Diagenetic changes in macro- to nano-scale porosity in the St. Peter Sandstone: An (ultra) small angle neutron scattering and backscattered electron imaging analysis

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 102, Issue , 2013, Pages 280-305

  Anovitz, L M ^a   Cole, D R ^b   Rother, G ^a   Allard, L F ^a   Jackson, A J ^c,d   Littrell, K C ^a  

^a OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARENITE; BACKSCATTER; IMAGE ANALYSIS; NEUTRON SCATTERING; POROSITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUARTZ; SANDSTONE;

EID: 84871481481     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.07.035     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Ambrose R. J., Hartman R. C., Diaz-Campos M., Akkutlu I. Y. and Sondergeld C. H. (2010). New pore-scale considerations for shale gas-in-place calculations. Society of Petroleum Engineers Unconventional Gas Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, February 23-25, 2010. SPE Paper 131772, 17p. doi:10.2118/131772-MS.
2. Anovitz L.M., Lynn G.W., Cole D.R., Rother G., Allard L.F., Hamilton W.A., Porcar L., Kim M.-H. A new approach to quantification of metamorphism using ultra-small and small angle neutron scattering. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:7303-7324.
3. Anovitz L. M., Rother G. and Cole D. R. (2011). Characterization of rock pore features in geothermal systems using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Proc. 36th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, SGP-TR-191. pp. 571-582.
4. Arnéodo A., Bacry E., Muzy J.F. The thermodynamics of fractals revisited with wavelets. Physica A 1995, 213:232-275.
5. Arnold B. W., Bahr J. M. and Fantucci R. (1996) Paleohydrogeology of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district. In Carbonate-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits (ed. D. Sangster). Soc. Econ. Geol. 4, 378-389.
6. Barker J.G., Glinka C.J., Moyer J.J., Kim M.H., Drews A.R., Agamalian M. Design and performance of a thermal-neutron double-crystal diffractometer for USANS at NIST. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2005, 38:1004-1011.
7. Beaucage G. Approximations leading to a unified exponential/power-law approach to small-angle scattering. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1995, 28:717-728.
8. Beaucage G. Small-angle scattering from polymeric mass fractals of arbitrary mass-fractal dimension. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1996, 29:134-146.
9. Beaucage G., Ulibarri T. A., Black E. P. and Schaefer D. W. (1995) Multiple size scale structures in silica- siloxane composites studied by small-angle scattering. In Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Composites. (eds. J. E. Mark, C. Y-C. Lee, P. A. Bianconi). ACS Symposium series 585, 97-111 (Ch. 9).
10. Beaucage G., Kammler H.K., Pratsinis S.E. Particle size distributions from small-angle scattering using global scattering functions. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2004, 37:523-535.
11. Berryman J.G. Measurement of spatial correlation functions using image processing techniques. J. Appl. Phys. 1985, 57:2374-2384.
12. Berryman J.G., Blair S.C. Use of digital image analysis to estimate fluid permeability of porous materials: application of two-point correlation functions. J. Appl. Phys. 1986, 60:1930-1938.
13. Bershadskii A. Multifractal specific heat. Physica A 1998, 253:23-37.
14. Bethke C.M. Hydrologic constraints on the genesis of the Upper Mississippi Valley mineral district from Illinois Basin brines. Econ. Geol. 1986, 81:233-249.
15. Bird N., Cruz Díaz M., Saam A., Tarquis A.M. Fractal and multifractal analysis of pore-scale images of soil. J. Hydrol. 2006, 322:211-219.
16. Blair S.E., Berge P.A., Berryman J.G. Using two-point correlation functions to characterize microgeometry and estimate permeabilities of sandstones and porous glass. J. Geophys. Res. B 1996, 101:20359-20375.
17. Block A., von Bloh W., Klenke T., Schellnhuber H.J. Multifractal analysis of the microdistribution of elements in sedimentary structures using images from scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. J. Geophys. Res. B 1991, 96:16223-16230.
18. Burger H. Log-normal interpolation in grain size analysis. Sedimentology 1976, 23:395-405.
19. Burton W.K., Cabrera N. Crystal Growth and Surface Structure, Part I. Discussions of the Faraday Society 1949, 5:33-39.
20. Burton W.K., Cabrera N., Frank F.C. The growth of crystals and the equilibrium structure of their surfaces. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London A 1951, 243:299-358.
21. Caniego F.J., Martín M.A., San José F. Singularity features of pore-size soil distribution: singularity strength analysis and entropy spectrum. Fractals 2001, 9(3):305-316.
22. Caniego F.J., Martín M.A., San José F. Rényi dimensions of soil pore size distribution. Geoderma 2003, 112:205-216.
23. Choi S.M., Barker J.G., Glinka C.J., Cheng Y.T., Gammel P.L. Focusing cold neutrons with multiple biconcave lenses for small-angle neutron scattering. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2000, 33:793-796.
24. Clarkson C.R., Freeman M., He L., Agamalian M., Melnichenko Y.B., Mastalerz M., Bustin R.M., Radlinski A.P., Blach T.P. Characterization of tight gas reservoir pore structure using USANS/SANS and gas adsorption analysis. Fuel 2012, 95:371-385.
25. Cohen M.H. The morphology of porous sedimentary rocks. In Physics and Chemistry of Porous Media II. AIP Conf. Proc. 1987, vol. 154:pp. 3-16.
26. Cook J.E., Goodwin L.B., Boutt D.F. Systematic diagenetic changes in the grain-scale morphology and permeability of a quartz-cemented quartz arenite. AAPG Bulletin 2011, 95:1067-1088.
27. Curtis M.E., Sondergeld C.H., Ambrose R.J., Rai C.S. Microstructural investigation of gas shales in two and three dimensions using nanometer-scale resolution imaging. AAPG Bulletin 2012, 96:665-677.
28. Dapples E.C. General lithofacies relationship of St. Peter Sandstone and Simpson Group. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 1955, 39:444-467.
29. Dathe A., Tarquis A.M., Perrier E. Multifractal analysis of the pore- and solid-phases in binary two-dimensional images of natural porous structures. Geoderma 2006, 134:318-326.
30. Davis S. N. (1988) Sandstones and shales. In The Geology of North America, vol. O-2. Hydrogeology, 323-332 (Ch. 37).
31. Debye P., Bueche A.M. Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. J. App. Phys. 1949, 20:518-525.
32. Debye P., Anderson H.R., Brumberger H. Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its application. J. Appl. Phys. 1957, 28:679-683.
33. Drzewiecki P. A., Simo J. A., Brown P. E., Castrogiovanni E., Nadon G. C., Shepherd L. D., Valley J. W., Vandrey M. R., Winter B. L. and Barnes D. A. (1994) Diagenesis, diagenetic banding, and porosity evolution of the Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone and Glenwood Formation in the Michigan Basin. In Basin Compartments and Seals (ed. P. J. Ortoleva). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 61, 179-199.
34. Dutton S.P., Brian J., Willis B.J. Comparison of outcrop and subsurface sandstone permeability distribution, Lower Cretaceous Fall River Formation, South Dakota and Wyoming. J. Sediment. Res. 1998, 68(5):890-900.
35. Emmanuel S., Ague J.J. Modeling the impact of nanopores on mineralization in sedimentary rocks. Water Resour. Res. 2009, 45:W04406.
36. Emmanuel S., Berkowitz B. Effects of pore-size controlled solubility on reactive transport in heterogeneous rock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L06404.
37. Emmanuel S., Ague J.J., Walderhaug O. Interfacial energy effects and the evolution of pore size distributions during quartz precipitation in sandstone. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:3539-3552.
38. Everstz C.J.G., Mandelbrot B.B. Multifractal measures. Chaos and Fractals 1992, Springer, Berlin, p. 984. H. Peitgen, H. Jürgens, D. Saupe (Eds.).
39. Farge M., Kevlahan N.K.R., Perrier V., Schneider K. Turbulence analysis, modeling and computing using wavelets. Wavelets in Physics 2004, 117-200. Cambridge University Press, (Ch. 4). J.C. van den Berg (Ed.).
40. Finley R. J. and Frailey S. M. (2006) Site screening and assessment for testing geological sequestration in the Illinois basin: a DOE phase II regional partnership program. Proceedings, CO2SC Symposium Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, March 20-22, 2006.
41. Garven G., Ge S., Person M.A., Sverjensky D.A. Genesis of stratabound ore deposits in the Midcontinent basins of North America: 1, the role of regional groundwater flow. Am. J. Sci. 1993, 293:497-568.
42. Gerdes M.L., Baumgartner L.P., Person M. Stochastic permeability models of fluid flow during contact metamorphism. Geology 1995, 23:945-948.
43. Ghilardi P., Menduni G. Scaling properties of porous media with power-law particle sized distributions. J. Hydrol. 1996, 187:223-236.
44. Glatter O., Kratky O. Small Angle X-ray Scattering 1982, Academic Press, London, UK.
45. Glinka C.J., Barker J.G., Hammouda B., Krueger S., Moyer J.J., Orts W.J. The 30m small-angle neutron scattering instruments at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1998, 31:430-445.
46. Gossett T. The kiss precise. Nature 1937, 139:62.
47. 16O in authigenic and detrital quartz in the St. Peter Sandstone, Michigan Basin and Wisconsin Arch, USA: contrasting diagenetic histories. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:5101-5116.
48. Greenberg S. E. (2007) Midwest geological sequestration consortium: An overview. US EPA - Region 5 Midwest Regional Sequestration Conference in Angola, IN - March 2007.
49. Grout H., Tarquis A.M., Wiesner M.R. Multifractal analysis of particle size distributions in soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:1176-1182.
50. Guinier A. and Fournet G. (1955) Small-angle Scattering of X-rays. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
51. Hoholick J.D., Metarko T., Potter P.E. Regional variations of porosity and cement: St. Peter and Mount Simon Sandstones in the Illinois Basin. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 1984, 68:753-764.
52. Howard C.V., Reed M.G. Unbiased Stereology 2005, Garland Science/BIOS Scientific, New York.
53. Jin L., Rother G., Cole D.R., Mildner D.F.R., Duffy C.J., Brantley S.L. Characterization of deep weathering and nanoporosity development in shale - a neutron study. Am. Mineral. 2011, 96:498-512.
54. Kahle A., Winkler B., Radulescu A., Schreuer J. Small angle neutron scattering study of volcanic rocks. Eur. J. Mineral. 2004, 16:407-417.
55. Katz A.J., Thompson A.H. Fractal sandstone pores: implications for conductivity and pore formation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 54:1325-1328.
56. Kelly J. L. (2006) Silcrete in the St. Peter Sandstone. MS thesis, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison. p. 124.
57. Kelly J.L., Fu B., Kita N.T., Valley J.W. Optically continuous silcrete quartz cements of the St. Peter Sandstone: high precision oxygen isotope analysis by ion microprobe. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:3812-3832.
58. Kline S.R. Reduction and analysis of SANS and USANS data using IGOR Pro. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2006, 39:895-900.
59. Kravchenko A.N., Martin M.A., Smucker A.J.M., Rivers M.L. Limitations in determining multifractal spectra from pore-solid soil aggregate images. Vadose Zone J. 2009, 8:220-226.
60. Krohn C.E. Fractal measurements of sandstones, shales and carbonates. J. Geophs. Res. 1988, 93(134):3297-3305.
61. Krohn C.E. Sandstone fractal and euclidean pore volume distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93(B4):3286-3296.
62. Lindner, P. and Zemb Th. (Eds) (1991) Neutron, X-ray and Light Scattering: Introduction to an Investigative Tool for Colloidal and Polymeric Systems. North Holland, Amsterdam.
63. Littrell K.C., Atchley K.M., Cheng G., Melnichenko Y.B., Wignall G.D. General Purpose small-angle neutron scattering instrument on HFIR Oak Ridge. Neutron News 2008, 19(3):20-21.
64. Mai H., Dott R.H. A subsurface study of the St. Peter Sandstone in southern and eastern Wisconsin. Wisc. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Info. Circ. 1985, 47. p.26.
65. Mandelbrot B. Multifractal measures, especially for the geophysicist. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1989, 131:5-42.
66. Mandelbrot B. Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension 1977, W H Freeman and Co., 365 pp.
67. Mandelbrot B. The Fractal Geometry of Nature 1983, Times Books, 468 pp.
68. Martin M.A., Perfect E., Pachepsky Y. Scaling fractals and diversity in soil and ecohydrology. Ecol. Model. 2005, 182:217-384.
69. Martin M.A., Perfect E., Pachepsky Y. Fractal geometry applied to soil and related hierarchical systems. Fractals, complexity and heterogeneity, Geoderma 2006, 134:237-456.
70. Martin M.A., Montero E. Laser diffraction and multifractal analysis for the characterization of dry soil volume-size distributions. Soil Tillage Res. 2002, 64:113-123.
71. Martin M.A., Carcía-Gutiérrez, Reyes M. Modeling multifractal features of soil particle size distributions with kolmogorov fragmentation on algorithms. Vados Zone J. 2009, 8:202-208.
72. Middelton G.V. Generation of the log-normal frequency distribution in sediments. Topics in Mathematical Geology 1970, 34-42. Consultants Bureau, New York. M.A. Romanova, O.V. Sarmanov (Eds.).
73. Muller J. Multifractal characterization of petrophysical data. Physica A 1992, 191:284-288.
74. Muller J. Characterization of the North Sea chalk by multifractal analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99(B4):7275-7280.
75. Muller J. Characterization of pore space in chalk by multifractal analysis. J. Hydrol. 1996, 187:215-222.
76. Muller J., McCauley J.L. Implication of fractal geometry for fluid flow properties of sedimentary rocks. Transp. Porous Media 1992, 8:133-147.
77. Muller J., Huseby O.K., Saucier A. Influence of multifractal scaling of pore geometry on permeabilities of sedimentary rocks. Chaos, Solitons Fractals 1995, 5:1485-1492.
78. Odom I. E., Willand T. N. and Lassin R. J. (1979) Paragenesis of diagenetic minerals in the St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician), Wisconsin and Illinois. In Aspects of Diagenesis (eds. P. A. Scholle and P. R. Schluger). Soc. of Econ. Paleontol. Min. Spec. Publ. 26, 425-443.
79. Paz Ferriero J., Vidal Vázquez E. Mulifractal analysis of soil porosity based on mercury injection and nitrogen adsorption. Vados Zone J. 2010, 9:325-335.
80. Perfect E. Fractal models for the fragmentation of rocks and soils: a review. Eng. Geol. 1997, 48:185-198.
81. Peitgen H.-O., Jürgens H., Saupe D. Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science 2004, Springer, New York, 864 p. second ed.
82. Pitman J.K., Goldhaber M.B., Spoetl C. Regional diagenetic patterns in the St. Peter Sandstone: implications for brine migration in the Illinois Basin. US Geol. Surv. Bull. 1997, 17-18.
83. Pittman E. Diagenesis of quartz in sandstones as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Sed. Petrol. 1972, 42:507-519.
84. Porod G. General theory. Small Angle X-ray Scattering 1982, Academic Press, London, UK. O. Glatter, O. Kratky (Eds.).
85. Posadas A.N.D., Giménez D., Bittelli M., Vaz C.M.P., Flury M. Multifractal characterization of soil particle-size distributions. Soil Sci. Am. J. 2001, 65:1361-1367.
86. Posadas A.N.D., Giménez D., Quiroz R., Protz R. Multifractal characterization of soil pore systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2003, 67:1361-1369.
87. Prothero D.R., Dott R.H. Evolution of the Earth 2004, McGraw-Hill, New York. seventh ed.
88. Putnis A., Mauthe G. The effect of pore size on cementation in porous rocks. Geofluids 2001, 1:37-41.
89. Radlinski A. P. (2006) Small-angle neutron scattering and rock microstructure. In Neutron Scattering in Earth Sciences (ed. H.-R Wenk). Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 63, 363-397.
90. Radlinski A.P., Ioannidis M.A., Hinde A.L., Hainbuchner M., Baron M., Rauch H., Kline S.R. Angstrom-to-millimeter characterization of sedimentary rock microstructure. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 274:607-612.
91. Rother G., Melnichenko Y.B., Cole D.R., Frielinghaus H., Wignall G.D. Microstructural characterization of adsorption and depletion regimes of supercritical fluids in nanopores. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111:15736-15742.
92. Rowan E.L., Goldhaber M.B. Fluid inclusions and biomarkers in the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district: implications for the fluid-flow and thermal history of the Illinois Basin. US Geol. Surv. Bull. 1996, 2094-F:34.
93. Russ J.C. Fractal Surfaces 1994, Plenum Press, New York, 309 p.
94. San José Martinez F., Caniego F.J., García-Guitiérrez C., Espejo R. Representative elementary area for multifractal analysis of soil porosity using entropy dimension. Nonlin. Processes Geophys. 2007, 14:503-511.
95. Schmitt C.G., Heymsfield A.J. The dimensional characteristics of ice crystal aggregates from fractal geometry. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010, 67:1605-1616.
96. Shaw R. P. (2005) Understanding the Micro to Macro Behavior of Rock-Fluid Systems. Geological Society Special Publication No. 249, 176 pp.
97. Shepherd L. D., Drzewiecki P. A., Bahr J. M. and Simo J. A. (1994) Silica budget for a diagenetic seal. In Basin Compartments and Seals (ed. P. J. Ortoleva). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Spec. Publ. Mem. 61, 369-384.
98. Sloss L.L. Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1963, 74:93-113.
99. Soddy F. The kiss precise. Nature 1936, 137:1021.
100. Stanley H.E., Meakin P. Multifractal phenomena in physics and chemistry. Nature 1988, 335:405.
101. Steefel C.I., DePaolo D.J., Lichtner P.C. Reactive transport modeling: an essential tool and a new research approach for the Earth sciences. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 240:539-558.
102. Stroud A.H., Secrest D. Gaussian Quadrature Formulas 1966, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 374 pp.
103. Tang D., Marangoni A.G. Fractal dimensions of simulated and real fat crystal networks in 3D space. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 85:495-499.
104. Thompson A.H. Fractals in rock physics. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1991, 19:213-237.
105. Thompson A.H., Katz A.J., Krohn C.E. The microgeometry and transport properties of sedimentary rock. Adv. Phys. 1987, 36:625-694.
106. Turcotte D.L. Fractals and fragmentation. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, 91(B2):1921-1926.
107. Turcotte D.L. Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics 1992, Cambridge University Press, 221pp.
108. Vidal Vázquez E., Paz Ferreiro J., Miranda J.G.V., Paz González A. Multifractal analysis of pore size distributions as affected by simulated rainfall. Vadose Zone J. 2008, 7:500-511.
109. Yim H., Kent M., McNamara W.F., Ivkov R., Satija S., Majewski J. Structure within thein epoxy films revealed by solvent swelling: a neutron reflectivity study. Macromolecules 1999, 32:7932-7938.
110. Winfree K.E. (1983) Depositional environments of the St. Peter Sandstone of the Upper Midwest. MS thesis, Univ. Wisconsin- Madison, p. 114.