John Millar and Slavery

MacCormick's Scotland

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 73-106

  Cairns, John W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84871287483     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (235)

1. J Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks.
2. Or, An Inquiry into the Circumstances which Give Rise to Influence and Authority, in the Different Members of Society, 3rd edn (1779). A text is now conveniently available in the Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics series.
3. general editor, Knud Haakonssen, edited by Aaron Garrett (2006).
4. N MacCormick, "Law and Enlightenment", in R H Campbell and A S Skinner (eds), The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment (1982) 150-166 at 151.
5. W Zachs, The First John Murray and the Late-Eighteenth-Century London Book Trade (1998) 70, 165, 260.
6. W Sombart, "Die Anfänge der Soziologie", in M Palyi (ed), Hauptprobleme der Soziologie: Errinerungsgabe für Max Weber (1923: repr 1975) 3-19 at 11.
7. W C Lehmann, "John Millar, historical sociologist: some remarkable anticipations of modern sociology" (1952) 3 British Journal of Sociology 30-46.
8. R Pascal, "Property and society: the Scottish Historical School of the eighteenth century"(1938) 1 Modern Quarterly167-179.
9. R L Meek, Economics and Ideology and Other Essays: Studies in the Development of Economic Thought (1967) 34-50.
10. J Kucyzynski, Zur Geschichte der Wirtschaftsgeschichtsschreibung (1978) 92-93.
11. J W Cairns, "'Famous as a school for Law as Edinburgh for Medicine': The Glasgow Law School, 1761-1801", in A Hook and R B Sher (eds), The Glasgow Enlightenment (1995) 133-159.
12. J W Cairns, "John Millar, Ivan Andreyevich Tret'yakov, and Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky: a legal education in Scotland, 1761-1767", in T Artemieva, P Jones and M Mikeshin (eds), The Philosophical Age. Russia and Scotland in the Enlightenment: Proceedings of the International Conference 1-3 September 2000, Edinburgh (2001 [= The Philosophical Age, Almanac 15]) 20-37.
13. See e.g., K Haakonssen, "John Millar and the science of a legislator" (1985) Juridical Review 41-68 at 43. His other work is J Millar, An Historical View of the English Government from the Settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the Accession of the House of Stewart (1787). There is a second edition of 1790. An edition was issued in 1803 with additional material, which has been published in the Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics series, general editor Knud Haakonssen, edited by M S Phillips and D R Smith (2006).
14. J Millar, Observations Concerning the Distinction of Ranks in Society (1771) 193-242.
15. See J W Cairns, "Stoicism, slavery, and law: Grotian jurisprudence and its reception", in H W Blom and L C Winkel (eds), Grotius and the Stoa (2004 [=(2001-2002) 22-23 Grotiana]) 197-231 at 222-230.
16. Act 1606, c 11.
17. See B F Duckham, "Serfdom in eighteenth century Scotland" (1979) 54 History 178-197.
18. C A Whatley, "Collier serfdom in mid-eighteenth-century Scotland: new light from the Rothes MSS", (1995) 22 Archives 25-33.
19. C A Whatley, "The dark side of the Enlightenment? Sorting out serfdom", in T M Devine and J R Young (eds), Eighteenth Century Scotland: New Perspectives (1999) 259-274.
20. See I Whyte, Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery, 1756-1838 (2006) 78, 91.
21. J Craig, "Account of the life and writings of John Millar, Esq", in The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks: Or, An Inquiry into the Circumstances which Give Rise to Influence and Authority, in the Different Members of Society, ed A Garrett (2006) 7-80 at 68. Craig's "Life" originally appeared in the 4th edn (1806). Though Craig does not say, should he be correct, this presumably is a petition sent by the University: see Whyte, Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery (n 12) 70-71, 91.
22. For an aspect of this, see now T M Devine, "Did slavery make Scotia great?" (2011) 4 Britain and the World 40-64.
23. C Duncan Rice, The Rise and Fall of Black Slavery (1975) 153-185.
24. C Duncan Rice, "Controversies over slavery in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Scotland", in L Perry and M Fellman (eds), Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists (1979) 24-48.
25. see now generally Whyte, Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery (n 12) 70-106.
26. See e.g. Haakonssen, "John Millar" (n. 7) 44-50.
27. Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 6) 139-140.
28. N MacCormick, Practical Reason in Law and Morality (2008) 57-68.
29. N MacCormick, Institutions of Law: An Essay in Legal Theory (2007) 77-99.
30. "Minutes, Literary Society in Glasgow College, 1764-79", Glasgow University Library [hereafter GUL], MS Murray 505, 33.
31. J Murray to J Moore, 6 July 1770, National Library of Scotland [hereafter NLS], MS 41897.
32. J Murray to J Moore, 1 Sept 1770, NLS, MS 41897.
33. see also R B Sher, The Enlightenment and the Book: Scottish Authors and their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland, and America (2006) 384. On Cadell, see C Dille, "Cadell, Thomas, the elder (1742-1802)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.
34. online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4302, accessed 24 July 2011].
35. J Millar to J Murray, 7 Jan 1771, NLS, MS 40813.
36. J Murray to J Millar, 9 Feb 1771, NLS, MS 41897.
37. J Millar to J Murray, 15 Feb 1771, NLS, MS 40813.
38. J Millar to J Murray, 17 Mar 1771, NLS, MS 40813.
39. J Murray to J Millar, 7 Mar 1771, NLS, MS 41898.
40. J Millar to J Murray, 28 April 1771, NLS, MS 40813. See Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 70.
41. J Millar to J Murray, 28 April 1771, NLS, MS 40813.
42. J Murray to J Millar, 6 May 1771, NLS, MS 41898.
43. J Millar to J Murray, 20 May 1771, NLS, MS 40813. See W Zachs, Without Regard to Good Manners: A Biography of Gilbert Stuart 1743-1786 (1992) 42-43.
44. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 193-200.
45. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 200-202.
46. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 202-206.
47. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 206-211.
48. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 211-220.
49. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 220-223.
50. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 223-226.
51. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 227-230.
52. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 230-232.
53. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 232-242.
54. Sheddan v A Negro (1757) Mor 14545.
55. Cairns, "Stoicism, slavery, and law" (n 9) 222-224. There will be a fuller discussion in J W Cairns, "Enforced sojourners under grey skies: slaves and black apprentices in eighteenth-century Scotland" (forthcoming).
56. Houston Stewart Nicolson v Mrs Margaret Porterfield, Register etc., Register of Consistorial Decreets, in National Records of Scotland [hereafter NRS], CC8/5/12.
57. Advocates Library, Session Papers, Campbell Collection, 1770, vol 19: Bill of Advocation Houston Stewart-Nicolson, Esq.
58. against Mrs Margaret Porterfield (no 61).
59. Answers for Mrs Stewart-Nicolson, to the Bill of Advocation for Houston Stewart-Nicolson, Esq (no 62).
60. Objections for Mrs Stewart-Nicolson, to Witnesses proposed to be adduced against her by Mr Stewart-Nicolson (no 63).
61. Answers for Houston Stewart-Nicolson, to the Objections for Mrs Stewart-Nicolson (no 64).
62. Unto the Right Honourable the Lords Commissaries of Edinburgh, The Petition of Mrs Stewart Nicolson ... (no 64/1).
63. Answers for Houston Stewart-Nicolson to the Petition of Mrs Stewart Nicolson (no 64/2).
64. Replies for Mrs Stewart-Nicolson, to the Answers for Mr Stewart-Nicolson (no 65).
65. Bill of Advocation, Mrs Stewart-Nicolson against Houston Stewart-Nicolson, Esq (no 66).
66. Answers for Houston Stewart-Nicolson, Esq.
67. to the Bill of Advocation for Mrs Nicolson (no 67).
68. Replies for Mrs Stewart-Nicolson, to the Answers of Mr Stewart-Nicolson (no 68).
69. Memorial for Houston Stewart-Nicolson, Esq.
70. against Mrs Stewart-Nicolson (no 69).
71. and Memorial for Mrs Margaret Porterfield, spouse of Houston Stewart-Nicolson of Carnock, defender.
72. against the said Houston Stewart-Nicolson, Pursuer (no 70). The case is discussed in J W Cairns, "Slavery and the Roman law of evidence in eighteenth-century Scotland", in A Burrows and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (2006) 599-618.
73. L Leneman, Alienated Affections: The Scottish Experience of Divorce and Separation, 1684-1830 (1998) 174-179. (Inconsistent use of hyphen as in sources.).
74. The papers can be found in NRS CS236/S/3/13 and CS236/D/4/3. See also Whyte, Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery (n 12) 8-10.
75. A S Cunningham, Rambles in the Parishes of Scoonie and Wemyss ([1905]) 154-156.
76. NRS, JC 11/28.
77. JC 26/193. His surname is usually spelled "Johnstone". The case is brilliantly discussed and analysed in E Rothschild, The Inner Life of Empires: An Eighteenth-Century History (2011) 87-91, 204-206, 291-299.
78. Scots Magazine, 33 (1771) 498-499.
79. Caledonian Mercury, 14 Sept 1771.
80. Scots Magazine, 34 (1772) 299.
81. A Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed by R L Meek, D D Raphael and P G Stein (1978.
82. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 399 (LJ(B), 6-7). The best account is K Haakonssen, The Science of a Legislator: The Natural Jurisprudence of David Hume and Adam Smith (1981) 99-134.
83. See Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 6) 139-142.
84. Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 60) 142-144. The structure of the lectures on English law also shows some very minor influence from Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
85. Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law"(n 60) 144-146.
86. Cairns, "Millar, Tret'yakov, and Desnitsky" (n 6) 27.
87. Glasgow, Mitchell Library, MS 99. See also the printed syllabus: A Course of Lectures on Government: Given Annually in the University (1771).
88. Glasgow, Mitchell Library, MS 99, vol 1, fol 16.
89. Glasgow, Mitchell Library, MS 99, vol 1, fols 21-22.
90. NLS, MS 2743, fol 31.
91. NLS, MS 2743, fols 31-34.
92. NLS, MS 2743, fols 34-35. The nature of the colonate remains controversial and raises complex scholarly questions. See e.g. C Grey, "Slavery in the late Roman world", in K Bradley and P Cartledge (eds), The Cambridge History of World Slavery. Volume 1. The Ancient Mediterranean World (2011) 482-509.
93. Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 6) 138.
94. Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 6) 136-139.
95. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 175-199 (LJ(A), iii.87-147), 450-456 (LJ(B), 130-146).
96. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 526-527 (LJ(B), 299-301).
97. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 455-456 (LJ(B), 144-145).
98. Millar, Distinction of Ranks 232.
99. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 178 (LJ(A), iii.95), 181 (LJ(A), iii.103),183-184 (LJ(A), iii.107-108), 187 (LJ(A), iii.116), 193-194 (LJ(A), iii.132-133, 451 (LJ(B), 132), 453 (LJ(B), 138), 455-456 (LJ(B), 144-145).
100. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 201-202, 208, 232.
101. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 178-179, 193 (LJ(A), iii.94-96, 132), 451 (LJ(B), 132).
102. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 192 (LJ(A), iii.130), 452 (LJ(B), 134).
103. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 183-184 (LJ(A), iii.107-108), 453 (LJ(B), 137).
104. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 231 (LJ(A), iii.81-82), 242-243 (LJ(A), iv.110).
105. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 181 (LJ(A), iii.101). See also 451-452 (LJ(B), 134): "We are apt to imagine that slavery is quite extirpated because we know nothing of it in this part of the world, but even at present it is almost universal. A small part of the west of Europe is the only portion of the globe that is free from it, and is nothing in comparison with the vast continents where it still prevails." Cf Millar, Distinction of Ranks (n 8) 224-225: "[Slavery] is still retained in Russia, in Poland, in Hungary, and in several parts of Germany.
106. and that it is at present admitted, without limitation, in the colonies which belong to any of the European nations, whether in Asia, Africa, or America.".
107. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 456 (LJ(B), 145). The reconstruction in the text is by the editors of the Glasgow edition.
108. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 456 (LJ(B), 145).
109. See the remarks of the editors in Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (n 43) 456, notes 71 and 72.
110. J Murray to J Millar, 9 Aug 1771, NLS, MS 41898.
111. J Murray to T Smollett, 9 Aug 1771, NLS, MS 41898. See Sher, The Enlightenment and the Book (n 21) 91.
112. Review, Critical Review, or Annals of Literature, 31 (June 1771) 432-442.
113. Review, Monthly Review, 45 (Sept. 1771), 188-195.
114. Review, Critical Review (n 70) 440-442.
115. In Germany it appeared as Bemerkungen über den Unterschied der Stände in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft (1772).
116. See e.g. J Murray to Kincaid & Creech, 1 July 1771, NLS, MS 41898.
117. J Murray to T Smollett, 9 Aug 1771, NLS, MS 41898.
118. Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 111-112.
119. J Murray to J Millar, 7 Sept 1771, NLS, MS 41898.
120. J Millar to J Murray, 28 Sept [1771], NLS, MS 40813.
121. J Millar to J Murray, 28 Sept [1771], NLS, MS 40813.
122. J Millar to J Murray, 9 October 1771, NLS, MS 40813. Given Millar was also trying to persuade Murray to give the work of printing to the Foulis Press, he may also have been somewhat disingenuous here.
123. J Millar to J Murray, 2 Feb 1772, NLS, MS 40813.
124. J Millar, Observations Concerning the Distinction of Ranks in Society. Under the Following Heads ... The Second Edition, Greatly Enlarged (1783) 251.
125. See Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) (n 79) [xviii].
126. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) (n 79) 298.
127. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) 304-306.
128. A Fletcher, "The Second Discourse concerning the affairs of Scotland: written in the year 1698", in A Fletcher of Saltoun, Selected Political Writings and Speeches, ed by D Daiches (1979) 46-66.
129. M J Rozbicki, "To save them from them selves: proposals to enslave the British poor, 1698-1755" (2001) 22: 2 Slavery and Abolition 29-50. On the Scottish historical background to Fletcher's views, see K J Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The "Ill Years" of the 1690s (2010.).
130. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) (n 79) 310, n *.
131. J Millar to J Murray, 28 July 1772, NLS, MS 40813.
132. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) 299, n *.
133. J Millar to J Murray, 28 July 1772, NLS, MS 40813.
134. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) (n 79) xxii, 310-311, n *.
135. J Millar to J Murray, 26 Sept [1772], NLS, MS 40813.
136. J Millar to J Murray, 24 Dec 1772, NLS, MS 40813.
137. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (2nd) (n 79) xxii.
138. J Millar, Observations sur les commencemens de la société (1773). This translation appeared again in 1778. I have not had an opportunity to compare copies: the 1778 version may be a reissue with a new title page.
139. Edinburgh Advertiser, 31 Jan 1772.
140. Edinburgh Evening Courant, 1 Feb 1772.
141. Caledonian Mercury, 15 Feb 1772.
142. Edinburgh Evening Courant, 15 Feb 1772.
143. Edinburgh Advertiser, 26 May 1772.
144. Caledonian Mercury, 27 May 1772.
145. Edinburgh Evening Courant, 27 May 1772.
146. Edinburgh Evening Courant, 24 June 1772.
147. Edinburgh Advertiser, 26 June 1772.
148. Caledonian Mercury, 27 June 1772.
149. Edinburgh Evening Courant, 27 June 1772.
150. Edinburgh Evening Courant, 1 July 1772; Glasgow Journal, 2 July 1772.
151. Edinburgh Advertiser, 3 July 1772.
152. "Pleadings, and a solemn judgement, on the question, Whether a slave continues to be a slave after coming into Britain?" (1772) 34 Scots Magazine 297-99.
153. M S Weiner, "New biographical evidence on Somerset's Case" (2002) 23(1) Slavery and Abolition 121-136.
154. The meaning of the case in law and the wording of Mansfield's judgment have been the subject of considerable dispute. See e.g. W M Wiecek, "Somerset: Lord Mansfield and the legitimacy of slavery in the Anglo-American world", (1974) 42 University of Chicago Law Review) 86-146.
155. J Oldham, "New light on Mansfield and slavery" (1988) 27 Journal of British Studies 45-68.
156. W R Cotter, "The Somerset Case and the abolition of slavery in England"(1994) 79 History 31-55.
157. J Oldham, English Common Law in the Age of Mansfield (2004) 305-323.
158. G van Cleve, "Somerset's Case and its antecedents in imperial perspective"(2006) 24 Law and History Review 601-645; and S M Wise, Though the Heavens May Fall: The Landmark Trial that Led to the End of Human Slavery (2006).
159. On some of the problems, see J W Cairns, "After Somerset: some Scottish evidence" (forthcoming).
160. J W Cairns, "Knight v Wedderburn" in The Oxford Companion to Black British History, ed D Dabydeen, J Gilmore and C Jones (2007) 244-246.
161. (MS) Extract Process Joseph Knight against Sir John Wedderburn of Ballendean, Bart. 1774, 27-28, in NRS, CS235/K/2/2.
162. see also Diet Book, Sheriff Court of Perthshire, 20 May 1774, NRS, SC49/1/64.
163. GUL, MS Gen. 347, 59-60.
164. GUL, MS Gen. 347, 60.
165. GUL, MS Gen. 347, 60-61.
166. Sheddan v Montgomery (1757) Mor 14545.
167. Cairns, "Stoicism, slavery, and law" (n 9) 222-224.
168. NLS, Adv. MS 28.6.8, fols 122-139.
169. A Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 2 vols (1979. repr 1981) vol 1, 99 (I.viii.41).
170. Smith, Wealth of Nations (n 103) vol 1, 386-391 (III.II.8-13).
171. see also Smith, Wealth of Nations (n 103) vol 2, 557 (IV.vii.a.3).
172. Smith, Wealth of Nations (n 103) vol 2, 683-684 (IV.ix.47).
173. J Murray to J Millar, 12 Nov 1778, NLS, MS 41902, 202.
174. J Murray to J Millar, 31 Dec 1778, NLS, MS 41902, 251-252.
175. J Murray to J Millar, 26 Feb 1779, NLS, MS 41902, 286-287.
176. J Murray to J Millar, 6 July 1779, NLS, MS 49103, 9-10.
177. J Murray to J Millar, 24 July 1779, NLS, MS 49103, 24-26.
178. Most of the literature focuses on the glory days of his father and uncle: see e.g. R D Macleod, "The Foulis Press" (1910) The Library 172-189.
179. D Murray, Robert and Andrew Foulis and the Glasgow Press, With Some account of the Glasgow Academy of Fine Arts (1913).
180. See Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 105-106.
181. J Murray to J Millar, 24 July 1779 NLS, MS 49103, 24-26.
182. J Murray to J Millar, 5 Aug 1779, NLS, MS 49103, 29.
183. J Murray to A Foulis, 5 Aug 1779, NLS, MS 49103, 30.
184. J Murray to A Foulis, 5 Aug 1779, NLS, MS 49103, 30.
185. J Murray to A Foulis, 18 Sept 1779, NLS, MS 49103, 60.
186. J Murray to J Millar, 15 Oct 1779 NLS, MS 49103, 93.
187. J Murray to A Foulis, 19 Oct 1779 NLS, MS 49103, 93.
188. J Murray to J Millar, 10 Jan 1780 NLS, MS 49103, 132-135.
189. J Murray to J Millar, 14 Feb 1780, NLS, MS 49103, 140-141.
190. J Murray to W Richardson, 13 July 1780, NLS, MS 49103, 185-186.
191. R Ovenden, "Foulis, Robert (1707-1776)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9991, accessed 24 July 2011].
192. Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 184-199.
193. J Millar, An Historical View of the English Government, From the Settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the Accession of the House of Stewart (1787).
194. Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 343.
195. Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 107.
196. The title was trivially altered by the deletion of "Of" at the beginning.
197. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 299-300.
198. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 306-307, n *.
199. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 334. On Benezet, see now M Jackson, Let This Voice Be Heard: Anthony Benezet, Father of Atlantic Abolitionism (2009).
200. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 346.
201. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 356.
202. An Act for Altering, Explaining, and Amending Several Acts of the Parliament of Scotland, Respecting Colliers, Coal-Bearers, and Salters, 15 Geo. III, c. 28. Complete lifting of the restrictions on colliers finally came in 1799 with the Act to Explain and Amend the Laws Relative to Colliers in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland,.
203. Geo. III, c. 56.
204. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 357-358.
205. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 358-359.
206. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 360.
207. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 360-361, and 361, n *.
208. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 361.
209. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 361-362.
210. Zachs, First John Murray (n 3) 297.
211. J Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Rank.
212. Or, An Inquiry into the Circumstances which give Rise to Influence and Authority in the Different Members of Society (1793).
213. J Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks: Or, An Inquiry into the Circumstances which give Rise to Influence and Authority, in the Different Members of Society ... To which is prefixed, An Account of the Life and Writings of the Author, by John Craig, Esq. (1806).
214. See e.g. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (4th) (n 138) 284, where a textual indicator for a footnote is inserted after "number" in line 2, correcting an omission in Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 346 line 13, where " " has been omitted.
215. See e.g Edinburgh University Library, MS Dc.2.45, 56-74 (second course on the Institutes, 1794).
216. GUL, MS Gen 1078, fols 23-25 (lectures on Scots law, 1792).
217. See Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 6) 139, 144.
218. GUL, MS Gen. 243, 60.
219. GUL, MS Gen. 243, 60-62.
220. A Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed by A L Macfie and D D Raphael (1976. repr 1982) 206-207 (V.2.9).
221. C L Brown, Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (2006) 115-116.
222. Smith, Moral Sentiments (n 144) 282 (VII.ii.1.28).
223. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (3rd) (n 1) 349-350.
224. C A Whatley, "'The fettering bonds of brotherhood': combination and labour relations in the Scottish coal-mining industry, ca 1690-1775" (1987) 12 Social History 139-154.
225. Millar, Distinction of Ranks (1st) (n 8) 230-232.
226. See e.g. R B Sheridan, "The rise of a colonial gentry: a case study of Antigua, 1730-1775" (1961) Economic History Review 342-357.
227. R B Sheridan, "The role of the Scots in the economy and society of the West Indies" (1977) 292 (1) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 94-106; A L Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740-1800 (1992).
228. D J Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750-1820 (2005). For a fuller discussion see Cairns, "Enforced sojourners" (forthcoming).
229. J Schaw, Journal of a Lady of Quality: Being the Narrative of a Journey from Scotland to the West Indies, North Carolina, and Portugal, in the Years 1774 to 1776, ed by E Walker Andrews in collaboration with C McLean Andrews (2005) 81.
230. J Millar to J Murray, 24 Dec 1772, NLS, MS 40813.
231. D B Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1966) 435-437.
232. Rice, Rise and Fall of Black Slavery (n 15) 172.
233. See S Drescher, Capitalism and Antislavery: British Mobilization in Comparative Perspective (1987) 133-134.
234. See W C Lehmann, John Millar of Glasgow, 1735-1801 (1960) 30-42.
235. Cairns, "Famous as a school for Law" (n 6) 134, 148-150.