Paleogene West Antarctic climate and vegetation history in light of new data from King George Island

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 369, Issue , 2003, Pages 395-412

  Hunt, Richard J ^a,b   Poole, Imogen ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITEIT LEIDEN BRANCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS PRESERVATION;

ANTARCTIC CLIMATE; ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; CLIMATIC CHANGES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; PALEO-ENVIRONMENT; TERTIARY SEDIMENTS; VEGETATION HISTORY; VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES;

VEGETATION;

EOCENE; MICROFOSSIL; PALEOBOTANY; PALEOCLIMATE; VEGETATION COVER; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VEGETATION HISTORY;

ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; ANTARCTICA; KING GEORGE ISLAND; SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS; WEST ANTARCTICA;

EID: 84871443849     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.395     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Askin, R.A., 1988, The palynological record across the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition on Seymour Island, Antarctica: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 155-162.
2. Askin, R.A., 1989, Endemism and heterochroneity in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) to Paleocene palynofloras of Seymour Island, Antarctica: Implications for origins, dispersal, and palaeoclimates of southern floras, in Crame, J.A., ed., Origins and evolution of the Antarctic biota: London, Geological Society Special Publication 47, p. 217-226.
3. Askin, R.A., 1990, Cryptogam spores from the upper Campanian and Maastrichtian of Seymour Island, Antarctica: Micropaleontology, v. 36, p. 141- 156.
4. Askin, R.A., 1992, Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Antarctic outcrop evidence for past vegetation and climates: Antarctic Research Series, v. 56, p. 61-73.
5. Askin, R.A., 1994, Monosulcate angiosperm pollen from the Lopez de Bertodano Formation (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian-Danian) of Seymour Is- land, Antarctica: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 81, p. 151- 164.
6. Askin, R.A., 1997, Eocene-?Earliest Oligocene terrestrial palynology of Seymour Island, Antarctica, in Ricci, C.A., ed., The Antarctic Region: Geological evolution and processes: Proceedings of the VII International Symposium of Antarctic Earth Sciences: Siena, Italy, Terra Antartica Publication, p. 993-996.
7. Askin, R.A., and Baldoni, A.M., 1998, The Santonian through Palaeogene record of Proteaceae in the southern South America-Antarctic Peninsula region: Australian Systematic Botany, v. 11, p. 373-390. (Pubitemid 28565875)
8. Bailey, I.W., and Sinnott, E.W., 1915, A botanical index of Cretaceous and Tertiary climates: Science, v. 41, p. 831-834.
9. Bailey, I.W., and Sinnott, E.W., 1916, The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves: American Journal of Botany, v. 3, p. 24-39.
10. Barrera, E., Huber, B., Savin, S., and Webb, P., 1987, Antarctic marine temperatures: Late Campanian through early Paleocene: Paleoceanography, v. 2, p. 21-47.
11. Barton, C.M., 1959, The east coast of Admiralty Bay from Point Hennequin to Ternyck Glacier: F.I.D.S. Base G. Admiralty Bay Report (1949). Geology Survey Archive No AD6/2G/1959/GI (paper copy, 19 p.).
12. Barton, C.M., 1961, The geology of King George Island, South Shetland Islands: Preliminary Report of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Number 12 (paper copy, 18 p.).
13. Barton, C.M., 1964a, Significance of the Tertiary fossil floras of King George Island, South Shetland Island, in Adie, R.J., ed., Antarctic geology: Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Company, p. 603-608.
14. Barton, C.M., 1964b, The geology of King George Island, South Shetland Islands [Ph.D. thesis]: Birmingham, UK, University of Birmingham, 167 p.
15. Barton, C.M., 1965, The Geology of the South Shetland Islands, Part 3: The stratigraphy of King George Island: British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports, v. 44, p. 1-33.
16. Birkenmajer, K., 1980, Tertiary volcanic-sedimentary succession at Admiralty Bay, King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica): Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 64, p. 7-65.
17. Birkenmajer, K., 1981, Lithostratigraphy of the Point Hennequin Group (Miocene volcanics and sediments) at King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica): Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 74, p. 175-197.
18. Birkenmajer, K., 1990, Geochronology and climatostratigraphy of Tertiary glacial and interglacial successions on King George Island, South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica): Zentralblatt für Paläontologie, v. 1, p. 41-151.
19. Birkenmajer, K., 1997, Tertiary glacial/interglacial palaeoenvironments and sealevel changes, King George Island, West Antarctica: An overview: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 157-181. (Pubitemid 126540649)
20. Birkenmajer, K., and Zastawniak, E., 1986, Plant remains of the Dufayel Island Group (early Tertiary?), King George Island, South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica): Acta Palaeobotanica, v. 26, p. 33-49.
21. Birkenmajer, K., and Zastawniak, E., 1988, Late Cretaceous-early Neogene vegetation history of the Antarctic Peninsula Sector: Gondwana breakup and Tertiary glaciations: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences, v. 37, p. 63-88.
22. Birkenmajer, K., and Zastawniak, E., 1989, Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary floras of King George Island, West Antarctica: Their stratigraphic distribution and palaeoclimatic significance, in Crame, J.A., ed., Origins and evolution of the Antarctic biota: London, Geological Society Special Publication 47, p. 17-226.
23. Birkenmajer, K., Narêbski, W., Nicoletti, M., and Petrucciani, C., 1983, Late Cretaceous through Oligocene K-Ar ages of the King George Island Supergroup volcanics, South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica): Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences Série des Sciences de la Terre, v. 30, p. 133-143.
24. Boyd, A., 1994, Some limitations in using leaf physiognomic data as a precise method for determining paleoclimates with an example from the Late Cretaceous Pautût flora of West Greenland: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 112, p. 261-278.
25. Breitkreutz, C., 1991, Fluvio-lacustrine sedimentation and volcanism in a Late Carboniferous tensional intraarc basin, northern Chile: Sedimentary Geology, v. 4, p. 173-187.
26. Burnham, R.J., 1989, Relationships between standing vegetation and leaf litter in paratropical forest: Implications for palaeobotany: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 58, p. 5-32.
27. Burnham, R.J., 1994, Plant deposition in modern volcanic environments: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Sciences, v. 84, p. 275-281. (Pubitemid 24424919)
28. Burnham, R.J., and Spicer, R.A., 1986, Forest litter preserved by volcanic activity at El Chichón, Mexico: A potentially accurate record of the preeruption vegetation: Palaios, v. 1, p. 558-161.
29. Burnham, R.J., Pitman, N.C.A., Johnson, K.R., and Wilf, P.W., 2001, Habitatrelated error in estimating temperatures from leaf margins in a humid tropical forest: American Journal of Botany, v. 88, p. 1096-1102. (Pubitemid 33651657)
30. Cain, S.A., and de Castro, O.G.M., 1959, Manual of vegetation analysis: New York, Harper and Row, 325 p.
31. Cantrill, D.J., and Poole, I., 2002, Cretaceous patterns of floristic change in the Antarctic Peninsula, in Crame, J.A., and Owen, A.W., eds., Palaeobiology and biodiversity change: A comparison of the Ordovician and Mesozoic- Cenozoic radiations: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 194, p. 141-152. (Pubitemid 35016381)
32. Cao, L., 1992, Late Cretaceous and Eocene palynofloras from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica, in Yoshida, Y., ed., Recent progress in Antarctic Earth science: Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company (Terrapus), p. 363-369.
33. Cao, L., 1994, Late Cretaceous palynoflora in King George Island of Antarctica with reference to its palaeoclimatic significance, in Shen, Y., ed., Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island: State Antarctic Committee Monograph 3: Beijing, China, Science Press, p. 85-96.
34. Carey, S.N., 1991, Transport and deposition of tephra by pyroclastic flows and surges, in Fisher, R.V., and Smith, G.A., eds., Sedimentation in volcanic settings: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 45, p. 39-57.
35. Cas, R.A.F., and Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic successions, modern and ancient: London, Allen and Unwin, 528 p.
36. Dettmann, M.E., 1989, Antarctica: Cretaceous cradle of austral temperate rainforests?, in Crame, J.A., ed., Origins and evolution of the Antarctic biota: London, Geological Society Special Publication 47, p. 89-105.
37. Dettmann, M.E., and Thomson, M.R.A., 1987, Cretaceous palynomorphs from the James Ross Island area, Antarctica: A pilot study: British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, v. 77, p. 13-59.
38. Dingle, R.V., and Lavelle, M., 1998, Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic climatic variations of the northern Antarctic Peninsula: New geochemical evidence and review: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, v. 141, p. 215-232. (Pubitemid 28320365)
39. Ditchfield, P.W., Marshall, J.D., and Pirrie, D., 1994, High-latitude palaeotemperature variation: New data from the Tithonian to Eocene of James Ross Island, Antarctica: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 107, p. 79-101. (Pubitemid 24424909)
40. Dolph, G.E., and Dilcher, D.L., 1979, Foliar physiognomy as an aid in determining palaeoclimate: Palaeontographica Abteilung B, v. 170, p. 151-172.
41. Dolph, G.E., and Dilcher, D.L., 1980, Variation in leaf size with respect to climate in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, v. 107, p. 154-162.
42. Duan, W., and Cao, L., 1998, Late Palaeogene palynoflora from Point Hennequin of the Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, with reference to its stratigraphical significance: Chinese Journal of Polar Science, v. 9, p. 125-132.
43. Dutra, T., and Batten, D., 2000, Upper Cretaceous floras of King George Island, West Antarctica, and their palaeoenvironmental and phytogeographic implications: Cretaceous Research, v. 21, p. 181-209. (Pubitemid 32048551)
44. Fairon-Demaret, M., Hilton, J., and Berry, C.M., 1999, Fossil leaf character states: Multivariate analyses, in Jones, T.P., and Rowe, N.P., eds., Fossil plants and spores: Modern techniques: London, The Geological Society, p. 33-35.
45. Ferguson, D.K., 1985, The origin of leaf assemblages: New light on an old problem: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 46, p. 117-188.
46. Fisher, R.V., 1966, Rocks composed of volcanic fragments and their classification: Earth Science Reviews, v. 1, p. 287-298.
47. Fisher, R.V., and Schmincke, H.U., 1984, Pyroclastic rocks: Berlin, Springer- Verlag, 472 p.
48. Francis, J.E., and Poole, I., 2002, Cretaceous and Tertiary climates of Antarctica: Evidence from fossil wood: Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 182, p. 47-64. (Pubitemid 34689054)
49. Givnish, T.J., 1984, Leaf and canopy adaptations in tropical forests, in Medina, E., et al., eds., Physiological ecology of plants of the wet tropics: Tasks for Vegetation Science 12: The Hague, Junk, p. 51-84.
50. Greenwood, D.R., 1992, Taphonomic constraints on foliar physiognomic interpretations of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary palaeoclimates: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 71, p. 149-190.
51. Greenwood, D.R., 1994, Palaebotanical evidence for Tertiary climates, in Hill, R.S., ed., History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Holocene: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 44-59.
52. Greenwood, D.R., 1996, Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?: Australian Systematic Botany, v. 9, p. 95-112.
53. Gregory, K.M., 1996, Are paleoclimate estimates biased by foliar physiognomic responses to increased atmospheric CO2?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 124, p. 39-51.
54. Hayes, P., 1999, Cretaceous angiosperm floras of Antarctica [Ph.D. thesis]: Leeds, UK, University of Leeds, 310 p.
55. Hee, Y.C., and Soon-Keun, C., 1991, Study on the gymnospermous fossil woods from the King George Island: Korean Journal of Polar Research Special Issue, v. 2, p. 179-185.
56. Hickey, L.J., 1973, Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves: American Journal of Botany, v. 60, p. 17-33.
57. Hickey, L.J., 1979, A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves, in Metcalfe, C.R., and Chalk, L., eds., Anatomy of the dicotyledons (2nd edition): Oxford, Clarendon, p. 25-39.
58. Hickey, L.J., and Wolfe, J.A., 1975, The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Vegetative morphology: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 62, p. 538- 589.
59. Hill, R.S., 1991, Tertiary Nothofagus (Fagaceae) macrofossils from Tasmania and Antarctica and their bearing on the evolution of the genus: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 105, p. 73-112.
60. Hill, R.S., and Read, J., 1991, A revised infrageneric classification of Nothofagus (Fagaceae): Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 105, p. 37-72.
61. Hill, R.S., and Scriven, L.J., 1995, The angiosperm dominated woody vegetation of Antarctica: A review: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 86, p. 175-198. (Pubitemid 26449767)
62. Holdridge, L.R., 1967, Life zone ecology: San Jose, Tropical Science Center, p. 506.
63. Hunt, R.H., 2001, Biodiversity and palaeoecology of Tertiary fossil floras in Antarctica [Ph.D. thesis]: Leeds, UK, University of Leeds, 400 p.
64. Jacobs, B.F., 1999, Estimation of rainfall variables from leaf characters in tropical Africa: Palaegeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 145, p. 231-250. (Pubitemid 29032295)
65. Jagmin, N.I.B., 1987, Estudo anatômico dos troncos fósseis de Admiralty Bay, King George Island (Península Antárctica): Acta Biologica Leopoldensia, v. 9, p. 81-98.
66. Jardine, D.J., 1950, Base G. Admiralty Bay Report (1949). Geology Report F.I.D.Sc Bureau No. 83/50 (paper copy, 31 p.).
67. Jordan, G.J., 1997, Uncertainty in palaeoclimatic reconstructions based on leaf physiognomy: Australian Journal of Botany, v. 45, p. 527-547. (Pubitemid 27452837)
68. Lawver, L.A., Gahagan, L.M., and Coffin, M.F., 1992, The development of paleoseaways around Antarctica: Antarctic Research Series, v. 56, p. 7-30.
69. Leaf Architecture Working Group, 1999, Manual of leaf architecture: Morphological description and categorization of dicotyledonous and netveined monocotyledonous angiosperms: Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 67 p.
70. Li, H.M., 1994, Early Tertiary Fossil Hill flora from Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica, in Shen, Y., ed., Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island: State Antarctic Committee Monograph 3: Beijing, China, Science Press, p. 133-171.
71. Lucas, R.C., and Lacey, W.S., 1981, A permineralized wood flora of probable Tertiary age from King George Island, South Shetland Islands: British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, v. 53, p. 147-151.
72. Markgraf, V., Romero, E., and Villagrán, C., 1996, History and palaeoecology of South American Nothofagus forests, inVeblen, T.T., et al., eds., The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests: New Haven and London, Yale University Press, p. 354-386.
73. McCarron, J.J., and Larter, R.D., 1998, Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary subduction history of the Antarctic Peninsula: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 155, p. 255-268. (Pubitemid 128552215)
74. Nakayama, K., and Yoshikawa, S., 1997, Depositional processes of primary to reworked volcaniclastics on an alluvial plain: An example from the lower Pliocene Ohta tephra bed of the Tokai Group, central Japan: Sedimentary Geology, v. 107, p. 211-229.
75. Ohga, N., 1987, The plant ecology of the cloud forests of the eastern and western slopes of the Andes, I: Microclimatic conditions of the forests of Bolivia and Chile, in Nishida M., ed., Contributions to the botany of the Andes, II: Academia Scientific Book Inc., Tokyo, p. 12-22.
76. Pankhurst, R.J., and Smellie, J.L., 1983, K-Ar geochronology of the South Shetland Islands, Lesser Antarctica: Apparent lateral migration of Jurassic to Quaternary island-arc volcanism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 66, p. 214-222.
77. Pettijohn, F.J., 1975, Sedimentary rocks: New York, Harper and Row, 628 p.
78. Pirrie, D., and Marshall, J.D., 1990, High-paleolatitude Late Cretaceous paleotemperatures: New data from James Ross Island, Antarctica: Geology, v. 18, p. 31-34.
79. Poole, I., 2002, Systematics of Cretaceous and Tertiary Nothofagoxylon: Implications for Southern Hemisphere biogeography and evolution of the Nothofagaceae: Australian Systematic Botany, v. 15, no. 2, p. 247-276. (Pubitemid 34519677)
80. Poole, I., and Cantrill, D.J., 2001, Fossil woods from Williams Point Beds, Livingston Island, Antarctica: A Late Cretaceous southern high-latitude flora: Palaeontology, v. 44, p. 1081-1112.
81. Poole, I., and Francis, J.E., 1999, The first record of fossil atherospermataceous wood from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 107, p. 97-107. (Pubitemid 29463876)
82. Poole, I., and Francis, J.E., 2000, The first record of Winteraceae wood from the Cretaceous of Antarctica: Annals of Botany, v. 85, p. 307-315.
83. Poole, I., and Gottwald, H., 2001, Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary wood flora of Antarctica: Australian Systematic Botany, v. 14, p. 207-230. (Pubitemid 32464055)
84. Poole, I., Cantrill, D.J., Hayes, P., and Francis, J.E., 2000a, The fossil record of Cunoniaceae: New evidence from Late Cretaceous fossil wood of Antarctica: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 111, p. 127-144.
85. Poole, I., Gottwald, H., and Francis, J.E., 2000b, Illiciaceae, an element of Gondwanan polar forests? Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary woods of Antarctica: Annals of Botany, v. 86, p. 421-432.
86. Poole, I., Richter, H.G., and Francis, J.E., 2000c, Gondwanan origins for Sassafras (Lauraceae): Evidence from Late Cretaceous fossil wood of Antarctica: International Association of Wood Anatomists Journal, v. 21, p. 463- 475. (Pubitemid 32039973)
87. Poole, I., Hunt, R.J., and Cantrill, D.J., 2001, A fossil wood flora from King George Island: Ecological implications for an Antarctic Eocene vegetation: Annals of Botany, v. 88, p. 33-54. (Pubitemid 32632386)
88. Raunkiaer, C., 1934, The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 632 p.
89. Richards, P.W., 1952, The tropical rain forest: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 450 p.
90. Shen, Y., 1994, Subdivision and correlation of Cretaceous to Paleogene volcanosedimentary sequence from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, in Shen, Y., ed., Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island: State Antarctic Committee Monograph 3: Beijing, China, Science Press, p. 1-36.
91. Smellie, J.L., Pankhurst, R.J., Thomson, M.R.A., and Davies, R.E.S., 1984, The geology of the South Shetland Islands, VI: Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and evolution: British Antarctic Survey Scientific Report 87 (paper copy, p. 1-85).
92. Smith, G.A., 1987, The influence of explosive volcanism on fluvial sedimentation: The Deschutes Formation (Neogene) in central Oregon: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 613-629.
93. Smith, G.A., 1991, Sedimentology of proximal to distal volcaniclastics dispersed across an active foldbelt: Ellensburg Formation (late Miocene), central Washington: Sedimentology, v. 35, p. 935-977.
94. Soliani, E., and Bonhomme, M.G., 1994, New evidence for Cenozoic resetting of K-Ar ages in volcanic rocks of the northern portion of the Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 7, p. 85-94. (Pubitemid 24425692)
95. Spicer, R.A., 1989, The formation and interpretation of plant fossil assemblages: Advances in Botanical Research, v. 16, p. 96-191.
96. Spicer, R.A., 1990, Climate from plants, in Briggs, D.E.G., and Crowther, P.R., eds., Palaeobiology: A synthesis: Oxford, Blackwell Science, p. 401-403.
97. Spicer, R.A., and Parrish, J.T., 1990, Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary palaeoclimates of northern high latitudes: A quantitative view: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 147, p. 329-341.
98. Spicer, R.A., and Wolfe, J.A., 1999, Fossil leaf character states: Multivariate analyses, in Jones, T.P., and Rowe, N.P., eds., Fossil plants and spores: Modern techniques: London, The Geological Society, p. 233-239.
99. Stuchlik, L., 1981, Tertiary pollen spectra from the Ezcurra Inlet Group of Admiralty Bay, King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica): Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 72, p. 109-132.
100. Talbot, M.R., and Allen, P.A., 1996, Lakes, in Reading, H.G., ed., Sedimentary environments: Processes, facies, and stratigraphy: Oxford, Blackwell Science, p. 83-124.
101. Torres, T., 1984, Nothofagoxylon antarcticus n. sp., madera fósils del Terciario de la isla Rey Jorge, islas Shetland del Sur, Antártica: Serie Cìentifica Instituto Àntartico Chileno, v. 31, p. 39-52.
102. Torres, T., and Lemoigne, Y., 1988, Maderas fósiles terciarias de la Formación Caleta Arctowski, Isla Rey Jorge, Antártica: Serie Cìentifica Instituto Àntartico Chileno, v. 37, p. 69-107.
103. Torres, T., Román, A., Deza, A., and Rivera, C., 1984, Anatomiá, mineralogía y termoluminiscencia de madera fósil del Terciario de la isla Rey Jorge, Islas Shetland del Sur, in Ma del Carmen Perrilliat, ed., III Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia Brasil 2, p. 566-574.
104. Truswell, E.M., 1990, Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation of Antarctica: A palynological perspective, in Taylor, T.N., and Taylor, E.L., eds., Antarctic palaeobiology: Its role in the reconstruction of Gondwana: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 71-88.
105. Truswell, E.M., 1991, Antarctica: A history of terrestrial vegetation, in Tingey, R.J., ed., The geology of Antarctica: Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 499-537.
106. Upchurch, G.R., and Wolfe, J.A., 1987, Mid-Cretaceous to early Tertiary vegetation and climate: Evidence from fossil leaves and woods, in Friis, E.M., et al., eds., The origin of angiosperms and their biological consequences: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 75-105.
107. Veblen, T.T., Ashton, D.H., Schlegel, F.M., and Veblen, A.T., 1977, Plant succession in a timberline depressed by vulcanism in south-central Chile: Journal of Biogeography, v. 4, p. 275-294.
108. Veblen, T.T., Donoso, C.Z., Schlegel, F.M., and Escobar, B.R., 1981, Forest dynamics in south-central Chile: Journal of Biogeography, v. 8, p. 211-247.
109. Veblen, T.T., Donoso, C., Kitzberger, T., and Rebertus, A.J., 1996, Ecology of southern Chilean and Argentinean Nothofagus forests, in Veblen, T.T., et al., eds., The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests: New Haven and London, Yale University Press, p. 293-353.
110. Vessel, R.K., and Davies, D.K., 1981, Nonmarine sedimentation in an active fore-arc basin: Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 31 (paper copy), p. 31-45.
111. Webb, L.J., 1959, A physiognomic classification of Australian rainforests: Journal of Ecology, v. 47, p. 551-570.
112. Whittaker, R.H., 1975, Communities and ecosystems: New York, Macmillan Publishers, 385 p.
113. Wiemann, M.C., Manchester, S.R., Dilcher, D.L., Hinojosa, L.F., and Wheeler, E.A., 1998, Estimation of temperature and precipitation from morphological characters of dicotyledonous leaves: American Journal of Botany, v. 85, p. 1796-1802.
114. Wilf, P., 1997, When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for leaf margin analysis: Palaeobiology, v. 23, p. 373-390.
115. Wilf, P., Wing, S.L., Greenwood, D.R., and Greenwood, C.L., 1998, Using fossil leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators: An Eocene example: Geology, v. 26, p. 203-206.
116. Willan, R.C.R., and Kelley, S.P., 1999, Mafic dike swarms in the South Shetland Islands volcanic arc: Unravelling multiepisodic magmatism related to subduction and continental rifting: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 23,051-23,068.
117. Wilson, G.S., Roberts, A.P., Verosub, K.L., Florindo, F., and Sagnotti, L., 1998, Magnetobiostratigraphic chronology of the Eocene-Oligocene transition in the CIROS-1 core, Victoria Land margin, Antarctica: Implications for Antarctic glacial history: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 35-47.
118. Wing, S.L., and Greenwood, D.R., 1993, Fossils and fossil climate: The case for equable continental interiors in the Eocene: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, v. 341, p. 243-252. (Pubitemid 24420432)
119. Wolfe, J.A., 1971, Tertiary climatic fluctuations and methods of analysis of Tertiary floras: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 9, p. 27-57.
120. Wolfe, J.A., 1979, Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions in the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1106, p. 1-37.
121. Wolfe, J.A., 1993, A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 2040, p. 1-71.
122. Wolfe, J.A., 1995, Palaeoclimatic estimates from Tertiary leaf assemblages: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 23, p. 119-142.
123. Wolfe, J.A., and Upchurch, G.R., 1987, North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 33, p. 1-77.
124. Xue, Y., Shen, Y., and Zhuo, E., 1996, Petrological characteristics of the sedimentary volcaniclastic rocks of the Fossil Hill Formation (Eocene) in King George Island, West Antarctica: Antarctic Research, v. 7, p. 99-117.
125. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, p. 686-693. (Pubitemid 32385533)
126. Zastawniak, E., 1981, Tertiary leaf flora from the Point Hennequin Group of King George Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica: Preliminary report: Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 72, p. 97-112.
127. Zastawniak, E., Wrona, R., Gazdzicki, A., and Birkenmajer, K., 1985, Plant remains from the top part of the Point Hennequin Group (upper Oligocene), King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica): Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 81, p. 143-164.
128. Zhang, S., and Wang, Q., 1994, Paleocene petrified wood on the west side of Collins glacier in the King George Island, Antarctica, in Shen, Y., ed., Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica: State Antarctic Committee Monograph 3: Beijing, China, Science Press, p. 231-238.