-
1
-
-
84883866370
-
-
note
-
David Robinson was a solicitor with the EDO 1989-92. While presently a solicitor with the Environment Protection Authority (NSW), the views expressed in this article are personal. The author acknowledges the assistance of Ben Boer, Maria Comino, James Johnson, Nicola Pain and Brian Preston in commenting upon and providing additional copy for earlier drafts of this article. Any errors and omissions are those of the author.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
84883866921
-
-
note
-
Section 123.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
84883871718
-
-
note
-
The Land and Environment Court has six classes of jurisdiction. In classes 1, 2 and 3, development, building and valuation appeals may be brought respectively. Most EDO cases to date have been merit appeals regarding designated developments (class 1), and administrative law appeals (class 4). Criminal prosecutions are heard in classes 5 and 6. The rules of evidence do not apply in classes 1-3.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
84883862481
-
-
note
-
ELA subsequently became part of the National Environmental Law Association (NELA), and was reconstituted as the Environmental Planning and Law Association (EPLA) in 1994.
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
84883888525
-
-
note
-
23 February 1982.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
84883886639
-
-
note
-
Now Chief Judge of the Federal Industrial Court.
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
84883884614
-
-
note
-
Ben Boer, then a Lecturer in Law at Macquarie University, was its initial convenor. Michael Mobbs was the committee's energetic secretary.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
84883884019
-
-
note
-
Extract of letter from ELA President Murray Wilcox QC to the Commonwealth Legal Aid Council dated 22 December 1981.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
84883863090
-
-
note
-
Extract of letter from ELA President Murray Wilcox QC to the Commonwealth Legal Aid Council dated 22 December 1981.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
84883877935
-
-
note
-
The Law Foundation of New South Wales receives the interest from solicitors' trust accounts to fund legal research, law reform, and law education projects.
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
84883882801
-
-
note
-
Murray Tobias QC, President of the Environmental Law Association (ELA), in a memo to the Executive Committee of the Association; undated-approximately August 1982.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
84883500238
-
Prineas v Forestry Commission (NSW)
-
Prineas v Forestry Commission (NSW) (1983) 49 LGRA 402
-
(1983)
LGRA
, vol.49
, pp. 402
-
-
-
13
-
-
84883864922
-
-
(1984) 53 LGRA 160.
-
(1984)
LGRA
, vol.53
, pp. 160
-
-
-
14
-
-
84883885012
-
-
note
-
While access to apply for legal aid is open to all, in practice the EDO has submitted more applications each year than all private practitioners combined.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
84883887551
-
Corkill v Forestry Commission (NSW)
-
Corkill v Forestry Commission (NSW) (1990) 71 LGRA 116
-
(1990)
LGRA
, vol.71
, pp. 116
-
-
-
16
-
-
33750824383
-
-
note
-
(1991) 73 LGRA 126-interim and permanent orders respectively preventing the logging ofChaelundi Forest, near Dorrigo, in breach ofthe protected fauna and endangered species provisions (ss 98-99) National Parks and Wildlife Act 1991
-
(1991)
LGRA
, vol.73
, pp. 126
-
-
-
17
-
-
84883855349
-
-
note
-
The EDO learned of the difficulty of acting in mixed interest cases in a river topsoil extraction case in 1991. A commercial competitor approached EDO to challenge, on environmental protection grounds, a particular topsoil extraction operation on the banks of the Hawkesbury River. The office commenced proceedings. However the case increasingly focused on private interest aspects, eventually necessitating EDO to refer the client to a private firm of solicitors. The office has not acted for any clients with mixed commercial and environmental concerns since this case.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
84883876232
-
Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US
-
note
-
See D Robinson, "Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US", in D Robinson and J Dunkley (eds), Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law (London, Wiley Chancery, 1995), pp 40-69.
-
(1995)
Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law
, pp. 40-69
-
-
Robinson, D.1
-
20
-
-
84883864455
-
-
note
-
See "2. Legal aid in public interest environmental cases", p 165.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
84883871600
-
-
note
-
The subject, Environmental Law, had only been taught for a few years at that point. At the University of New South Wales it had been offered since 1978, and at Macquarie University since 1979.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
84883896343
-
-
note
-
Comment on earlier draft of this article.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
0346915714
-
Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management
-
note
-
D Robinson, "Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management" in G C Rowe and S Seidler (eds), Contaminated Sites in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993), pp 87-92.
-
(1993)
Contaminated Sites in Australia
, pp. 87-92
-
-
Robinson, D.1
-
25
-
-
84883883714
-
-
note
-
Of the 103 inquiries requiring more than initial advice in the first two years of operation 1984-87, 18 per cent concerned quarries and mines (Impact, December 1987).
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
84883870900
-
Fuller v Bellingen Shire Council
-
note
-
Fuller v Bellingen Shire Council (1986) 161 CLR 47
-
(1986)
CLR
, vol.161
, pp. 47
-
-
-
29
-
-
84883881563
-
Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act
-
Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act (unreported, Land and Environment Court, No 40086-88 and No 40139-88, 1988); ELR 89-809.
-
(1988)
ELR
, pp. 89-809
-
-
-
30
-
-
84883873898
-
Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act
-
note
-
Nettheim v Minister Administering the Heritage Act (unreported, Court of Appeal, 1988); 16 ALD 796.
-
(1988)
ALD
, vol.16
, pp. 796
-
-
-
31
-
-
84883883908
-
Myall Koala and Environmental Support Group v Great Lakes Shire Council
-
note
-
Myall Koala and Environmental Support Group v Great Lakes Shire Council (unreported, No 10096, 1990); ELR 91-903.
-
(1990)
ELR
, pp. 91-903
-
-
-
32
-
-
84883861315
-
Minister for Minerals and Energy v Vaughan-Taylor
-
Minister for Minerals and Energy v Vaughan-Taylor (1991) 73 LGRA 115.
-
(1991)
LGRA
, vol.73
, pp. 115
-
-
-
33
-
-
84883852690
-
Vaughan-Taylor v David Mitchell-Melcann Ply Ltd
-
Vaughan-Taylor v David Mitchell-Melcann Ply Ltd (1991) 73 LGRA 18.
-
(1991)
LGRA
, vol.73
, pp. 18
-
-
-
35
-
-
84883891753
-
-
note
-
LGRA 366.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
84883883625
-
-
note
-
See s I09(2)(b), EP&A Act.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
84883885327
-
Batting for Non-Pecuniary Interests in Queensland
-
note
-
Central Queensland Speleological Society Inc v Central Queensland Cement Pty Ltd, described in M Comino, "Batting for Non-Pecuniary Interests in Queensland" June (1989) Impact'5-8.
-
(1989)
Impact
, pp. 5-8
-
-
Comino, M.1
-
39
-
-
84883865237
-
Brown v Environmental Protection Authority
-
Brown v Environmental Protection Authority (1992) 75 LGRA 397
-
(1992)
LGRA
, vol.75
, pp. 397
-
-
-
40
-
-
84883868495
-
-
note
-
(1992) 78 LGERA 119 (unreported, Court of Appeal, security for costs judgment, No 40735-92, 1 April 1993).
-
(1992)
LGERA
, vol.78
, pp. 119
-
-
-
42
-
-
84883898085
-
Malcolm on behalf of Maryland Residents Group v Newcastle City Council
-
Malcolm on behalf of Maryland Residents Group v Newcastle City Council (1991) 73 LGRA 356.
-
(1991)
LGRA
, vol.73
, pp. 356
-
-
-
44
-
-
0346915714
-
Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management
-
note
-
D Robinson, "Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management" in G C Rowe and S Seidler (eds), Contaminated Sites in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993), pp 87-92.
-
(1993)
Contaminated Sites in Australia
, pp. 87-92
-
-
Robinson, D.1
-
45
-
-
0346915714
-
Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management
-
note
-
D Robinson, "Contaminated land at the Newcastle lead smelter and the role of community groups in integrated contaminated land management" in G C Rowe and S Seidler (eds), Contaminated Sites in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993), pp 87-92.
-
(1993)
Contaminated Sites in Australia
, pp. 87-92
-
-
Robinson, D.1
-
46
-
-
84883890180
-
-
note
-
State Environmental Planning Policy 33-Hazardous and Offensive Industry.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
84883880074
-
Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US
-
note
-
See "The Western Environmental Law Center, Oregon and the role of smaller public interest law firms" in D Robinson, "Public Interest Environmental Law Firms in the US", D Robinson and J Dunkley (eds), Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law (London, Wiley & Son, 1995), pp 58-59.
-
(1995)
Public Interest Perspectives in Environmental Law
, pp. 58-59
-
-
Robinson, D.1
-
48
-
-
84883859253
-
-
note
-
The US office of E-LAW can be contacted at elaw. usoffice@conf. igc. apc. org or 1877 Garden Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.
-
(1877)
-
-
-
49
-
-
84883859284
-
Endangered Species Protection and Environmental Management in the Solomon Islands
-
See D Robinson, "Endangered Species Protection and Environmental Management in the Solomon Islands" (1992) 9 EPLJ 51.
-
(1992)
EPLJ
, vol.9
, pp. 51
-
-
Robinson, D.1
-
51
-
-
84883858673
-
-
(1995) 85 LGERA 296
-
(1995)
LGERA
, vol.85
, pp. 296
-
-
-
52
-
-
84883890448
-
-
127 ALR 580
-
ALR
, vol.127
, pp. 580
-
-
-
53
-
-
84883875327
-
-
37 ALD 73.
-
ALD
, vol.37
, pp. 73
-
-
-
54
-
-
0010918642
-
Leatch v National Parks and Wildlife Service
-
Leatch v National Parks and Wildlife Service (1993) 81 LGERA 270.
-
(1993)
LGERA
, vol.81
, pp. 270
-
-
-
55
-
-
84883872920
-
-
note
-
In 1994 the EDO published, with the assistance of Independent Community Rights and Advocacy Forum Inc (PNG), a handbook, Law for Landowners in PNG and a Pidgin language translation, Lo Bilong 01 Papa/Mama Graun.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
84883871837
-
ICRAF-Papua New Guinea's first environmental and human rights legal office
-
See B Brunton, "ICRAF-Papua New Guinea's first environmental and human rights legal office" (1993) 31 Impact 10-11.
-
(1993)
Impact
, vol.31
, pp. 10-11
-
-
Brunton, B.1
-
57
-
-
84883878856
-
Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Inland Rivers
-
note
-
EDO, Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Inland Rivers-Final Report, 1994.
-
(1994)
Final Report
-
-
-
58
-
-
84883875077
-
Inland Rivers: Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Development
-
note
-
EDO (ed), Inland Rivers: Regulatory Strategies for Ecologically Sustainable Development-proceedings of a conference held 8 November 1994, Sydney.
-
Proceedings of a conference held 8 November 1994, Sydney
-
-
-
59
-
-
84883873175
-
-
note
-
Comment on an earlier draft of this article.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
84883867814
-
-
note
-
Submission of EPA Counsel, Gay Murrell, to the Land and Environment Court, 26 June 1992.
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
84883877424
-
-
note
-
Comment on an earlier draft of this article.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
84883858673
-
-
(1995) 85 LGERA 296
-
(1995)
LGERA
, vol.85
, pp. 296
-
-
-
66
-
-
84883890448
-
-
127 ALR 580
-
ALR
, vol.127
, pp. 580
-
-
-
67
-
-
84883879806
-
-
37 ALD 73.
-
ALD
, vol.37
, pp. 73
-
-
-
68
-
-
84883869892
-
-
(1995) 85 LGERA 270
-
(1995)
LGERA
, vol.85
, pp. 270
-
-
-
69
-
-
84883857341
-
-
36 ALD 30.
-
ALD
, vol.36
, pp. 30
-
-
-
70
-
-
84883869063
-
A major mining project is fast tracked in the Northern Territory, but at what cost?
-
F Dawson, "A major mining project is fast tracked in the Northern Territory, but at what cost?" (1993) 30 impact 5-II.
-
(1993)
impact
, vol.30
, pp. 5-11
-
-
Dawson, F.1
-
71
-
-
84883858673
-
-
(1995) 85 LGERA 296
-
(1995)
LGERA
, vol.85
, pp. 296
-
-
-
72
-
-
84883890448
-
-
127 ALR 580
-
ALR
, vol.127
, pp. 580
-
-
-
73
-
-
84883867743
-
-
note
-
Comments on an earlier draft of this article.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
84883896355
-
Amendments to the Administrative Procedures
-
J Johnson, "Amendments to the Administrative Procedures" (1995) 38 Impact 3-5.
-
(1995)
Impact
, vol.38
, pp. 3-5
-
-
Johnson, J.1
-
75
-
-
0011365103
-
Australian Environmental Law: Some Structural Issues
-
note
-
For the opening address to the conference, see R Sackville, "Australian Environmental Law: Some Structural Issues" (1995) 40 Impact 1-5.
-
(1995)
Impact
, vol.40
, pp. 1-5
-
-
Sackville, R.1
-
76
-
-
84883858851
-
Access to Justice
-
note
-
See M Comino, "Access to Justice" (1994) 35 Impact 1-3
-
(1994)
Impact
, vol.35
, pp. 1-3
-
-
Comino, M.1
-
77
-
-
84883890205
-
The Justice Statement-Good News for EDOs
-
"The Justice Statement-Good News for EDOs" (1995)38 Impact 1-3
-
(1995)
Impact
, vol.38
, pp. 1-3
-
-
-
78
-
-
84883854048
-
The Progress of EDOs in Other States
-
"The Progress of EDOs in Other States" (1995) Impact 16.
-
(1995)
Impact
, pp. 16
-
-
-
79
-
-
84871555196
-
Legal'Aid in Environmental Disputes
-
note
-
Report 27 (AGPS, 1985), cited in B Boer, "Legal'Aid in Environmental Disputes" (1986) 3 EPLJ 22.
-
(1986)
EPLJ
, vol.3
, pp. 22
-
-
Boer, B.1
-
80
-
-
84883890741
-
-
note
-
In the period 1985-86 to 1989-90, two additional grants of legal aid in environmental matters of national interest were approved at the Commonwealth level, resulting in payment of legal costs and disbursements totalling $216,693: Office of Legal Aid and Family Services letter to Dr T Bonyhady, 5 December 1990, compiled from Attorney-General's Department annual reports.
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
84883870549
-
-
note
-
Minutes of EDO Board meeting held 18 April 1985.
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
84883860965
-
-
note
-
Comments upon an earlier draft of this article.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
84883868937
-
-
note
-
The eligibility criteria as adopted were largely as proposed by Brian Preston and Ben Boer in their submission.
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
84883891705
-
-
note
-
Justice Murray Wilcox, EDO official opening, 30 May 1985.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
84883850797
-
-
note
-
Pursuant to s 47, the legally aided plaintiff is immune from any costs order, and the Legal Aid Commission pays on the plaintiff's behalf, but only up to a statutory maximum. At the time of the abolition of environmental grants of aid, 31 December 1992, the maximum was $12,500.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
84883888567
-
-
note
-
This categorisation roughly corresponds with the distinction between merit appeals and judicial review. What are described below as "EIA precedents" and "procedural and participation precedents" are both judicial review other categories. However some judicial review cases may be considered more important for the particular environment at stake than they are for their legal precedent value, and so a legal categorisation may not always be helpful.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
84883864344
-
-
note
-
Class I appeals, Land and Environment Court, in which the court reviews the merits of the development consent granted by a local council.
-
-
-
-
92
-
-
84883896659
-
-
note
-
These come within class 4 of the Land and Environment Court, in contrast to the merit appeals under class 1.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
84883491989
-
Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW)
-
Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW) (1988) 71 LGRA 79.
-
(1988)
LGRA
, vol.71
, pp. 79
-
-
-
94
-
-
84883892720
-
Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW) (No 2)
-
Jarasius v Forestry Commission (NSW) (No 2) (1989) 69 LGRA 156.
-
(1989)
LGRA
, vol.69
, pp. 156
-
-
-
95
-
-
84883883239
-
-
(1989) 76 LGRA 200
-
(1989)
LGRA
, vol.76
, pp. 200
-
-
-
96
-
-
84883852335
-
-
19 ALD 70.
-
ALD
, vol.19
, pp. 70
-
-
-
98
-
-
84883851569
-
-
(1991) 73 LGRA 317.
-
(1991)
LGRA
, vol.73
, pp. 317
-
-
-
99
-
-
84883873325
-
-
note
-
Unreported, Land and Environment Court, No 40258-91
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
84883864183
-
Court of Appeal
-
Court of Appeal (1992) 81 LGERA 132.
-
(1992)
LGERA
, vol.81
, pp. 132
-
-
-
101
-
-
84883863004
-
Hawkesbury City Council, and Foster v Mushroom Composters Pty Ltd
-
Hawkesbury City Council, and Foster v Mushroom Composters Pty Ltd (1993) 80 LGERA 30
-
(1993)
LGERA
, vol.80
, pp. 30
-
-
-
104
-
-
84883867392
-
-
note
-
EDO Annual Report, 1987, p 9.
-
(1987)
Annual Report
, pp. 9
-
-
-
107
-
-
84883853739
-
Future Directions for Public Interest Environmental Law in Australia
-
note
-
"In contrast to the traditional role there is also what has been referred to as the structural role. That is, it is litigation that aims to have a structural impact on environmental law and policy. Not only does this involve using laws innovatively but it also involves being involved in the creation and development of new laws which better achieve environmental protection. Litigation of this nature is a tool by which change is made possible. The effect of litigation in this area is essentially political because, by applying the law in previously unrecognised ways, it provides political movement on an issue". D Mossop, "Future Directions for Public Interest Environmental Law in Australia", pp 6-7, Public Interest Law, Community Legal Centres and the Environment (Sydney, Environmental Defender's Office, 1992).
-
(1992)
Public Interest Law, Community Legal Centres and the Environment
, pp. 6-7
-
-
Mossop, D.1
-
108
-
-
84883854571
-
Water Administration Ministerial Corp v Local Land Board (Wilcannia)
-
Water Administration Ministerial Corp v Local Land Board (Wilcannia) (1995) 88 LGERA 278.
-
(1995)
LGERA
, vol.88
, pp. 278
-
-
-
109
-
-
84883867343
-
Mining and Ecologically Sustainable Development-Theory and Practice
-
note
-
J Johnson, "Mining and Ecologically Sustainable Development-Theory and Practice" (1995) 40 Impact 610.
-
(1995)
Impact
, vol.40
, pp. 610
-
-
Johnson, J.1
-
110
-
-
84883894562
-
-
note
-
The proposed EDO Board was to comprise nominees of the Bar Association, the Legal Services Commission, the Australian Council of Social Services, State and Commonwealth Attorneys General, the Local Government Association, the National Trust, the Building Owners and Managers Association, the Nature Conservation Council of NSW, the Royal Australian Institute of Planners, the Royal Australian Institute of Architects and the Environmental Law Association.
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
84883874216
-
-
note
-
Nicola Pain (Principal Solicitor 1988-92)-Assistant Secretary, Environment Review Branch, Environment Protection Agency (Commonwealth) 1992-94, now Acting Manager Litigation, Environment Protection Authority (NSW) (EPA)
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
84883871287
-
-
note
-
David Robinson (solicitor 1989-92)-now a solicitor with the-EPA (NSW); Susan Ingram (volunteer 1991)-now an EIA project officer with the Commonwealth EPA; David Mossop (solicitor 1993-94)-now associate to Justice McHugh, High Court; Brian Preston (Principal Solicitor 1985-87)-now a leading junior counsel and Deputy Director of the Australian Centre for Environmental Law (Sydney); Andrew Langley-solicitor, Blue Mountains; Elena Kirrilova (solicitor 1987-89)-now the managing partner of the Moscow office of international law firm, McKenna & Co; Chris McElwain (volunteer commencing 1990)-solicitor EPA (NSW); Melinda Richards (volunteer 1990-92)-solicitor EPA (NSW); Ebhor Muroez (volunteer 1991-92)-Environment Officer, Local Government and Shires Association; Louise Byrne (volunteer 1992-93)-Research Officer, Land and Environment Court; Lil Cullen (volunteer 1991-92)-solicitor EPA (NSW).
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
84883896675
-
-
note
-
See "(c) Procedural barriers", p 164 and Section 2 above.
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
84883859680
-
-
note
-
September (1987) Impact.
-
-
-
-
117
-
-
84883884646
-
-
note
-
December (1987) Impact.
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-
-
-
118
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84883873948
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-
note
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While the protection of wilderness is a separate issue to the creation of national parks, as for the latter the Carr government promised in 1995 to create 24 new national parks in its first year of office.
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-
-
-
119
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84883880361
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-
note
-
EDO Annual Report 1993-94, p 12.
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(1993)
Annual Report
, pp. 12
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-
-
121
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-
84883884314
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-
note
-
Annual Report 1991-92, p 11.
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(1991)
Annual Report
, pp. 11
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-
-
122
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-
77951707208
-
-
(1994) 86 LGERA 143.
-
(1994)
LGERA
, vol.86
, pp. 143
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-
-
123
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-
84883859928
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-
note
-
Australian Centre for Environmental Law, August 1995 newsletter, p 5-address to University of Sydney Masters of Environmental Law graduates, 6 May 1995.
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-
-
-
125
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0000905294
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Regulatory Failure, Administrative Incentives and the Clean Air Act
-
note
-
Howard Latin, "Regulatory Failure, Administrative Incentives and the Clean Air Act", Environmental Law (1991) 21 1647, North Western School of Law of Lewis and Clark College.
-
(1991)
Environmental Law
, vol.21
, pp. 1647
-
-
Latin, H.1
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126
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84883858925
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-
note
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Unreported, Land and Environment Court, 40058-90.
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-
-
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128
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84883861596
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Clinical Legal Education-the Australian Approach
-
note
-
See also D K Anton, "Clinical Legal Education-the Australian Approach" (1995) 39 Impact 7-9.
-
(1995)
Impact
, vol.39
, pp. 7-9
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-
Anton, D.K.1
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129
-
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84883890272
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-
note
-
In 1996 the University ofSydney is running a more formally organised programme, the Environmental Law Clinic Seminar, in collaboration with the EDO.
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-
-
-
130
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-
84883859132
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-
note
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Comment on an earlier draft of this article.
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-
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131
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84883889271
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note
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Compiled by Maria Comino with the assistance of EDO student volunteers.
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