Legal and economic responses to global warming - An Australian perspective

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 341-355

  Gumley, Wayne S ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871585790     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (1987), pp 32-33.
2. IPCC Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report (Cambridge University Press).
3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 UN Doc A/AC 237/18 (Pt II) (Add I), Misc 6 (1993), Cm 2137; 31 ILM 848.
4. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
5. For example, soil contamination at Love Canal, USA.
6. M Janicke, State Failure-The Impotence of Politics in Industrial Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
7. As in the Tuna-DoIphin dispute between the US and Mexico: Dispute Settlement Panel Report on the United States Restriction on Imports of Tuna, 16Aug, 1991,30 ILM 1594.
8. As discussed in P Bimie, "International Environmental Law: Its Adequacy for Present and Future Needs" in A Hurrell and B Kingsbury (eds), The International Politics of the Environment (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), p 54.
9. For example, the principle of state responsibility relied upon in Trail Smelter Arbitration (US v Canada) 3 UN Rep International Arb Awards 1905 (1949).
10. A good example is Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration.
11. OECD Council Recommendation on "Guiding Principles Concerning the International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies, " adopted 26 May 1972. See also OECD The Polluter-Pays Principle: Definition, Analysis, Implementation, (OECD, Paris, (1975).
12. Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in October 1982.
13. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
14. M Pallemaerts, "International Environmental Law from Stockholm to Rio: Back to the Future?" in P Sands (ed), Greening International Law (Earthscan, London, 1993), Ch 1, p 13
15. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986) 25 ILM 1370.
16. Rio Declaration, Principle 15.
17. For example see World Heritage Convention (1972).
18. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973).
19. Convention on Long Range Trans-Boundary Air Pollution (Geneva, 1979).
20. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).
21. Convention for Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna 1985).
22. Montreal Protocol (1987).
23. Convention on Trans-Boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes (Basel 1989).
24. R Posner, Economic Analysis of the Law (4th ed, Little Brown and Co, Boston, 1992).
25. Conservationists may argue that the needs of animal and plants should also be considered.
26. The most efficient allocations are sometimes referred to as "Pareto optimal" after the economist Vilfredo Pareto who first proposed this concept.
27. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
28. G Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons" (1968) Science 162:1, 1243-8.
29. For example E S Gaines and R A Westin (eds), Taxation For Environmental Protection (Quorum Books, New York, 1991).
30. T Tietenberg, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics (3rd ed, Harper Collins, New York, 1992).
31. E U Von Weizsacker and J Jesinghaus, Ecological Tax Reform (Zed Books, London, 1992).
32. R Kahn, The Economic Approach to Environmental and Natural Resources (Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994)
33. M S Anderson, Governance by Green Taxes (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1994).
34. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
35. OECD, Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection (OECD Paris, 1989); OECD, Managing the Environment.
36. The Role of Economic Instruments (OECD Paris, 1994).
37. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986) 25 ILM 1370.
38. The annual taxable value for Australian Fringe Benefits Tax purposes of an employer provided car may be as little as 7 per cent of the base value (market value) of the car whilst the associated petrol, registration, insurance and maintenance costs provided by the employer are exempt. Calculations show that a high income employee may save over $6,000 per annum on the use of a car valued at $50,000 (see M Evans, "Comments on the Government's FBT Compliance Review" (1995) (No 9) Weekly Tax Bulletin [155]). It is also possible for many employers (particularly government departments) to purchase cars free of sales tax, which adds a further significant advantage to an employee who would normally sacrifice a portion of salary based on the cost of the vehicle.
39. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
40. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
41. A good description of the events leading up to the FCCC can be found in Timothy Brenton's The Greening of Machiavelli (Earthscan: London, 1994), Ch 7.
42. Article 23(1).
43. Article 2 and the preamble to the Convention.
44. Article 3.
45. Article 4(1).
46. And any other countries (listed in Annex I) that wish to voluntarily commit to them: Art 4 (2).
47. Article 4, para 1(a). A greenhouse "sink" occurs where carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere, eg, a forest.
48. Article 4, para 1(b) and (e).
49. Article 4, para 1(c).
50. Article 4, para 1 (d). A greenhouse "reservoir" occurs where carbon is stored in a stable state, such as living vegetation and fossil fuel deposits.
51. Article 4, para 1(f)
52. Article 4, para l(g)-(i).
53. Article 4, para 2(a).
54. Article 4, para 2(b).
55. Article 4, paras 3-5.
56. Article 3, para 1.
57. Article 4, para 2(a).
58. Article 4, paras 6-9.
59. Article 4, para 10.
60. Articles 7 and 12.
61. Article 4, para 2(d) and Art 17.
62. Decision 1/CPl.
63. Documents FCCC/CP/1996/15, Add 1 and Corr 1.
64. Both to be held at Bonn from 28 July to 7 August and 20-31 October 1997.
65. Article 17, para 2.
66. UNEP Information Unit, Press Release, Bonn, 25 August 1997.
67. Oral statement to press, 28 April 1997.
68. Press article by S Lunn, "PM happy to forgo green, so long as we don't land in the red, " The Australian, 8 May 1997.
69. The following information is largely derived from Australia's report to the UN under the FCCC in 1994 and its National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1990 to 1994: see National Communication by Australia to the United Nations under Arts 4 and 12 of the Convention dated 26 October 1994.
70. UN Document A/AC 237/NC/4.
71. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1988 to 1994: Summary and Analysis of Trends (Dept of Environment Sport and Territories, 1996).
72. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
73. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
74. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986) 25 ILM 1370.
75. A recent review of the NGRS has noted that the interim planning target may need to be amended to match any targets that may be agreed in the current negotiations under the FCCC: see National Greenhouse Advisory Panel, Report on the National Greenhouse Response Strategy (Environment Australia, 1997), pp 54-59.
76. R Beale, Secretary to the Department of Environment Sport and Territories, "Australia and the Framework Convention on Climate Change: Towards a Global Solution, " a paper presented to the Institute of International Affairs, Canberra (28 August 1996), pp 12-13.
77. For example, Bureau of Industry Economics, Research Report 66.
78. Greenhouse Gas A batement and Burden Sharing, An Analysis of Efficiency and Equity Issues for Australia (AGPS, Canberra, 1995).
79. ABARE, "International Climate Change Policy: Economic Implications for Australia" Current Issues (April 1997).
80. A Dale and M Lane "Strategic Perspectives Analysis: A Procedure for Participatory and Political SIA" (1994) 7 Society and Natural Resources 253-268.
81. The biggest Australian company, BHP Ltd, recently announced the closure of a steel production plant at Newcastle in New South Wales as part of a plan to relocate its export steel production to South-East Asia.
82. P Braddick, "Australian Coal Production Trade and Trends" (1994) National Economic Review (No 31) (NIEIR) 1.
83. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986) 25 ILM 1370.