Thermoplastic natural rubber based on polyamide-12 blended with various types of natural rubber: Effect of processing oils and plasticizer

Journal of Elastomers and Plastics

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 47-75

  Nakason, Charoen ^a   Narathichat, Maswanee ^a   Kummerlöwe, Claudia ^b   Vennemann, Norbert ^b  

^a PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

Author keywords

dynamic vulcanization; epoxidized natural rubber; plasticizer; polyamide 12; processing oil; stress relaxation; Thermoplastic natural rubber

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC EXTRACT; BLEND COMPONENTS; CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE; CURED BLENDS; DIOCTYL PHTHALATE; DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER; INTEGRAL VALUES; PARAFFINIC OIL; POLY-AMIDE 12; RUBBER PHASIS; SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS; STRESS RELAXATION BEHAVIOR; THERMAL BEHAVIORS; VULCANIZED RUBBER;

PLASTICIZERS; REINFORCED PLASTICS; STRESS RELAXATION;

RUBBER;

EID: 84871638376     PISSN: 00952443     EISSN: 15308006     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095244312445522     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Mousa A, Ishiaku US, Mohd Ishak ZA. Rheological and viscoelastic behavior of dynamically vulcanized poly(vinyl chloride)-epoxidized natural rubber thermoplastic elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci. 1999 ; 74: 2886-2893 (Pubitemid 30531981)
2. Oderkerk J, Groeninckx G. Morphology development by reactive compatibilization and dynamic vulcanization of nylon6/EPDM blends with a high rubber fraction. Polymer. 2002 ; 43: 2219-2228 (Pubitemid 34193759)
3. Coran AY, Das B, Patel R Thermoplastic vulcanizates of olefin rubber and polyolefin resin. 1978:
4. Thitithammawong A, Nakason C, Sahakaro K, Noordermeer JWM. NR/PP Thermoplastic vulcanizates: selection of optimal peroxide type and concentration in relation to mixing conditions. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007 ; 106: 2204-2209 (Pubitemid 47549278)
5. Narathichat M, Kummerlöwe C, Vennemann N, Nakason C.. Thermoplastic natural rubber based on polyamide-12: Influence of blending technique and type of rubber on temperature scanning stress relaxation and other related properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011 ; 121: 805-814
6. Thitithammawong A, Nakason C, Sahakaro K, Noordermeer JWM. Effect of different types of peroxides on rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on natural rubber/polypropylene blends. Polym Test. 2007 ; 26: 537-546 (Pubitemid 46702314)
7. Pechurai W, Sahakaro K, Nakason C. Influence of phenolic curative on crosslink density and other related properties of dynamically cured NR/HDPE blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 2009 ; 113: 1232-1240
8. Nakason C, Wannavilai P, Kaesaman A. Effect of vulcanization system on properties of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends. Polym Test. 2006 ; 25: 34-41 (Pubitemid 43144687)
9. Thitithammawong A, Nakason C, Sahakaro K, Noordermeer JWM. Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends: Selection of optimal peroxide type and concentration in relation to mixing conditions. Eur Polym J. 2007 ; 43: 4008-4018 (Pubitemid 47332465)
10. Jha A, Dutta B, Bhowmick AK. Effect of fillers and plasticizers on the performance of novel heat and oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomers from nylon-6 and acrylate rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 1999 ; 74: 1490-1501 (Pubitemid 30507493)
11. Mehrabzadeh M, Delfan N. Thermoplastic elastomers of butadiene- acrylonitrile copolymer and polyamide. VI. Dynamic crosslinking by different systems. J Appl Polym Sci. 2000 ; 77: 2057-2066
12. Da Costa SCG, Goncalves MDC, Felisberti MI. Blends of polyamide 6 and epichlorohydrin elastomers. I. Graft copolymerization in the melt blending. J Appl Polym Sci. 1999 ; 72: 1827-1833
13. Navarat T, Seadan M, Rattanapane S. One step reactive and dynamic vulcanizate of NR/PA6 blends. Chiang Mai J Sci. 2007 ; 34: 79-87
14. Mehrabzadeh M, Burford RP. Effect of crosslinking on polyamide 11/butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997 ; 64: 1605-1611 (Pubitemid 127572817)
15. Huang H, Liu X, Ikehara T, Nishi T. Investigation of crystallization behavior in dynamically vulcanized EPDM-nylon copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003 ; 90: 824-829 (Pubitemid 37106726)
16. Chowdhury R, Banerji MS, Shivakumar K. Development of acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR)/polyamide thermoplastic elastomeric compositions: effect of carboxylation in the NBR phase. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 100: 1008-1012
17. Narathichat M, Kummerlowe C, Sahakaro , Vennemann N. Influence of epoxide level and reactive blending on properties of epoxidized natural rubber and nylon-12 blends. Adv Polym Technol. 2012 ; 31: 118-129
18. Nakason C, Kaewsakul W. Influence of oil contents in dynamically cured natural rubber and polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 ; 115: 540-548
19. Reincke K, Grellmann WH, Friedel J. Influence of process oils on the mechanical properties of elastomers. Kautsch Gummi Kunstst. 2009 ; 62: 506-514
20. Gessler AM, Kresge EN Exxon research and engineering Co. Patent 4132698, USA, 1979.
21. Abdou-Sabet S, Puydak RC, Rader CP. Dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers. Rubber Chem Technol. 1996 ; 69: 476-494 (Pubitemid 126632310)
22. Kawabata S, Kitawaki H, Arisawa Y, Yamashita X, Guo X. Deformation mechanism and microstructure of thermoplastic elastomer estimated on the basis of its mechanical behavior under finite deformation. J Appl Polym Sci Appl Polym Symp. 1992 ; 50: 245-259
23. Kikuchi Y, Fukui T, Okada T, Inoue T. Origin of rubber elasticity in thermoplastic elastomers consisting of crosslinked rubber particles and ductile matrix. J Appl Polym Sci Appl Polym Symp. 1992 ; 50: 261-271
24. Ponsard-Fillette M, Barrès P, Cassagnau P. Viscoelastic study of oil diffusion in molten PP and EPDM copolymer. Polymer. 2005 ; 46: 10256-10268 (Pubitemid 41455257)
25. Nakason C, Jarnthong M, Kaesaman A, Kiatkamjornwong S. Influences of blend proportions and curing systems on dynamic, mechanical, and morphological properties of dynamically cured epoxidezed natural rubber/high-density polyethylene blends. Polym Eng Sci. 2009 ; 49: 281-292
26. Sengers WGF, Wübbenhorst M, Picken SJ, Gotsis AD. Distribution of oil in olefinic thermoplastic elastomer blends. Polymer. 2005 ; 46: 6391-6401 (Pubitemid 41021697)
27. Cogswell F Polymer melt rheology: a guide for industrial practice. Cambridge: Woodhead ; 1981: 24.
28. Barbe A, Boekamp K, Kummerloewe C, Sollmann H, Vennemann N. Investigation of modified SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers by temperature scanning stress relaxation measurements. Polym Eng Sci. 2005 ; 45: 1498-1507 (Pubitemid 43081928)
29. Vennemann N, Boekamp K, Broeker D. Crosslink density of peroxide cured TPV. Macromol Symp. 2006 ; 641-650: 245-246
30. Asadinezhad A, Yavari1 A, Jafari SH, Khonakdar HA, Böhme F, Hässler R. Phase morphology and thermal characteristics of binary blends based on PTT and PA12. Polym Bull. 2005 ; 54: 205-213 (Pubitemid 40878698)
31. Snoopy G, Ramamurthy K, Anand JS, Groeninckx G, Varughese KT, Sabu T. Rheological behavior of thermoplastic elastomers from poly- propylene/ acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber blends: effect of blend ratio, reactive compatibilization and dynamic vulcanization. Polymer. 1999 ; 40: 4325-4344 (Pubitemid 29339511)
32. Hanafi I, Ruhaizat TA. Effect of palm oil fatty acid on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of CaCO3 filled natural rubber compounds. Iran Polym J. 1997 ; 6: 97-104 (Pubitemid 127663328)
33. Kaewsakul W Thermoplastic elastomer based on natural rubber and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends. 2010: 228-245.
34. Dikland HG, Maag LR, Wommelsdorff R. The influence of mineral processing oils on the peroxide curing efficiency of EPDM. Kautsch Gummi Kunstst. 1999 ; 52: 176-183
35. Narathichat M Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber and polyamide-12 blends. 2011: 155-202.
36. Barton AFM CRC handbook of solubility parameters and other cohesion parameters. 2 nd ed. CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, FL, 1991, p.107-119. CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, FL ; 1991: 107-119.
37. Dreux F, Marais S, Poncin-Epaillard F, Metayer M, Labbe M, Saiter JM. Water and toluene barrier properties of a polyamide 12 modified by a surface treatment using cold plasma. Mat Res Innovat. 2003 ; 7: 183-190 (Pubitemid 40005902)
38. Brydson JA Rubber materials and their compounds. New York: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd ; 1988: 50-53.
39. JohnsonT.Transport of small molecules through natural rubber, epoxidised natural rubber and natural rubber epoxidised natural rubber blends. PhD Thesis. Kottayam, Keral, India: Mahatma Gandhi University, 1998, p43. http://www.san-thap.co.th/rubber.htm/.
40. Sichina WJ Application note of PerkinElmer instruments. Norwalk: PerkinElmer Inc ; 2000:
41. VivaTec 500 product data sheet. Hansen and Rosenthal KG (HandR Group): Hamburg, Germany, 2001
42. Masson JF, Polomark GM, Bundalo-Perc S, Collins P. Melting and glass transitions in paraffinic and naphthenic oils. Thermochim Acta. 2006 ; 440: 132-140 (Pubitemid 43053140)
43. Ma X, Sauer JA, Hara M. Influence of plasticizers on poly(methyl methacrylate) ionomers. Polymer. 1997 ; 38: 4425-4431 (Pubitemid 127421517)
44. Xie B, Yang M, Li S, Li Z, Feng J. Studies on polyamide-6/polyolefin blend system compatibilized with epoxidized natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003 ; 88: 398-403 (Pubitemid 36282013)