Lead from spent ammunition: A source of exposure and poisoning in bald eagles

Human-Wildlife Interactions

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 94-104

  Cruz Martinez, Luis ^a   Redig, Patrick T ^b   Deen, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Ammunition; Bald eagles; Copper; Human wildlife confl icts; Lead; Poisoning; White tailed deer

Indexed keywords

ACCIPITRIDAE; ANATIDAE; AVES; CERVIDAE; HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS;

EID: 84871308473     PISSN: 21553858     EISSN: 21553874     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Bortolotti, G. R. 1984. Criteria for determining age and sex of nestling bald eagles. Journal of Field Ornithology 55:467-481.
2. Buehler, D. A. 2000. Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Pages 1-39 in A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America. Vol. 506. The birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
3. Cade, T. J. 2007. Exposure of California condors to lead from spent ammunition. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2125-2133.
4. Church, M. E., R. Gwiazda, R. W. Risebrough, K. Sorenson, C. P. Chamberlain, S. Farry, W. Heinrich, B. A. Rideout, and D. R. Smith. 2006. Ammunition is the principal source of lead accumulated by California condors re-introduced to the wild. Environmental Science and Technology 40:6143-6150.
5. Craighead, D., and B. Bedrosian. 2008. Blood lead levels of common ravens with access to big-game offal. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:240-245.
6. Dobrowolska, A., and M. Melosik. 2008. Bullet-de rived lead in tissues of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). European Journal of Wildlife Research 54:231-235.
7. Duke, G. E. 1997. Gastrointestinal physiology and nutrition in wild birds. Pages 1049-1056 in Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. The Nutrition Society, June 24-June 28, 1996, Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
8. Feierabend, J. S., and O. Myers. 1984. A national summary of lead poisoning in bald eagles and waterfowl. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C., USA.
9. Fisher, I. J., D. J. Pain, and V. G. Thomas. 2006. A review of lead poisoning from ammunition sources in terrestrial birds. Biological Conservation 131:421-432.
10. Franson, J. C. 1996. Interpretation of tissue lead residues in birds other than waterfowl. Page 279 in W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, editors. Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
11. Friend, M., and C. Franson. 1999. Lead. Pages 175-189 in M. Friend and C. Franson, editors. Field manual of wildlife diseases: general fi eld procedures and diseases of birds. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., USA.
12. Grund, D. M., L. Cornicelli, L. T. Carlson, and E. A. Butler. 2010. Bullet fragmentation and deposition in white-tailed deer and domestic sheep. Human-Wildlife Interactions 4:257-265.
13. Hoffman, D. J., O. H. Pattee, S. N. Wiemeyer, and B. Mulhern. 1981. Effects of lead shot ingestion on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, hemoglobin concentration, and serum chemistry in bald eagles. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 17:423-431.
14. Hunt, W. G., W. Burnham, C. N. Parish, K. K. Burnham, B. Mutch, and J. L. Oaks. 2006. Bullet fragments in deer remains: implications for lead exposure in avian scavengers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:167-170.
15. Janssen, D. L., J. E. Oosterhuis, J. L. Allen, M. P. Anderson, D. G. Kelts, and S. N. Wiemeyer. 1986. Lead poisoning in free-ranging California condors. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 155:1052-1056.
16. Jennelle, C. S., M. D. Samuel, C. A. Nolden, and E. A. Berkley. 2009. Deer carcass decomposition and potential scavenger exposure to chronic wasting disease. Journal of Wildlife Management 73:655-662.
17. Kelly, T. R., and C. K. Johnson. 2011. Lead exposure in free-fl ying turkey vultures is associated with big game hunting in California. PloS One 6:e15350.
18. Kramer, J. L., and P. T. Redig. 1997. Sixteen years of lead poisoning in eagles, 1980-95: an epizootiologic view. Journal of Raptor Research 31:327-332.
19. Krone, O., N. Kenntner, A. Trinogga, M. Nadjafzadeh, F. Scholz, J. Sulawa, K. Totschek, P. Schuck-Wersig, and R. Zieschank. 2009. Lead poisoning in white-tailed sea eagles: causes and approaches to solutions in Germany. Pages 289-301 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
20. Lang, A. L., R. A. Andress, and P. A. Martin. 1999. Prey remains in bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, pellets from a winter roost in the upper St. Lawrence River, 1996 and 1997. Canadian Field-Naturalist 113:621-626.
21. Oltrogge, V. 2009. Success in developing leadfree, expanding-nose centerfi re bullets. Pages 310-317 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
22. Pain, D. J., I. J. Fisher, and V. G. Thomas. 2009. A global update of lead poisoning in terrestrial birds from ammunition sources. Pages 99-118 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
23. Pattee, O. H., and S. K. Hennes. 1983. Bald eagles and waterfowl: the lead shot connection. Proceedings of the North American Wildlife Conference 48:230-237.
24. Pattee, O. H., S. N. Wiemeyer, B. M. Mulhern, L. Sileo, and J. W. Carpenter. 1981. Experimental lead-shot poisoning in bald eagles. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:806-810.
25. Pauli, J. N., and S. W. Buskirk. 2007. Recreational shooting of prairie dogs: a portal for lead entering wildlife food chains. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:103-108.
26. Pokras, M., M. Kneeland, A. Ludi, E. Golden, A. Major, R. Miconi, and R. H. Poppenga. 2009. Lead objects ingested by common loons in New England. Northeastern Naturalist 16:177-182.
27. Rattner, B. A., J. C. Franson, S. R. Sheffield, C. I. Goddard, N. J. Leonard, and P. J. Wingate. 2009.Technical review of the sources and implications of lead-based ammunition and fi shing tackle to natural resources. Pages 68-70 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
28. Redig, P. T., and L. R. Arent. 2008. Raptor toxicology. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice 11:261-282.
29. Redig, P. T., and L. Cruz-Martinez. 2009. Raptors. Pages 209-242 in T. N. Tully, G. M. Dorrestein, and A. K. Jones, editors. Handbook of avian medicine. Elsevier, New York, New York, USA.
30. Saito, K. 2009. Lead poisoning of Steller sea-eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) caused by the ingestion of lead bullets and slugs, in Hokkaido Japan. Pages 302-309 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
31. Scheuhammer, A. M. 2009. Historical perspective on the hazards of environmental lead from ammunition and fi shing wights in Canada. Pages 61-67 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
32. Sidor, I. F., M. A. Pokras, A. R. Major, R. H. Poppenga, K. M. Taylor, and R. M. Miconi. 2003. Mortality of common loons in New England, 1987 to 2000. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:306-315.
33. Stauber, E., N. Finch, P. A. Talcott, and J. M. Gay. 2010. Lead poisoning of bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (Aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the U.S. Inland Pacifi c Northwest region-an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 24:279-287.
34. Strom, S. M., J. A. Langenberg, N. K. Businga, and J. K. Batten. 2009. Lead exposure in Wisconsin birds. Pages 194-201 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
35. Stroud, R. K., and W. G. Hunt. 2009. Gunshot wounds: a source of lead in the environment.' Pages 119-125 in Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
36. Swenson, J. E., K. L. Alt, and R. L. Eng. 1986. Ecology of bald eagles in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Wildlife Monographs 3-46.
37. U. S. Department of Interior. 1986. Final supplemental environmental impact statement: use of lead shot for hunting migratory birds in the United States. Washington, D.C., USA.
38. Wayland, M., and T. Bollinger. 1999. Lead exposure and poisoning in bald eagles and golden eagles in the Canadian Prairie provinces. Environmental Pollution 104:341-350.