Beyond black and white: Color and mortality in post-reconstruction era North Carolina

Explorations in Economic History

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 148-159

  Green, Tiffany L ^a   Hamilton, Tod G ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

J1 Demographic Economics; J15 Economics of Minorities and Races; N00 Economic History

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871479773     PISSN: 00144983     EISSN: 10902457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2012.06.002     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Almasy S.L. North Carolina Mortality Census, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880 1994, Kensington Glen Publishing, Joliet.
2. Becker G.S. A theory of marriage: part I. Journal of Political Economy 1973, 81(4):813-846.
3. Becker G.S. A theory of marriage: part II. Journal of Political Economy 1974, 82(2):S11-S26.
4. Billings J.S. Report on the Mortality and Vital Statistics of the United States as Returned at the Tenth Census (June 1, 1880) 1885, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 10.
5. Bodenhorn H. The mulatto advantage: the biological consequences of complexion in rural antebellum Virginia. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2002, 33(1):21-46.
6. Bodenhorn H. The complexion gap: the economic consequences of color among free African Americans in the rural antebellum south. Advances in Agricultural Economic History 2003, 2:41-74.
7. Bodenhorn H. Colorism, complexion homogamy, and household wealth: some historical evidence. The American Economic Review 2006, 96(2):256-260.
8. Bodenhorn H. Manumission in nineteenth-century Virginia. Cliometrica 2011, 5(2):145-164.
9. Bodenhorn H., Ruebeck C.S. The economics of identity and the endogeneity of race. NBER Working Paper No. 9962 2003.
10. Bodenhorn H., Ruebeck C.S. Colourism and African-American wealth: evidence from the nineteenth-century south. Journal of Population Economics 2007, 20(3):599-620.
11. Braveman P., Tarimo E. Social inequalities in health within countries: not only an issue for affluent nations. Social Science & Medicine 2002, 54(11):1621-1635.
12. Burdett K., Coles M.G. Marriage and class. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1997, 112(1):141-168.
13. Cameron A.C., Gelbach J.B., Miller D.L. Robust inference with multiway clustering. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 2011, 29(2):238-249.
14. Carson S.A. The effect of geography and vitamin D on African American stature in the nineteenth century: evidence from prison records. The Journal of Economic History 2008, 68(3):812-831.
15. Carson S.A. Geography, insolation and vitamin D in 19th Century US African-American and white statures. Explorations in Economic History 2009, 46(1):149-159.
16. Carson S.A. Height of female Americans in the 19th century and the antebellum puzzle. Economics and Human Biology 2011, 9(2):157-164.
17. Coale A.J., Rives N.W. A statistical reconstruction of the black population of the United States 1880-1970: estimates of true numbers by age and sex, birth rates, and total fertility. Population Index 1973, 39(1):3-36.
18. Condran G.A., Crimmins E. A description and evaluation of mortality data in the federal census: 1850-1900. Historical Methods 1979, 12(1):1-23.
19. Costa D., Kahn M. Forging a new identity: the costs and benefits of diversity in Civil War combat units for black slaves and freemen. Journal of Economic History 2006, 66(4):936-962.
20. Costa D.L., Helmchen L.A., Wilson S. Race, infection, and arteriosclerosis in the past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104(33):13219-13224.
21. Deaton A., Lubotsky D. Mortality, inequality and race in American cities and states. Social Science & Medicine 2003, 56(6):1139-1153.
22. Ewbank D.C. History of black mortality and health before 1940. Milbank Quarterly 1987, 65(Suppl. 1):100-128.
23. Ewbank D.C. Impact of health programmes on child mortality in Africa: evidence from Zaire and Liberia. International Journal of Epidemiology 1993, 22(Suppl. 1):S64-S72.
24. Ferrie J. The Rich and the Dead: Socioeconomic Status and Mortality in the United States, 1850-1860. Health and Labor Force Participation over the Life Cycle: Evidence from the Past 2003, 11-50. University of Chicago Press. D.L. Costa (Ed.).
25. Frazier E.F. Children in black and mulatto families. American Journal of Sociology 1933, 39(1):12-29.
26. Frazier E.F. Black Bourgeoisie 1962, Collier Books, New York.
27. Gaskin D., Headen A., White-Means S. Racial disparities in health and wealth: the effects of slavery and past discrimination. Review of Black Political Economy 2005, 32(3):95-110.
28. Goldin C., Polachek S. Residual differences by sex: perspectives on the gender-gap in earnings. American Economic Review 1987, 77(2):143-151.
29. Goldsmith A.H., Hamilton D., Darity W. From dark to light: skin color and wages among African-Americans. Journal of Human Resources 2007, 42(4):701-738.
30. Green T.L., Darity W.A. Under the skin: using theories from biology and the social sciences to explore the mechanisms behind the black-white health gap. American Journal of Public Health 2010, 100(Suppl. 1):S36-S40.
31. Gullickson A. Racial boundary formation at the dawn of Jim Crow: the determinants and effects of black/mulatto occupational differences in the United States, 1880. American Journal of Sociology 2010, 116(1):187-231.
32. Gyimah-Brempong K., Price G.N. Crime and punishment: and skin hue too?. American Economic Review 2006, 96(2):246-250.
33. Hacker J.D. Decennial life tables for the white population of the United States, 1790-1900. Historical Methods 2010, 43(2):45-79.
34. Haines M.R. Mortality in nineteenth century America: estimates From New York and Pennsylvania census data, 1865 and 1900. Demography 1977, 14(3):311-331.
35. Haines M.R. The use of model life tables to estimate mortality for the United States in the late nineteenth century. Demography 1979, 16(2):289-312.
36. Haines M.R. Estimated life tables for the United States, 1850-1910. Historical Methods 1998, 31(4):149-169.
37. Haines M.R. The urban mortality transition in the United States: 1800-1940. NBER Historical Working Paper No. 134 2001.
38. Haines M.R. Inequality and infant and childhood mortality in the United States in the twentieth century. Explorations in Economic History 2011, 48(3):418-428.
39. Hamilton D., Goldsmith A.H., Darity W. Shedding "light" on marriage: the influence of skin shade on marriage for black females. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2009, 72(1):30-50.
40. Harris R.L. Charleston's free Afro-American elite: The Brown Fellowship Society and the Humane Brotherhood. South Carolina Historical Magazine 1981, 82(4):289-310.
41. Hunter M. The persistent problem of colorism: skin tone, status, and inequality. Sociology Compass 2007, 1(1):237-254.
42. Jones T. Shades of brown: the law of skin color. Duke Law Journal 2000, 49(6):1487-1557.
43. Keith V.M., Herring C. Skin tone and stratification in the black-community. American Journal of Sociology 1991, 97(3):760-778.
44. Kerr A.E. The history of color prejudice at Howard University. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 2006, 54:82-87.
45. Krueger P.M., Saint Onge J.M., Chang V.W. Race/ethnic differences in adult mortality: the role of perceived stress and health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine 2011, 73(9):1312-1322.
46. Lee C. Socioeconomic differences in the health of black Union soldiers during the American Civil War. Social Science History 2009, 33(4):427-457.
47. Lleras-Muney A. The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States. Review of Economic Studies 2005, 72(1):189-221.
48. Logan T.D. Health, human capital, and African American migration before 1910. Explorations in Economic History 2009, 46(2):169-185.
49. Loudon I. Maternal mortality in the past and its relevance to developing countries today. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000, 72(1 Suppl):241S-246S.
50. Loury L.D. Am I still too black for you? Schooling and secular change in skin tone effects. Economics of Education Review 2009, 28(4):428-433.
51. Margo R., Steckel R. Heights of American slaves: new evidence on nutrition and health. Social Science History 1982, 6(4):516-538.
52. Meara E.R., Richards S., Cutler D.M. The gap gets bigger: changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education, 1981-2000. Health Affairs 2008, 27(2):350-360.
53. Preston S.H., Haines M.R. Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America 1991, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
54. Pritchett J., Yun M.-S. The in-hospital mortality rates of slaves and freemen: evidence from Touro Infirmary, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1855-1860. Explorations in Economic History 2009, 46(2):241-252.
55. Reuter E.B. The American mulatto. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1928, 140:36-43.
56. Ruggles S., Alexander J.T., Grenadek K., Foeken R., Schroeder M.B., Sobek M. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [Machine-readable Database] 2010, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
57. Savitt T.L. Medicine and Slavery : The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia 1978, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
58. Savitt T.L. Black health on the plantation: owners, the enslaved, and physicians. OAH Magazine of History 2005, 19(5):14-16.
59. Savitt T.L. Race and Medicine in Nineteenth- and Early-twentieth-century America 2007, Kent State University Press, Kent.
60. Schweninger L. Black-owned businesses in the South, 1790-1880. Business History Review 1989, 63(1):22-60.
61. Sloan F.A., Ayyagari P., Salm M., Grossman D. The longevity gap between black and white men in the United States at the beginning and end of the 20th century. American Journal of Public Health 2010, 100(2):357-363.
62. Steckel R.H. Birth weights and infant mortality among American slaves. Explorations in Economic History 1986, 23(2):173-198.
63. Steckel R.H. A peculiar population: the nutrition, health, and mortality of American slaves from childhood to maturity. Journal of Economic History 1986, 46(3):721-741.
64. Steckel R.H. The health and mortality of women and children, 1850-1860. Journal of Economic History 1988, 48(2):333-345.
65. Steckel R.H. The quality of census data for historical inquiry: a research agenda. Social Science History 1991, 15(4):579-599.
66. Sullivan D., von Wachter T. Average earnings and long-term mortality: evidence from administrative data. American Economic Review 2009, 99(2):133-138.
67. Thorndale W., Dollarhide W. Map Guide to the U.S. Federal Censuses, 1790-1920 1987, Genealogical Publishing, Baltimore.
68. Toplin R.B. Between black and white: attitudes toward southern mulattoes, 1830-1861. Journal of Southern History 1979, 45(2):185-200.
69. Measuring America: The Decennial Censuses from 1790 to 2000 2002, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.