The IHR (2005), disease surveillance, and the individual in global health politics

International Journal of Human Rights

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 133-151

  Davies, Sara E ^a   Youde, Jeremy ^b  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Bio surveillance; Human rights; International health regulations; World health organization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871323537     PISSN: 13642987     EISSN: 1744053X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2012.710840     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Guénaël Rodier, 'New Rules on International Public Health Security', Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 6 (2007): 428-430.
2. David L. Heymann, Guénaël R. Rodier and the WHO Operational Support Team to the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 'Hot Spots in a Wired World: WHO Surveillance of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases', Lancet Infectious Diseases 1, no. 5 (2001): 345-353.
3. Thomas W. Grein, Kamara O. Kande-Bure, Guénaël Rodier, Aileen J. Plant, Patrick Bovier, Michael J. Ryan, Takaaki Ohyama and David L. Heymann, 'Rumors of Disease in the Global Village: Outbreak Verification, Emerging Infectious Diseases 6, no. 2 (2000): 97-102.
4. John S. Brownstein, Clark C. Freifeld, Ben Y. Reis and Kenneth D. Mandl, 'Surveillance sans Frontières: Internet-based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the Health Map Project', Public Library of Science Medicine 5, no. 7 (2008): 1019-1024, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151 (accessed 10 October 2011).
5. Adam Kamradt-Scott, 'The WHO Secretariat, norm entrepreneurship & global communicable disease control', Journal of International Organization Studies 1, no.1 (2010), http://www.journal-iostudies.org/sites/journal-iostudies.org/files/JIOS1015.pdf (accessed 6 July 2012).
6. Jutta Brunnée and Stephen J. Toope, Legitimacy and Legality in International Law: An Interactional Account (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
7. Michael Freeman, Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011), ch. 8.
8. Brent J. Steele, Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-identity and the IR State (New York: Routledge, 2008), 13.
9. Edward Weisband, 'Discursive Multilateralism: Global Benchmarks, Shame, and Learning in the ILO Labor Standards Monitoring Regime', International Studies Quarterly 44, no. 4 (2000): 648.
10. Brent J. Steele, 'Ontological Security and the Power of Self-identity: British Neutrality and the American Civil War', Review of International Studies 31, no. 3 (2005): 527.
11. William Callahan, 'War, Shame, and Time: Pastoral Governance and National Identity in England and America', International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2006): 399.
12. W. Ray Crozier, 'Self-consciousness in Shame: The Role of the "Other"', Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 28, no. 3 (1998): 273-274.
13. Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 16.
14. Steele, 'Ontological Security and the Power of Self-identity', 525-527.
15. Jennifer Mitzen, 'Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma', European Journal of International Relations 12, no. 3 (2006): 342.
16. Robert J. Holton, Globalisation and the Nation State (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
17. Richard Shapcott, International Ethics: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010).
18. Roberta Cohen, 'Developing an International System for Internally Displaced Persons', International Studies Perspectives 2, no.2 (2006): 91.
19. Francis M. Deng, Sadikiel Kimaro, Terrence Lyons, Donald Rothchild and I. William Zartman, Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1996).
20. Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng, Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of International Displacement (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998).
21. Cohen and Deng, Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998).
22. A/55/82-E/2000/61, 23.
23. Alex J. Bellamy, Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009), 32.
24. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001).
25. UN General Assembly, A More Secure World - Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary- General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A/59/565 (2 December 2004), 22.
26. Alex J. Bellamy, Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009).
27. Cohen, 'Developing an International System', 91.
28. World Health Organization, 'Revision of the International Health Regulations (2005)', Document WHA 58.3, 58th World Health Assembly, Geneva, http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA58/A58_4-en.pdf (accessed 8 July 2011).
29. Michael Freeman, Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 9.
30. Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, 'Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem', International Organization 62, no. 4 (2008): 689-716.
31. Barbara Keys, 'Congress, Kissinger, and the Origins of Human Rights Diplomacy', Diplomatic History 34, no. 5 (2010): 823-851.
32. James H. Lebovic and Erik Voeten, 'The Cost of Shame: International Organizations and Foreign Aid in the Punishing of Human Rights Violators', Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 1 (2009): 79-97.
33. Hafner-Burton, 'Sticks and Stones', 707.
34. James C. Franklin, 'Shame on You: The Impact of Human Rights Criticism on Political Repression in Latin America', International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2008): 187-211.
35. James H. Lebovic and Erik Voeten, 'The Politics of Shame: The Condemnation of Country Human Rights Practices in the UNCHR', International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 4 (2006): 861-888.
36. Lorna Weir and Eric Mykhalovkiy, Global Public Health Vigilance: Creating a World on Alert (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
37. WHO, 'Revision of the International Health Regulations (2005)'.
38. After the eradication of smallpox in 1980 the International Health Regulations only applied to three diseases: cholera, plague and yellow fever.
39. The one exception occurred in 1970 when the WHO proactively sought information on a cholera outbreak in Guinea.
40. David P. Fidler and Lawrence O. Gostin, 'The New International Health Regulations: An Historic Development for International Law and Public Health', Journal of Medicine, Law, and Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 86-87.
41. Jessica L. Sturtevant, Aranka Anema and John S. Brownstein, 'The New International Health Regulations: Considerations for Global Public Health Surveillance', Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 1, no. 2 (2007): 118.
42. WHO, International Health Regulations (2005) (Geneva: WHO, 2005).
43. Michael G. Baker and David P. Fidler, 'Global Public Health Surveillance under New International Health Regulations', Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 7 (2006): 1059.
44. Kumanan Wilson, Christopher McDougall, David P. Fidler and Harvey Lazar, 'Strategies for Implementing the New International Health Regulations in Federal Countries', Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 3 (2008): 216.
45. Eric Mack, 'The World Health Organization's New International Health Regulations: Incursion on State Sovereignty and Ill-fated Response to Global Health Issues', Chicago Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (2006): 373.
46. Guénaël Rodier, Allison L. Greenspan, James M. Hughes and David L. Heymann, 'Global Public Health Security', Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 10 (2007): 1449.
47. Lawrence O. Gostin, 'International Infectious Disease Law: Revision of the World Health Organization's International Health Regulations', Journal of the American Medical Association 290, no. 21 (2004): 2626.
48. Bruce Jay Plotkin and Ann Marie Kimball, 'Designing an International Policy and Legal Framework for the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: First Steps', Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, no. 1 (1997): 3-4.
49. The Siracusa Principles come from a non-binding document adopted by the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1985 on the legal standards by which a government can legitimately limit human rights. In particular, the Siracusa Principles state that limitations are permissible provided that they are carried out in accordance with the law, with the legitimate objective of the general interest, are necessary in a democratic society to achieve that objective, are the least intrusive and restrictive means available, and are based on scientific principles and not imposed arbitrarily.
50. Andrea Boggio, Matteo Zignol, Ernesto Jarmillo, Paul Nunn, Geneviève Pinet and Mario Raviglione, 'Limitations on Human Rights: Are They Justifiable to Reduce the Burden of TB in the Era of MDR-TB and XDR-TB?', Health and Human Rights: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (2008), http://www.hhrjournal.org/index.php/hhr/article/viewArticle/85/169 (accessed 18 March 2012).
51. Bruce Jay Plotkin, 'Human Rights and Other Provisions in the Revised International Health Regulations (2005)', Public Health 121, no. 11 (2007): 841.
52. Heymann et al., 'Hot Spots in a Wired World'.
53. World Health Assembly, Global Health Security - Epidemic Alert and Response, Report by the Secretariat, A54/9, 2 April 2001.
54. Heymann et al., 'Hot Spots in a Wired World'., paras 7-8.
55. WHO, International Health Regulations (2005), Article 9.
56. Heymann et al., 'Hot Spots in a Wired World'., Article 9.1.
57. Brownstein et al., 'Surveillance sans Frontières'.
58. Lawrence C. Madoff and John P. Woodall, 'The Internet and the Global Monitoring of Emerging Diseases: Lessons from the First 10 Years of ProMed-Mail', Archives of Medical Research 36, no. 6 (2005): 724-730.
59. John S. Brownstein, Clark C. Freifeld and Lawrence C. Madoff, 'Digital Disease Detection - Harnessing theWeb for Public Health Surveillance', New England Journal of Medicine 360, no. 21 (2009): 2153-2157.
60. Carlos Castillo-Salgado, 'Trends and Directions of Global Public Health Surveillance', Epidemiologic Review 32, no. 1 (2010): 93-109.
61. David Hartley, Noele Nelson, Ronald Walters, Ray Arthur, Roman Yangarber, Larry Madoff, Jens Linge, Abla Mawudeku, Nigel Collier, John Brownstein, Germain Thinus and Nigel Lightfoot, 'The Landscape of International Event-based Biosurveillance', Emerging Health Threats Journal 3 (2010): e3.
62. Heymann, et al., 'Hot Spots in a Wired World'.
63. House of Lords, Diseases Know No Frontiers: How Effective are Intergovernmental Organisations in Controlling their Spread?, Volume II: Evidence, Select Committee on Intergovernmental Organizations, 1st Report Session of 2007-2008, HL Paper 143-II, 21 July 2008, 211.
64. David Heymann and Guénaël Rodier, 'Global Surveillance, National Surveillance and SARS', Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 2 (2004): 173-175.
65. Madoff and Woodall, 'The Internet and the Global Monitoring of Emerging Diseases'.
66. Brownstein, et al., 'Surveillance sans Frontières', 1019.
67. WHO, International Health Regulations (2005), Article 9.1.
68. Peter O'Malley, John Rainford and Alison Thompson, 'Transparency during Public Health Emergencies: From Rhetoric to Reality', Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87, no. 8 (2009): 614-618.
69. Plotkin introduces a further complication, noting that 'traveller' itself is an ambiguous term without a precise definition.
70. Bruce Jay Plotkin, 'Human Rights and Other Provisions', 844.
71. Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2006), 11-16.
72. Plotkin, 'Human Rights and Other Provisions', 844.
73. WHO, Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005): Report of the Reporting Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in Relation to Pandemic H1N1 (2009), World Health Assembly A64/10, 5 May 2011, 82, http://www.ghdnet.org/sites/default/files/A64_10-en.pdf (accessed 26 July 2011).
74. Brownstein, et al., 'Surveillance sans Frontières', 1022.
75. Michael Blench, 'Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN)' (presentation at the Global Risk Forum, Davos, April 2010, slide 19, http://www.slideshare.net/GRFDavos/idrcdavosmediumppt (accessed 10 October 2011)).
76. Heymann, et al., 'Hot Spots in a Wired World'.
77. Rodier, 'New Rules on International Public Health Security'.
78. Gregory D. Klobentz, 'Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses', International Security 34, no. 4 (2010): 122-123.
79. Brownstein, et al., 'Surveillance sans Frontières', 1021.
80. Brice Rotrueau, Philippe Barboza, Arnaud Tarantola and Christophe Paquet, 'International Epidemic Intelligence at the Institut de Veille Sanitaire', Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 10 (2007), 1591.
81. Michael Blench, 'Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN)' (paper presented at the 8th AMTA Conference, Hawaii, 21-25 October 2008, 299-303, http://www.mt-archive.info/AMTA-2008-Blench.pdf (accessed 10 October 2011)).
82. Brownstein, et al., 'Surveillance sans Frontières'.
83. Hartley et al., 'The Landscape of International Event-based Biosurveillance'.
84. Madoff and Woodall, 'The Internet and the Global Monitoring of Emerging Diseases'.
85. Jeremy Youde, Biopolitical Surveillance and Public Health in International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009): 147-176.
86. Emily H. Chan, Timothy F. Brewer, Lawrence C. Madoff, Marjorie P. Pollack, Amy L. Sonricker, Mikaela Keller, Clark C. Freifeld, Michael Blench, Abla Mawudeku and John S. Brownstein, 'Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, online version, 29 November 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006219107 (accessed 10 October 2011).