메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 155-178

The environmental defender's office NSW, 1985-1995

(1)  Robinson, David a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84871551794     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (131)
  • 1
    • 84883866370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • David Robinson was a solicitor with the EDO 1989-92. While presently a solicitor with the Environment Protection Authority (NSW), the views expressed in this article are personal. The author acknowledges the assistance of Ben Boer, Maria Comino, James Johnson, Nicola Pain and Brian Preston in commenting upon and providing additional copy for earlier drafts of this article. Any errors and omissions are those of the author.
  • 2
    • 84883866921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Section 123.
  • 3
    • 84883871718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Land and Environment Court has six classes of jurisdiction. In classes 1, 2 and 3, development, building and valuation appeals may be brought respectively. Most EDO cases to date have been merit appeals regarding designated developments (class 1), and administrative law appeals (class 4). Criminal prosecutions are heard in classes 5 and 6. The rules of evidence do not apply in classes 1-3.
  • 4
    • 84883862481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • ELA subsequently became part of the National Environmental Law Association (NELA), and was reconstituted as the Environmental Planning and Law Association (EPLA) in 1994.
  • 5
    • 84883888525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 23 February 1982.
  • 6
    • 84883886639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Now Chief Judge of the Federal Industrial Court.
  • 7
    • 84883884614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Ben Boer, then a Lecturer in Law at Macquarie University, was its initial convenor. Michael Mobbs was the committee's energetic secretary.
  • 8
    • 84883884019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Extract of letter from ELA President Murray Wilcox QC to the Commonwealth Legal Aid Council dated 22 December 1981.
  • 9
    • 84883863090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Extract of letter from ELA President Murray Wilcox QC to the Commonwealth Legal Aid Council dated 22 December 1981.
  • 10
    • 84883877935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Law Foundation of New South Wales receives the interest from solicitors' trust accounts to fund legal research, law reform, and law education projects.
  • 11
    • 84883882801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Murray Tobias QC, President of the Environmental Law Association (ELA), in a memo to the Executive Committee of the Association; undated-approximately August 1982.
  • 12
    • 84883500238 scopus 로고
    • Prineas v Forestry Commission (NSW)
    • Prineas v Forestry Commission (NSW) (1983) 49 LGRA 402
    • (1983) LGRA , vol.49 , pp. 402
  • 13
    • 84883864922 scopus 로고
    • (1984) 53 LGRA 160.
    • (1984) LGRA , vol.53 , pp. 160
  • 14
    • 84883885012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While access to apply for legal aid is open to all, in practice the EDO has submitted more applications each year than all private practitioners combined.
  • 15
    • 84883887551 scopus 로고
    • Corkill v Forestry Commission (NSW)
    • Corkill v Forestry Commission (NSW) (1990) 71 LGRA 116
    • (1990) LGRA , vol.71 , pp. 116
  • 16
    • 33750824383 scopus 로고
    • note
    • (1991) 73 LGRA 126-interim and permanent orders respectively preventing the logging ofChaelundi Forest, near Dorrigo, in breach ofthe protected fauna and endangered species provisions (ss 98-99) National Parks and Wildlife Act 1991
    • (1991) LGRA , vol.73 , pp. 126
  • 17
    • 84883855349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The EDO learned of the difficulty of acting in mixed interest cases in a river topsoil extraction case in 1991. A commercial competitor approached EDO to challenge, on environmental protection grounds, a particular topsoil extraction operation on the banks of the Hawkesbury River. The office commenced proceedings. However the case increasingly focused on private interest aspects, eventually necessitating EDO to refer the client to a private firm of solicitors. The office has not acted for any clients with mixed commercial and environmental concerns since this case.
  • 19
    • 84883876232 scopus 로고
    • Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US
    • note
    • See D Robinson, "Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US", in D Robinson and J Dunkley (eds), Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law (London, Wiley Chancery, 1995), pp 40-69.
    • (1995) Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law , pp. 40-69
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 20
    • 84883864455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See "2. Legal aid in public interest environmental cases", p 165.
  • 21
    • 84883871600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The subject, Environmental Law, had only been taught for a few years at that point. At the University of New South Wales it had been offered since 1978, and at Macquarie University since 1979.
  • 22
    • 84883896343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comment on earlier draft of this article.
  • 23
    • 0346915714 scopus 로고
    • Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management
    • note
    • D Robinson, "Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management" in G C Rowe and S Seidler (eds), Contaminated Sites in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993), pp 87-92.
    • (1993) Contaminated Sites in Australia , pp. 87-92
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 25
    • 84883883714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Of the 103 inquiries requiring more than initial advice in the first two years of operation 1984-87, 18 per cent concerned quarries and mines (Impact, December 1987).
  • 27
    • 84883870900 scopus 로고
    • Fuller v Bellingen Shire Council
    • note
    • Fuller v Bellingen Shire Council (1986) 161 CLR 47
    • (1986) CLR , vol.161 , pp. 47
  • 29
    • 84883881563 scopus 로고
    • Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act
    • Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act (unreported, Land and Environment Court, No 40086-88 and No 40139-88, 1988); ELR 89-809.
    • (1988) ELR , pp. 89-809
  • 30
    • 84883873898 scopus 로고
    • Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act
    • note
    • Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act (unreported, Court of Appeal, 1988); 16 ALD 796.
    • (1988) ALD , vol.16 , pp. 796
  • 31
    • 84883883908 scopus 로고
    • Myall Koala and Environmental Support Group v Great Lakes Shire Council
    • note
    • Myall Koala and Environmental Support Group v Great Lakes Shire Council (unreported, No 10096, 1990); ELR 91-903.
    • (1990) ELR , pp. 91-903
  • 32
    • 84883861315 scopus 로고
    • Minister for Minerals and Energy v Vaughan-Taylor
    • Minister for Minerals and Energy v Vaughan-Taylor (1991) 73 LGRA 115.
    • (1991) LGRA , vol.73 , pp. 115
  • 33
    • 84883852690 scopus 로고
    • Vaughan-Taylor v David Mitchell-Melcann Ply Ltd
    • Vaughan-Taylor v David Mitchell-Melcann Ply Ltd (1991) 73 LGRA 18.
    • (1991) LGRA , vol.73 , pp. 18
  • 35
    • 84883891753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • LGRA 366.
  • 36
    • 84883883625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See s I09(2)(b), EP&A Act.
  • 38
    • 84883885327 scopus 로고
    • Batting for Non-Pecuniary Interests in Queensland
    • note
    • Central Queensland Speleological Society Inc v Central Queensland Cement Pty Ltd, described in M Comino, "Batting for Non-Pecuniary Interests in Queensland" June (1989) Impact'5-8.
    • (1989) Impact , pp. 5-8
    • Comino, M.1
  • 39
    • 84883865237 scopus 로고
    • Brown v Environmental Protection Authority
    • Brown v Environmental Protection Authority (1992) 75 LGRA 397
    • (1992) LGRA , vol.75 , pp. 397
  • 40
    • 84883868495 scopus 로고
    • note
    • (1992) 78 LGERA 119 (unreported, Court of Appeal, security for costs judgment, No 40735-92, 1 April 1993).
    • (1992) LGERA , vol.78 , pp. 119
  • 42
    • 84883898085 scopus 로고
    • Malcolm on behalf of Maryland Residents Group v Newcastle City Council
    • Malcolm on behalf of Maryland Residents Group v Newcastle City Council (1991) 73 LGRA 356.
    • (1991) LGRA , vol.73 , pp. 356
  • 44
    • 0346915714 scopus 로고
    • Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management
    • note
    • D Robinson, "Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management" in G C Rowe and S Seidler (eds), Contaminated Sites in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993), pp 87-92.
    • (1993) Contaminated Sites in Australia , pp. 87-92
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 45
    • 0346915714 scopus 로고
    • Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management
    • note
    • D Robinson, "Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management" in G C Rowe and S Seidler (eds), Contaminated Sites in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993), pp 87-92.
    • (1993) Contaminated Sites in Australia , pp. 87-92
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 46
    • 84883890180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • State Environmental Planning Policy 33-Hazardous and Offensive Industry.
  • 47
    • 84883880074 scopus 로고
    • Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US
    • note
    • See "The Western Environmental Law Center, Oregon and the role of smaller public interest law firms" in D Robinson, "Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US", D Robinson and J Dunkley (eds), Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law (London, Wiley & Son, 1995), pp 58-59.
    • (1995) Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law , pp. 58-59
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 48
    • 84883859253 scopus 로고
    • note
    • The US office of E-LAW can be contacted at elaw. usoffice@conf. igc. apc. org or 1877 Garden Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.
    • (1877)
  • 49
    • 84883859284 scopus 로고
    • Endangered Species Protection and Environmental Management in the Solomon Islands
    • See D Robinson, "Endangered Species Protection and Environmental Management in the Solomon Islands" (1992) 9 EPLJ 51.
    • (1992) EPLJ , vol.9 , pp. 51
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 51
    • 84883858673 scopus 로고
    • (1995) 85 LGERA 296
    • (1995) LGERA , vol.85 , pp. 296
  • 52
    • 84883890448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 127 ALR 580
    • ALR , vol.127 , pp. 580
  • 53
    • 84883875327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 37 ALD 73.
    • ALD , vol.37 , pp. 73
  • 54
    • 0010918642 scopus 로고
    • Leatch v National Parks and Wildlife Service
    • Leatch v National Parks and Wildlife Service (1993) 81 LGERA 270.
    • (1993) LGERA , vol.81 , pp. 270
  • 55
    • 84883872920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1994 the EDO published, with the assistance of Independent Community Rights and Advocacy Forum Inc (PNG), a handbook, Law for Landowners in PNG and a Pidgin language translation, Lo Bilong 01 Papa/Mama Graun.
  • 56
    • 84883871837 scopus 로고
    • ICRAF-Papua New Guinea's first environmental and human rights legal office
    • See B Brunton, "ICRAF-Papua New Guinea's first environmental and human rights legal office" (1993) 31 Impact 10-11.
    • (1993) Impact , vol.31 , pp. 10-11
    • Brunton, B.1
  • 57
    • 84883878856 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Inland Rivers
    • note
    • EDO, Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Inland Rivers-Final Report, 1994.
    • (1994) Final Report
  • 58
    • 84883875077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inland Rivers: Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Development
    • note
    • EDO (ed), Inland Rivers: Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Development-proceedings of a conference held 8 November 1994, Sydney.
    • Proceedings of a conference held 8 November 1994, Sydney
  • 59
    • 84883873175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comment on an earlier draft of this article.
  • 61
    • 84883867814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Submission of EPA Counsel, Gay Murrell, to the Land and Environment Court, 26 June 1992.
  • 63
    • 84883877424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comment on an earlier draft of this article.
  • 65
    • 84883858673 scopus 로고
    • (1995) 85 LGERA 296
    • (1995) LGERA , vol.85 , pp. 296
  • 66
    • 84883890448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 127 ALR 580
    • ALR , vol.127 , pp. 580
  • 67
    • 84883879806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 37 ALD 73.
    • ALD , vol.37 , pp. 73
  • 68
    • 84883869892 scopus 로고
    • (1995) 85 LGERA 270
    • (1995) LGERA , vol.85 , pp. 270
  • 69
    • 84883857341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 36 ALD 30.
    • ALD , vol.36 , pp. 30
  • 70
    • 84883869063 scopus 로고
    • A major mining project is fast tracked in the Northern Territory, but at what cost?
    • F Dawson, "A major mining project is fast tracked in the Northern Territory, but at what cost?" (1993) 30 impact 5-II.
    • (1993) impact , vol.30 , pp. 5-11
    • Dawson, F.1
  • 71
    • 84883858673 scopus 로고
    • (1995) 85 LGERA 296
    • (1995) LGERA , vol.85 , pp. 296
  • 72
    • 84883890448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 127 ALR 580
    • ALR , vol.127 , pp. 580
  • 73
    • 84883867743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comments on an earlier draft of this article.
  • 74
    • 84883896355 scopus 로고
    • Amendments to the Administrative Procedures
    • J Johnson, "Amendments to the Administrative Procedures" (1995) 38 Impact 3-5.
    • (1995) Impact , vol.38 , pp. 3-5
    • Johnson, J.1
  • 75
    • 0011365103 scopus 로고
    • Australian Environmental Law: Some Structural Issues
    • note
    • For the opening address to the conference, see R Sackville, "Australian Environmental Law: Some Structural Issues" (1995) 40 Impact 1-5.
    • (1995) Impact , vol.40 , pp. 1-5
    • Sackville, R.1
  • 76
    • 84883858851 scopus 로고
    • Access to Justice
    • note
    • See M Comino, "Access to Justice" (1994) 35 Impact 1-3
    • (1994) Impact , vol.35 , pp. 1-3
    • Comino, M.1
  • 77
    • 84883890205 scopus 로고
    • The Justice Statement-Good News for EDOs
    • "The Justice Statement-Good News for EDOs" (1995)38 Impact 1-3
    • (1995) Impact , vol.38 , pp. 1-3
  • 78
    • 84883854048 scopus 로고
    • The Progress of EDOs in Other States
    • "The Progress of EDOs in Other States" (1995) Impact 16.
    • (1995) Impact , pp. 16
  • 79
    • 84871555196 scopus 로고
    • Legal'Aid in Environmental Disputes
    • note
    • Report 27 (AGPS, 1985), cited in B Boer, "Legal'Aid in Environmental Disputes" (1986) 3 EPLJ 22.
    • (1986) EPLJ , vol.3 , pp. 22
    • Boer, B.1
  • 80
    • 84883890741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In the period 1985-86 to 1989-90, two additional grants of legal aid in environmental matters of national interest were approved at the Commonwealth level, resulting in payment of legal costs and disbursements totalling $216,693: Office of Legal Aid and Family Services letter to Dr T Bonyhady, 5 December 1990, compiled from Attorney-General's Department annual reports.
  • 82
    • 84883870549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Minutes of EDO Board meeting held 18 April 1985.
  • 83
    • 84883860965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comments upon an earlier draft of this article.
  • 84
    • 84883868937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The eligibility criteria as adopted were largely as proposed by Brian Preston and Ben Boer in their submission.
  • 85
    • 84883891705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Justice Murray Wilcox, EDO official opening, 30 May 1985.
  • 86
    • 84883850797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Pursuant to s 47, the legally aided plaintiff is immune from any costs order, and the Legal Aid Commission pays on the plaintiff's behalf, but only up to a statutory maximum. At the time of the abolition of environmental grants of aid, 31 December 1992, the maximum was $12,500.
  • 88
    • 84883888567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This categorisation roughly corresponds with the distinction between merit appeals and judicial review. What are described below as "EIA precedents" and "procedural and participation precedents" are both judicial review other categories. However some judicial review cases may be considered more important for the particular environment at stake than they are for their legal precedent value, and so a legal categorisation may not always be helpful.
  • 89
    • 84883864344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Class I appeals, Land and Environment Court, in which the court reviews the merits of the development consent granted by a local council.
  • 92
    • 84883896659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • These come within class 4 of the Land and Environment Court, in contrast to the merit appeals under class 1.
  • 93
    • 84883491989 scopus 로고
    • Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW)
    • Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW) (1988) 71 LGRA 79.
    • (1988) LGRA , vol.71 , pp. 79
  • 94
    • 84883892720 scopus 로고
    • Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW) (No 2)
    • Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW) (No 2) (1989) 69 LGRA 156.
    • (1989) LGRA , vol.69 , pp. 156
  • 95
    • 84883883239 scopus 로고
    • (1989) 76 LGRA 200
    • (1989) LGRA , vol.76 , pp. 200
  • 96
    • 84883852335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 ALD 70.
    • ALD , vol.19 , pp. 70
  • 98
    • 84883851569 scopus 로고
    • (1991) 73 LGRA 317.
    • (1991) LGRA , vol.73 , pp. 317
  • 99
    • 84883873325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Unreported, Land and Environment Court, No 40258-91
  • 100
    • 84883864183 scopus 로고
    • Court of Appeal
    • Court of Appeal (1992) 81 LGERA 132.
    • (1992) LGERA , vol.81 , pp. 132
  • 101
    • 84883863004 scopus 로고
    • Hawkesbury City Council, and Foster v Mushroom Composters Pty Ltd
    • Hawkesbury City Council, and Foster v Mushroom Composters Pty Ltd (1993) 80 LGERA 30
    • (1993) LGERA , vol.80 , pp. 30
  • 104
    • 84883867392 scopus 로고
    • note
    • EDO Annual Report, 1987, p 9.
    • (1987) Annual Report , pp. 9
  • 107
    • 84883853739 scopus 로고
    • Future Directions for Public Interest Environmental Law in Australia
    • note
    • "In contrast to the traditional role there is also what has been referred to as the structural role. That is, it is litigation that aims to have a structural impact on environmental law and policy. Not only does this involve using laws innovatively but it also involves being involved in the creation and development of new laws which better achieve environmental protection. Litigation of this nature is a tool by which change is made possible. The effect of litigation in this area is essentially political because, by applying the law in previously unrecognised ways, it provides political movement on an issue". D Mossop, "Future Directions for Public Interest Environmental Law in Australia", pp 6-7, Public Interest Law, Community Legal Centres and the Environment (Sydney, Environmental Defender's Office, 1992).
    • (1992) Public Interest Law, Community Legal Centres and the Environment , pp. 6-7
    • Mossop, D.1
  • 108
    • 84883854571 scopus 로고
    • Water Administration Ministerial Corp v Local Land Board (Wilcannia)
    • Water Administration Ministerial Corp v Local Land Board (Wilcannia) (1995) 88 LGERA 278.
    • (1995) LGERA , vol.88 , pp. 278
  • 109
    • 84883867343 scopus 로고
    • Mining and Ecologically Sustainable Development-Theory and Practice
    • note
    • J Johnson, "Mining and Ecologically Sustainable Development-Theory and Practice" (1995) 40 Impact 610.
    • (1995) Impact , vol.40 , pp. 610
    • Johnson, J.1
  • 110
    • 84883894562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The proposed EDO Board was to comprise nominees of the Bar Association, the Legal Services Commission, the Australian Council of Social Services, State and Commonwealth Attorneys General, the Local Government Association, the National Trust, the Building Owners and Managers Association, the Nature Conservation Council of NSW, the Royal Australian Institute of Planners, the Royal Australian Institute of Architects and the Environmental Law Association.
  • 111
    • 84883874216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Nicola Pain (Principal Solicitor 1988-92)-Assistant Secretary, Environment Review Branch, Environment Protection Agency (Commonwealth) 1992-94, now Acting Manager Litigation, Environment Protection Authority (NSW) (EPA)
  • 112
    • 84883871287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • David Robinson (solicitor 1989-92)-now a solicitor with the-EPA (NSW); Susan Ingram (volunteer 1991)-now an EIA project officer with the Commonwealth EPA; David Mossop (solicitor 1993-94)-now associate to Justice McHugh, High Court; Brian Preston (Principal Solicitor 1985-87)-now a leading junior counsel and Deputy Director of the Australian Centre for Environmental Law (Sydney); Andrew Langley-solicitor, Blue Mountains; Elena Kirrilova (solicitor 1987-89)-now the managing partner of the Moscow office of international law firm, McKenna & Co; Chris McElwain (volunteer commencing 1990)-solicitor EPA (NSW); Melinda Richards (volunteer 1990-92)-solicitor EPA (NSW); Ebhor Muroez (volunteer 1991-92)-Environment Officer, Local Government and Shires Association; Louise Byrne (volunteer 1992-93)-Research Officer, Land and Environment Court; Lil Cullen (volunteer 1991-92)-solicitor EPA (NSW).
  • 113
    • 84883896675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See "(c) Procedural barriers", p 164 and Section 2 above.
  • 116
    • 84883859680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • September (1987) Impact.
  • 117
    • 84883884646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • December (1987) Impact.
  • 118
    • 84883873948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While the protection of wilderness is a separate issue to the creation of national parks, as for the latter the Carr government promised in 1995 to create 24 new national parks in its first year of office.
  • 119
    • 84883880361 scopus 로고
    • note
    • EDO Annual Report 1993-94, p 12.
    • (1993) Annual Report , pp. 12
  • 121
    • 84883884314 scopus 로고
    • note
    • Annual Report 1991-92, p 11.
    • (1991) Annual Report , pp. 11
  • 122
    • 77951707208 scopus 로고
    • (1994) 86 LGERA 143.
    • (1994) LGERA , vol.86 , pp. 143
  • 123
    • 84883859928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Australian Centre for Environmental Law, August 1995 newsletter, p 5-address to University of Sydney Masters of Environmental Law graduates, 6 May 1995.
  • 125
    • 0000905294 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory Failure, Administrative Incentives and the Clean Air Act
    • note
    • Howard Latin, "Regulatory Failure, Administrative Incentives and the Clean Air Act", Environmental Law (1991) 21 1647, North Western School of Law of Lewis and Clark College.
    • (1991) Environmental Law , vol.21 , pp. 1647
    • Latin, H.1
  • 126
    • 84883858925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Unreported, Land and Environment Court, 40058-90.
  • 128
    • 84883861596 scopus 로고
    • Clinical Legal Education-the Australian Approach
    • note
    • See also D K Anton, "Clinical Legal Education-the Australian Approach" (1995) 39 Impact 7-9.
    • (1995) Impact , vol.39 , pp. 7-9
    • Anton, D.K.1
  • 129
    • 84883890272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1996 the University ofSydney is running a more formally organised programme, the Environmental Law Clinic Seminar, in collaboration with the EDO.
  • 130
    • 84883859132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comment on an earlier draft of this article.
  • 131
    • 84883889271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Compiled by Maria Comino with the assistance of EDO student volunteers.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.