187-3205.
7. Zhao T.S., Chen R., Yang W.W., Xu C. Small direct methanol fuel cells with passive supply of reactants. J Power Sources 2009, 191:185-202.
8. Zhao T.S., Xu C., Chen R., Yang W.W. Mass transport phenomena in direct methanol fuel cells. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2009, 35:275-292.
9. Zhiani M., Gasteiger H.A., Piana M., Catanorchi S. Comparative study between platinum supported on carbon and non-noble metal cathode catalyst in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell (ADEFC). Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:5110-5116.
10. Coutanceau C., Koffi R.K., Léger J.M., Marestin K., Mercier R., Nayoze C., et al. Development of materials for mini DMFC working at room temperature for portable applications. J Power Sources 2006, 160:334-339.
11. Gago A.S., Morales-Acosta D., Arriaga L.G., Alonso-Vante N. Carbon supported ruthenium chalcogenide as cathode catalyst in a microfluidic formic acid fuel cell. J Power Sources 2011, 196:1324-1328.
12. Lamy C., Lima A., LeRhun V., Delime F., Coutanceau C., Léger J.-M. Recent advances in the development of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). J Power Sources 2002, 105:283-296.
13. Du C.Y., Zhao T.S., Xu C. Simultaneous oxygen-reduction and methanol-oxidation reactions at the cathode of a DMFC: a model-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study. J Power Sources 2007, 167:265-271.
14. Du C.Y., Zhao T.S., Yang W.W. Effect of methanol crossover on the cathode behavior of a DMFC: a half-cell investigation. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:5266-5271.
15. Prabhuram J., Zhao T.S., Yang H. Methanol adsorbates on the DMFC cathode and their effect on the cell performance. J Electro Anal Chem 2005, 578:105-112.
16. Zagal J, Páez M, Silva J. Fundamental aspects on the catalytic activity of metallomacrocyclics for the electrochemical reduction of O₂N₄-macrocyclic metal complexes. In: Zagal JH, Bedioui F, Dodelet J-P, editors. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 41-82.
17. Song C., Zhang J. Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction. PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers 2008, 89-134. Springer, London. J. Zhang (Ed.).
18. Meng H., Shen P.K. Novel Pt-free catalyst for oxygen electroreduction. Electrochem Commun 2006, 8:588-594.
19. Ma Z.Q., Cheng P., Zhao T.S. A palladium-alloy deposited Nafion membrane for direct methanol fuel cells. J Membr Sci 2003, 215:327-336.
20. Reeve R.W., Christensen P.A., Dickinson A.J., Hamnett A., Scott K. Methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts based on transition metal sulfides and their application to the study of methanol permeation. Electrochim Acta 2000, 45:4237-4250.
21. Liu Y., Ishihara A., Mitsushima S., Ota K.-I. Influence of sputtering power on oxygen reduction reaction activity of zirconium oxides prepared by radio frequency reactive sputtering. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:1239-1244.
22. Lewera A., Miecznikowski K., Hunger R., Kolary-Zurowska A., Wieckowski A., Kulesza P.J. Electronic-level interactions of tungsten oxide with unsupported Se/Ru electrocatalytic nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:7603-7609.
23. Lewera A., Inukai J., Zhou W.P., Cao D., Duong H.T., Alonso-Vante N., et al. Chalcogenide oxygen reduction reaction catalysis: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with Ru, Ru/Se and Ru/S samples emersed from aqueous media. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:5759-5765.
24. Cheng H., Yuan W., Scott K. The influence of a new fabrication procedure on the catalytic activity of ruthenium-selenium catalysts. Electrochim Acta 2006, 52:466-473.
25. Bron M., Bogdanoff P., Fiechter S., Hilgendorff M., Radnik J., Dorbandt I., et al. Carbon supported catalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media prepared by thermolysis of Ru3(CO)12. J Electroanal Chem 2001, 517:85-94.
26. Kim J.-H., Ishihara A., Mitsushima S., Kamiya N., Ota K.-I. Catalytic activity of titanium oxide for oxygen reduction reaction as a non-platinum catalyst for PEFC. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:2492-2497.
27. El-Deab M.S., Ohsaka T. Electrocatalysis by design: effect of the loading level of Au nanoparticles-MnOx nanoparticles binary catalysts on the electrochemical reduction of molecular oxygen. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:2166-2174.
28. Bron M., Bogdanoff P., Fiechter S., Tributsch H. Enhancement of oxygen electroreduction activity via surface modification of carbon supported ruthenium nanoparticles: a new class of electrocatalysts. J Electroanal Chem 2005, 578:339-344.
29. El-Deab M.S., Sotomura T., Ohsaka T. Oxygen reduction at Au nanoparticles electrodeposited on different carbon substrates. Electrochim Acta 2006, 52:1792-1798.
30. Miah M.R., Ohsaka T. Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction at tin-adatoms-modified gold electrodes in acidic media. Electrochim Acta 2009, 54:5871-5876.
31. Ma J., Ai D., Xie X., Guo J. Novel methanol-tolerant Ir-S/C chalcogenide electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in DMFC fuel cell. Particuology 2011, 9:155-160.
32. Lee K., Zhang L., Zhang J. A novel methanol-tolerant Ir-Se chalcogenide electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. J Power Sources 2007, 165:108-113.
33. 1-x (x=0.3-1.0) alloy electrocatalysts, catalytic activities, and methanol tolerance in oxygen reduction reaction. J Power Sources 2007, 170:291-296.
34. Jeng K.-T., Hsu N.-Y., Chien C.-C. Synthesis and evaluation of carbon nanotube-supported RuSe catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell cathode. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:3997-4006.
35. Demarconnay L., Coutanceau C., Léger J.M. Electroreduction of dioxygen (ORR) in alkaline medium on Ag/C and Pt/C nanostructured catalysts-effect of the presence of methanol. Electrochim Acta 2004, 49:4513-4521.
36. Bezerra C.W.B., Zhang L., Lee K., Liu H., Marques A.L.B., Marques E.P., et al. A review of Fe-N/C and Co-N/C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2008, 53:4937-4951.
37. Schilling T., Bron M. Oxygen reduction at Fe-N-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in acidic electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2008, 53:5379-5385.
38. Bunazawa H., Yamazaki Y. Influence of anion ionomer content and silver cathode catalyst on the performance of alkaline membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). J Power Sources 2008, 182:48-51.
39. Mentus S.V. Oxygen reduction on anodically formed titanium dioxide. Electrochim Acta 2004, 50:27-32.
40. Bunazawa H., Yamazaki Y. Ultrasonic synthesis and evaluation of non-platinum catalysts for alkaline direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sources 2009, 190:210-215.
41. Nie M., Shen P.K., Wei Z. Nanocrystaline tungsten carbide supported Au-Pd electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. J Power Sources 2007, 167:69-73.
42. 4. Electrocatalytical properties for the oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2001, 46:3373-3380.
43. Rashkova V., Kitova S., Konstantinov I., Vitanov T. Vacuum evaporated thin films of mixed cobalt and nickel oxides as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution and reduction. Electrochim Acta 2002, 47:1555-1560.
44. Prakash J., Joachin H. Electrocatalytic activity of ruthenium for oxygen reduction in alkaline solution. Electrochim Acta 2000, 45:2289-2296.
45. Gojkovic S.L., Gupta S., Savinell R.F. Heat-treated iron(III) tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin chloride supported on high-area carbon as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction: Part III. Detection of hydrogen-peroxide during oxygen reduction. Electrochim Acta 1999, 45:889-897.
46. Gojkovic S.L., Gupta S., Savinell R.F. Heat-treated iron(III) tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin chloride supported on high-area carbon as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction: Part II. Kinetics of oxygen reduction. J Electroanal Chem 1999, 462:63-72.
47. Gupta S., Tryk D., Zecevic S.K., Aldred W., Guo D., Savinell R.F. Methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. J Appl Electrochem 1998, 28:673-682.
48. Sun G.Q., Wang J.T., Gupta S., Savinell R.F. Iron(III) tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin (FeTMPP-C1) as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in direct methanol fuel cells. J Appl Electrochem 2001, 31:1025-1031.
49. Sun G.Q., Wang J.T., Savinell R.F. Iron(III) tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin(FeTMPP) as methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in direct methanol fuel cells. J Appl Electrochem 1998, 28:1087-1093.
50. Schilling T., Okunola A., Masa J., Schuhmann W., Bron M. Carbon nanotubes modified with electrodeposited metal porphyrins and phenanthrolines for electrocatalytic applications. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:7597-7602.
51. Baranton S., Coutanceau C., Garnier E., Léger J.M. How does [alpha]-FePc catalysts dispersed onto high specific surface carbon support work towards oxygen reduction reaction (orr)?. J Electroanal Chem 2006, 590:100-110.
52. Baranton S., Coutanceau C., Léger J.M., Roux C., Capron P. Alternative cathodes based on iron phthalocyanine catalysts for mini- or micro-DMFC working at room temperature. Electrochim Acta 2005, 51:517-525.
53. Baranton S., Coutanceau C., Roux C., Hahn F., Léger J.M. Oxygen reduction reaction in acid medium at iron phthalocyanine dispersed on high surface area carbon substrate: tolerance to methanol, stability and kinetics. J Electroanal Chem 2005, 577:223-234.
54. Serov A., Min M., Chai G., Han S., Seo S., Park Y., et al. Electroreduction of oxygen over iron macrocyclic catalysts for DMFC applications. J Appl Electrochem 2009, 39:1509-1516.
55. Bron M., Fiechter S., Hilgendorff M., Bogdanoff P. Catalysts for oxygen reduction from heat-treated carbon-supported iron phenantroline complexes. J Appl Electrochem 2002, 32:211-216.
56. Bron M., Radnik J., Fieber-Erdmann M., Bogdanoff P., Fiechter S. EXAFS, XPS and electrochemical studies on oxygen reduction catalysts obtained by heat treatment of iron phenanthroline complexes supported on high surface area carbon black. J Electroanal Chem 2002, 535:113-119.
57. Chu D., Jiang R. Novel electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 2002, 148:591-599.
58. Claude E., Addou T., Latour J.M., Aldebert P. A new method for electrochemical screening based on the rotating ring disc electrode and its application to oxygen reduction catalysts. J Appl Electrochem 1998, 28:57-64.
59. El Mouahid O., Coutanceau C., Belgsir E.M., Crouigneau P., Léger J.M., Lamy C. Electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen at macrocycle conducting polymer electrodes in acid media. J Electroanal Chem 1997, 426:117-123.
60. Lee K., Zhang L., Lui H., Hui R., Shi Z., Zhang J. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyzed by carbon-supported cobalt polypyrrole (Co-PPy/C) electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2009, 54:4704-4711.
61. Li S., Zhang L., Kim J., Pan M., Shi Z., Zhang J. Synthesis of carbon-supported binary FeCo-N non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:7346-7353.
62. Li S., Zhang L., Liu H., Pan M., Zan L., Zhang J. Heat-treated cobalt-tripyridyl triazine (Co-TPTZ) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic medium. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:4403-4411.
63. Liu H., Song C., Tang Y., Zhang J., Zhang J. High-surface-area CoTMPP/C synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:4532-4538.
64. 2 by adsorbed cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin and its application for fuel cell cathodes. J Power Sources 2006, 161:743-752.
65. Piela B., Olson T.S., Atanassov P., Zelenay P. Highly methanol-tolerant non-precious metal cathode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:7615-7621.
66. Pylypenko S., Mukherjee S., Olson T.S., Atanassov P. Non-platinum oxygen reduction electrocatalysts based on pyrolyzed transition metal macrocycles. Electrochim Acta 2008, 53:7875-7883.
67. 4 catalysts. Electrochim Acta 1999, 45:379-386.
68. Bezerra C.W.B., Zhang L., Lee K., Liu H., Zhang J., Shi Z., et al. Novel carbon-supported Fe-N electrocatalysts synthesized through heat treatment of iron tripyridyl triazine complexes for the PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2008, 53:7703-7710.
69. Wang L., Zhang L., Zhang J. Improved ORR activity of non-noble metal electrocatalysts by increasing ligand and metal ratio in synthetic complex precursors. Electrochim Acta 2011, 56:5488-5492.
70. Wang L., Zhang L., Zhang J. Optimizing catalyst loading in non-noble metal electrocatalyst layer to improve oxygen reduction reaction activity. Electrochem Commun 2011, 13:447-449.
71. Chung H.T., Johnston C.M., Artyushkova K., Ferrandon M., Myers D.J., Zelenay P. Cyanamide-derived non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction. Electrochem Commun 2010, 12:1792-1795.
72. Iwazaki T., Yang H., Obinata R., Sugimoto W., Takasu Y. Oxygen-reduction activity of silk-derived carbons. J Power Sources 2010, 195:5840-5847.
73. y/C and its application in PEMFC as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. J Power Sources 2007, 172:503-510.
74. Yoshinaga N., Sugimoto W., Takasu Y. Oxygen reduction behavior of rutile-type iridium oxide in sulfuric acid solution. Electrochim Acta 2008, 54:566-573.
75. x/Ti binary oxide electrodes in a sulfuric acid solution. Electrochem Commun 2008, 10:668-672.
76. Chang C.H., Yuen T.S., Nagao Y., Yugami H. Electrocatalytic activity of iridium oxide nanoparticles coated on carbon for oxygen reduction as cathode catalyst in polymer electrolyte fuel cell. J Power Sources 2010, 195:5938-5941.
77. Do T.B., Cai M., Ruthkosky M.S., Moylan T.E. Niobium-doped titanium oxide for fuel cell application. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:8013-8017.
78. Verma A., Jha A.K., Basu S. Manganese dioxide as a cathode catalyst for a direct alcohol or sodium borohydride fuel cell with a flowing alkaline electrolyte. J Power Sources 2005, 141:30-34.
79. Mao L., Zhang D., Sotomura T., Nakatsu K., Koshiba N., Ohsaka T. Mechanistic study of the reduction of oxygen in air electrode with manganese oxides as electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2003, 48:1015-1021.
80. x/C composites as electrode materials II. Reduction of oxygen on bifunctional catalysts based on manganese oxides. Electrochim Acta 2002, 47:2365-2369.
81. Yang J., Xu J.J. Nanoporous amorphous manganese oxide as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions. Electrochem Commun 2003, 5:306-311.
82. Mao L., Arihara K., Sotomura T., Ohsaka T. A novel alkaline air electrode based on a combined use of cobalt hexadecafluoro-phthalocyanine and manganese oxide. Electrochim Acta 2004, 49:2515-2521.
83. Zhang D., Chi D., Okajima T., Ohsaka T. Catalytic activity of dual catalysts system based on nano-manganese oxide and cobalt octacyanophthalocyanine toward four-electron reduction of oxygen in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:5400-5406.
84. 4 nano-rod electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 2012, 5:5333-5339.
85. Qiao J., Li B., Yang D., Ma J. High PEMFC performance by applying Ir-V nanoparticles as a cathode catalyst. Appl Catal B 2009, 91:198-203.
86. Salvador-Pascual J.J., Citalán-Cigarroa S., Solorza-Feria O. Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction on nanosized Pd electrocatalyst in acid media. J Power Sources 2007, 172:229-234.
87. Hu F.P., Wang Z., Li Y., Li C., Zhang X., Shen P.K. Improved performance of Pd electrocatalyst supported on ultrahigh surface area hollow carbon spheres for direct alcohol fuel cells. J Power Sources 2008, 177:61-66.
88. 3/C hybrid material as catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. J Power Sources 2008, 185:941-945.
89. Song S., Wang Y., Tsiakaras P., Shen P.K. Direct alcohol fuel cells: a novel non-platinum and alcohol inert ORR electrocatalyst. Appl Catal B 2008, 78:381-387.
90. Li X., Huang Q., Zou Z., Xia B., Yang H. Low temperature preparation of carbon-supported PdCo alloy electrocatalysts for methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2008, 53:6662-6667.
91. Savadogo O., Lee K., Oishi K., Mitsushima S., Kamiya N., Ota K.I. New palladium alloys catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in an acid medium. Electrochem Commun 2004, 6:105-109.
92. Serov A., Nedoseykina T., Shvachko O., Kwak C. Effect of precursor nature on the performance of palladium-cobalt electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sources 2010, 195:175-180.
93. Zhang L., Lee K., Zhang J. The effect of heat treatment on nanoparticle size and ORR activity for carbon-supported Pd-Co alloy electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:3088-3094.
94. Zhang L., Lee K., Zhang J. Effect of synthetic reducing agents on morphology and ORR activity of carbon-supported nano-Pd-Co alloy electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:7964-7971.
95. xSe (0.5-x) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acid media. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:12105-12110.
96. Ramos-Sánchez G., Yee-Madeira H., Solorza-Feria O. PdNi electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in acid media. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:3596-3600.
97. Fouda-Onana F., Bah S., Savadogo O. Palladium-copper alloys as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in an acidic media I: correlation between the ORR kinetic parameters and intrinsic physical properties of the alloys. J Electroanal Chem 2009, 636:1-9.
98. Serov A.A., Cho S.-Y., Han S., Min M., Chai G., Nam K.H., et al. Modification of palladium-based catalysts by chalcogenes for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochem Commun 2007, 9:2041-2044.
99. Xu J.B., Zhao T.S., Li Y.S., Yang W.W. Synthesis and characterization of the Au-modified Pd cathode catalyst for alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:9693-9700.
100. El-Deab M.S., Ohsaka T. An extraordinary electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on gold nanoparticles-electrodeposited gold electrodes. Electrochem Commun 2002, 4:288-292.
101. Vázquez-Huerta G., Ramos-Sánchez G., Rodríguez-Castellanos A., Meza-Calderón D., Antaño-López R., Solorza-Feria O. Electrochemical analysis of the kinetics and mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction on Au nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem 2010, 645:35-40.
102. El-Deab M.S., Ohsaka T. Hydrodynamic voltammetric studies of the oxygen reduction at gold nanoparticles-electrodeposited gold electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2002, 47:4255-4261.
103. Raj C.R., Abdelrahman A.I., Ohsaka T. Gold nanoparticle-assisted electroreduction of oxygen. Electrochem Commun 2005, 7:888-893.
104. 12. J Electroanal Chem 2004, 566:281-289.
105. Bron M., Bogdanoff P., Fiechter S., Dorbandt I., Hilgendorff M., Schulenburg H., et al. Influence of selenium on the catalytic properties of ruthenium-based cluster catalysts for oxygen reduction. J Electroanal Chem 2001, 500:510-517.
106. x/C catalyst with pyrite structure. Electrochim Acta 2009, 54:4297-4304.
107. Wippermann K., Richter B., Klafki K., Mergel J., Zehl G., Dorbandt I., et al. Carbon supported Ru-Se as methanol tolerant catalysts for DMFC cathodes. Part II: Preparation and characterization of MEAs. J Appl Electrochem 2007, 37:1399-1411.
108. Serov A.A., Min M., Chai G., Han S., Kang S., Kwak C. Preparation, characterization, and high performance of RuSe/C for direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sources 2008, 175:175-182.
109. Zehl G., Bogdanoff P., Dorbandt I., Fiechter S., Wippermann K., Hartnig C. Carbon supported Ru-Se as methanol tolerant catalysts for DMFC cathodes. Part I: Preparation and characterization of catalysts. J Appl Electrochem 2007, 37:1475-1484.
110. x/C as methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts for mixed-reactant fuel cell applications" Electrochim Acta 2007, 53:1037-1041.
111. y electrocatalysts of pyrite structure for oxygen reduction reaction. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:6508-6517.
112. y catalyst for oxygen reduction. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:7575-7580.
113. y cluster electrocatalyst in acid electrolyte. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2002, 27:457-460.
114. Alonso-Vante N., Tributsch H., Solorza-Feria O. Kinetics studies of oxygen reduction in acid medium on novel semiconducting transition metal chalcogenides. Electrochim Acta 1995, 40:567-576.
115. Alonso-Vante N., Bogdanoff P., Tributsch H. On the origin of the selectivity of oxygen reduction of ruthenium-containing electrocatalysts in methanol-containing electrolyte. J Catal 2000, 190:240-246.
116. Cheng H., Yuan W., Scott K., Browning D.J., Lakeman J.B. Evaluation of carbon-supported ruthenium-selenium-tungsten catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sources 2007, 172:597-603.
117. x nanoparticles: enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochem Commun 2006, 8:904-908.
118. 4. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1998, 23:1037-1040.
119. Lee K., Ishihara A., Mitsushima S., Kamiya N., Ota K.-I. Stability and electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in WC+Ta catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2004, 49:3479-3485.
120. Lee K., Zhang L., Zhang J. Ternary non-noble metal chalcogenide (W-Co-Se) as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochem Commun 2007, 9:1704-1708.
121. Jeyabharathi C., Venkateshkumar P., Rao M.S., Mathiyarasu J., Phani K.L.N. Nitrogen-doped carbon black as methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2012, 74:171-175.
122. Vazquez-Arenas J., Higgins D., Chen Z., Fowler M., Chen Z. Mechanistic analysis of highly active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Power Sources 2012, 205:215-221.
123. Choi C.H., Park S.H., Woo S.I. Facile growth of N-doped CNTs on Vulcan carbon and the effects of iron content on electrochemical activity for oxygen reduction reaction. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37:4563-4570.
124. Yang L.-R., Tsai D.-S., Chao Y.-S., Chung W.-H., Wilkinson D.P. Enhance the oxygen reduction activity of ruthenium selenide pyrite catalyst with nitrogen-doped carbon. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:7381-7390.