Environmental and occupational exposure of metals and their role in male reproductive functions

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 353-368

  Sengupta, Pallav ^a  

^a VIDYASAGAR COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Arsenic; Cadmium; Calcium; Magnesium; Male infertility; Metal; Reproduction

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; BISMUTH; BORATE SODIUM; BORIC ACID; BORON; CADMIUM; CALCIUM; CHROMIUM; COBALT; COPPER; DRINKING WATER; FLUORIDE; FOLLITROPIN; GOLD; INDIUM; LEAD; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; MERCURY; MOLYBDENUM; NICKEL; SELENIUM; SILVER; TESTOSTERONE; VANADIUM; ZINC;

ANEUPLOIDY; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDIDYMIS; FOLLITROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH HAZARD; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; IN VITRO STUDY; LEYDIG CELL; LUTEINIZING HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; MALE FERTILITY; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM; MALE INFERTILITY; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; SEMINAL PLASMA; SERTOLI CELL; SPERMATOGENESIS; SPERMATOZOON MOTILITY; TESTIS DISEASE; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; VOLCANO;

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FERTILITY; GENITALIA, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; METALS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTION; SPERM MOTILITY;

EID: 84871232418     PISSN: 01480545     EISSN: 15256014     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2012.710631     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Acharya, U., Mowen, M. B., Nagashima, K., Acharya, J. K. (2004). Ceramidase expression facilitates membrane turnover and endocytosis of rhodopsin in photoreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci,U S A 101:1922-1926
2. Agrawal, R., Chansouria, J. P. (1989). Chronic effects of mercuric chloride ingestion on rat adrenocortical function. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43:481-84
3. Alcser, K. H., Brix, K. A., Fine, L. J., Kallenbach, L. R., Wolfe, R. A. (1989). Occupational mercury exposure and male reproductive health. Am J Ind Med 15:517-529
4. Alexander, B. H., Checkoway, H., van Netten, C., Muller, C. H., Ewers, T. H., Kaufman, J. D., et al. (1996). Semen quality of men employed at a lead smelter. Occup Environ Med 53:411-416
5. Alvarez, J. G., Storey, B. T. (1989). Role of glutathione peroxidase in protecting mammalian spermatozoa from loss of motility caused by spontaneous lipid peroxidation. Gamete Res 23:77-90
6. Apostoli, P., Bellini, A., Porru, S., Bisante, L. (2000). The effect of lead on male fertility: A time to pregnancy (TTP) study. Am J Ind Med 38:310-315
7. Apostoli, P., Kiss, P., Porru, S., Bonde, J. P., Vanhoorne, M. (1998). Male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. Occup Environ Med 55:364-374
8. Armstrong, C. W., Moore, L. W., Jr., Hackler, R. L., Miller, G. B., Jr., Stroube, R. B. (1983). An outbreak of metal fume fever. Diagnostic use of urinary copper and zinc determinations. J Occup Med 25:886-888
9. Aruldhas, M. M., Subramanian, S., Sekhar, P., Hasan, G. C., Govindarajulu, P., Akbarsha, M. A. (2004). Microcanalization in the epididymis to overcome ductal obstruction caused due to chronic exposure to chromium - a study in mature bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata Geoffroy). Reproduction 128:127-137
10. Bagchi, D., Stohs, S. J., Downs, B. W., Bagchi, M., Preuss, H. G. (2002). Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Toxicology 180:5-22
11. Barber, S. J., Parker, H. M., McDaniel, C. D. (2005). Broiler breeder semen quality as affected by trace minerals in vitro. Poult Sci 84:100-105
12. Barceloux, D. (1999). Chromium. Clin Toxicol 37:173-194
13. Barregard, L., Lindstedt, G., Schutz, A., Sallsten, G. (1994). Endocrine function in mercury exposed chloralkali workers. Occup Environ Med 51:536-540
14. Batra, N., Nehru, B., Bansal, M. P. (1998). The effect of zinc supplementation on the effects of lead on the rat testis. Reprod Toxicol 12:535-540
15. Becker, D. E., Smith, S. E. (1951). The level of cobalt tolerance in yearling sheeps. J Anim Sci 10:266-271
16. Benoff, S., Centola, G. M., Millan, C., Napolitano, B., Marmar, J. L., Hurley, I. R. (2003). Increased seminal plasma lead levels adversely affect the fertility potential of sperm in IVF. Hum Reprod 18:374-383
17. Benoff, S., Hurley, I. R., Barcia, M., Mandel, F. S., Cooper, G. W., Hershlag, A. (1997). A potential role for cadmium in the etiology of varicocele-associated infertility. Fertil Steril 67:336-347
18. Biswas, R., Poddar, S., Mukherjee, A. (2006). Investigation on the genotoxic effects of long-term administration of sodium arsenite in bone marrow and testicular cell in vivo using comet assay. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 26:29-37
19. Bleau, G., Lemarbre, J., Faucher, G., Roberts, K. D., Chapdelaine, A. (1984). Semen selenium and human fertility. Fertil Steril 42:890-894
20. Boitani, C., Puglisi, R. (2008). Selenium, a key element in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Adv Exp Med Biol 636:65-73
21. Bomhard, E., Vogel, O., Loser, E. (1987). Chronic effects on single and multiple oral and subcutaneous cadmium administration on the testes of Wistar rats. Cancer Lett 36:307-315
22. Bondani, A., Aspeitia, E., Aznar, R., Gomez-Arzapalo, E., Pascual, C., Giner, J. (1973). Co-relation between sperm motility and electrolyte composition of seminal fluid in normal and infertile men. Fertil Steril 24:150-158
23. Bonde, J. P. (1993). The risk of male subfertility attributable to welding of metals. Studies of semen quality, infertility, adverse pregnancy outcome and childhood malignancy. Int J Androl 16:1-29
24. Bonde, J. P. (2002). Occupational risk to male reproduction. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 24:112-117
25. Brown, K. M., Arthur, J. R. (2001). Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: A review. Pub Health Nutr 4:593-599
26. Brown, A. E. (1999). Pesticides and the endocrine system. College Park: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland; Pesticide Information Leaflet Series, 34
27. Campanella, L., Gatta, T., Ravera O. (2005). Relationship between antioxidant capacity and manganese accumulation in the soft tissues of two freshwater molluscs: Unio pictorum mancus (Lamellibranchia, Unionidae) and Viviparous ater (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). J Limnol 64:153-158
28. Canpolat, I., Gur, S., Gunay, C., Bulut, S., Eroksuz, H. (2006). An evaluation of the outcome of bull castration by itra-testicular injection of ethanol and calcium chloride. Revue Med Vet 157:420-425
29. Carpino, A., Siciliano, L., Petroni, M. F., De Stefano, C., Aquila, S., Ando, S. (1998). Low seminal zinc bound to high molecular weight proteins in asthenozoospermic patients: Evidence of increased sperm zinc content in oligoasthenozoospermic patients. Hum Reprod 13:111-114
30. Cavallini, L., Valente, M., Bindoli, A. (1984). On the mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxidation by manganese. Inorganica Chim Acta 91:117-120
31. Chandra, A., Goswami, H., Sengupta, P. (2012a). Dietary calcium induced cytological and biochemical changes in thyroid. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 34:454-465
32. Chandra, A., Sengupta, P., Goswami, H., Sarkar, M. (2012b). Excessive dietary calcium in the disruption of structural and functional status of adult male reproductive system in rat with possible mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem 364:181-191
33. Chandra, A., Sengupta, P., Goswami, H., Sarkar, M. (2012c). Effects of dietary magnesium on testicular histology, steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis and oxidative stress markers in adult rats. Ind J Exp Biol (in press
34. Chandra, S. V., Ara, R., Nagar, N., Seth, P. K. (1973). Sterility in experimental manganese toxicity. Acta Biol Med Ger 30:857-862
35. Chang, S. I., Jin, B., Youn, P., Park, C., Park, J. D., Ryu, D. Y. (2007). Arsenic induced toxicity and the protective role of ascorbic acid in mouse testis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 218:196-203
36. Chaplin, R. E., Harris, M. W., Hunter, E. S., Davis, B. J., Collins, B. J., Lockhart, A. C. (1995). The reproductive and developmental toxicity of Indium in the swiss mouse. Toxicol Sci 27:140-148
37. Chattopadhyay, A., Sarkar, M., Biswas, N. M. (2005). Dose dependant effect of copper chloride on male reproductive function in immature rats. Kathmandu Univ Med J 3:392-400
38. Chen, C. Y., Huang, Y. L., Lin, T. H. (1998). Association between oxidative stress and cytokine production in nickel-treated rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 356:127-132
39. Cheng, C. Y., Wong, E. W. P., Lie, P. P. Y., Li, M. W. M., Su, L., Siu, E. R., et al. (2011). Environmental toxicants and amle reproductive function. Spermatogenesis 1:2-13
40. Chia, S. E., Ong, C. N., Lee, S. T., Tsakok, F. H. (1992). Blood concentrations of lead, mercury, zinc, and copper, and human semen parameters. Arch Androl 29:177-183
41. Chia, S. E., Xu, B., Ong, C. N., Tsakok, F. M., Lee, S. T. (1994). Effect of cadmium and cigarette smoking on human semen quality. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 39:292-298
42. Chowdhury, A. R., Mitra, C. (1995). Spermatogenic and steroidogenic impairment after chromium treatment in rats. Ind J Exp Biol 33:480-484
43. Chowdhury, A. R., Arora, U. (1982). Toxic effect of mercury on testes in different animal species. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 26:246-249
44. Coassin, M., Ursini, F., Bindoli, A. (1992). Antioxidant effect of manganese. Arch Biochem Biophys 299:330-333
45. Cordier, S., Deplan, F., Mandereau, L., Hemon, D. (1991). Paternal exposure to mercury and spontaneous abortions. Br J Ind Med 48:375-381
46. Danadevi, K., Rozati, R., Reddy, P. P., Grover, P. (2003). Semen quality of Indian welders occupationally exposed to nickel and chromium. Reprod Toxicol 17:451-456
47. Darmani, H., Al-Hiyasat, A. S., Elbetieha, A. M. (2001). Effects of sodium fluoride in drinking water on fertility in female mice. Fluoride 34:242-249
48. Das, K. K., Dasgupta, S. (2000). Effect of nickel on testicular nucleic acid concentrations of rats on protein restriction. Biol Trace Elem Res 73:175-180
49. Dickinson, H., Parker, L. (1994). Do alcohol and lead change the sex ratio? J Theor Biol 169:313-315
50. Dickman, M. D., Leung, K. M. C., Koo, L. C. L. (1999). Mercury in human hair and fish: Is there a Hong Kong male subfertility connection? Marine Pollut Bull 39:352-356
51. Doreswamy, C., Govindan, R., Devaiah, M. C., Muniswamappa, M. V. (2004). Deterioration of cocoon traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. by the synergistic infection with late larval flacherie pathogens. Karnataka J Agric Sci 17:345-348
52. Duffus, J. H. (2002). Effect of CrVI on sperm quality. Ann Occup Hyg 46:269-270
53. Eidi, M., Eidi, A., Pouyan, O., Shahmohammadi, P., Fazaeli, R., Bahar, M. (2010). Seminal plasma level of copper and its relationship with seminal parameters. Ira J Repro Med 8:60-65
54. Elbetieha, A. M., Darmani, H., Al-Hiyasat, A. S. (2000). Fertility effects of sodium fluoride in male mice. Fluoride 33:128-134
55. Emara, A. M., el-Ghawabi, S. H., Madkour, O. I., el-Samra, G. H. (1971). Chronic manganese poisoning in the dry battery industry. Br J Ind Med 28:78-82
56. Erfurth, E. M., Gerhardsson, L., Nilsson, A., Rylander, L., Schutz, A., Skerfving, S., et al. (2001). Effects of lead on the endocrine system in lead smelter workers. Arch Environ Health 56:449-455
57. Ernst, E. (1990). Testicular toxicity following short-term exposure to tri-and hexavalent chromium: An experimental study in the rat. Toxicol Lett 51:269-275
58. Ernst, E., Bonde, J. P. (1992). Sex and epididymal sperm parameters in rat following subchronic treatment with hexavalent chromium. Hum Environ Toxicol 11:255-258
59. Espinoza-Navarro, O., Vilaxa, A., Granifo, L., Rojas, S., Rodriguez, H. (2007). Histological study on the male reproductive organs of mouse CF1 treated with boron. Int J Morphol 25:341-346
60. Fisher-Fischbein, J., Fischbein, A., Melnick, H. D., Bardin, C. W. (1987). Correlation between biochemical indicators of lead exposure and semen quality in a lead-poisoned firearms instructor. JAMA 257:803-805
61. Fortoul, T. I., Bizarro-Nevares, P., Acevedo-Nava, S., Pinon-Zarate, G., Rodriguez-Lara, V., Colin-Barenque, L., et al. (2007). Ultrastructural findings in murine seminiferous tubules as a consequence of subchronic vanadium pentoxide inhalation. Reprod Toxicol 23:588-592
62. Friedmann, A. S., Chen, H. L., Rabuck, L. D., Zirkin, B. R. (1998). Accumulation of dietary methylmercury in the testes of the adult brown norway rat: Impaired testicular and epididymal function. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:867-871
63. Ghaffari, M. A., Motlagh, B. (2011). In vitro effect of lead, silver, tin, mercury, indium, and bismuthon human sperm creatine kinase activity: A presumable mechanism for men infertility. Iranian Biomed J 15:38-42
64. Godatvar, P. R. Shukra: A clinical and experimental study on therole of Svarna Bhasma in Normozoospermia. Jamnagar: MD thesis submitted to Gujrat Ayurved University, 1995
65. Hamadouche, A., Slimani, M., Merad-Boudia, B., Zaoui, C. (2009). Reproductive toxicity of lead acetate in adult male rats. Am J Sci Res 3:38-50
66. Hanf, V., Forstmann, A., Costea, J. E., Schieferstein, G., Fischer, I., Schweinsberg, F. (1996). Mercury in urine and ejaculate in husbands of barren couples. Toxicol Lett 88:227-231
67. Hidiroglou, M., Knipfel, J. E. (1984). Zinc in mammalian sperm: A review. J Dairy Sci 67:1147-1156
68. Hui, C. A. (2002). Concentrations of chromium, manganese and lead in air and avian eggs. Env Poll 120:201-206
69. Jana, K., Jana, S., Samanta, P. K. (2006). Effects of chronic exposure to sodium arsenite on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: Possible an estrogenic mode of action. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 4:1-13
70. Jana, K., Samanta, P. K. (2006). Evaluation of single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for nonsurgical sterilization in adult albino rats. Contraception 73:289-300
71. Jain, V., Rai, A., Misra, S., Singh, K. M. (2010). Seminal gold content in healthy fertile men in India. Int J Ayur Res 1:172-174
72. Joffe, M., Bisanti, L., Apostoli, P., Kiss, P., Dale, A., Roeleveld Lindbohm, M. L., et al. (2003). Time to pregnancy and occupational lead exposure. Occup Environ Med 60:752-758
73. Jones, M. M., Xu, C., Ladd, P. A. (1997). Selenite suppression of cadmium-induced testicular apoptosis. Toxicology 116:169-75
74. Jurasovic, J., Cvitković, P., Pizent, A., Colak, B., Telisman, S. (2004). Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function with regard to blood cadmium in Croatian male subjects. Biometals 17:735-743
75. Kakela, R., Kakela, A., Hyvarinen, H. (1999). Effects of nickel chloride on reproduction of the rat and possible antagonistic role of selenium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 123:27-37
76. Kumar, G. P., Laloraya, M., Laloraya, M. M. (1990). Powerful anti-sperm motility action of cobaltous ion and its recovery by a sulfhydryl compound. Contraception 41:633-639
77. Kynaston, H. G., Lewis-Jones, D. I., Lynch, R. V., Desmond, A. D. (1988). Changes in seminal quality following oral zinc therapy. Andrologia 20:21-22
78. Laskey, J. W., Rehnberg, G. L., Hein, J. F., Carter, S. D. (1982). Effects of chronic manganese (Mn3O4) exposure on selected reproductive parameters in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 9:677-687
79. Lauwerys, R, Lison, D. (1994). Health risks associated with cobalt exposure - an overview. Sci Total Environ 150:1-6
80. Lauwerys, R., Roels, H., Genet, P., Toussaint, G., Bouckaert, A., De Cooman, S. (1985). Fertility of male workers exposed to mercury vapor or to manganese dust: A questionnaire study. Am J Ind Med 7:171-176
81. Lee, I. P., Dixon, R. L. (1975). Effects of mercury on spermatogenesis studied by velocity sedimentation cell separation and serial mating. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194:171-181
82. Lerda, D. (1992). Study of sperm characteristics in persons occupationally exposed to lead. Am J Ind Med 22:567-571
83. Leung, T. Y., Choy, C. M. Y., Yim, S. F., Lam, C. W., Haines, C. J. (2001). Whole blood mercury concentrations in sub-fertile men in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 41:75-77
84. Levina, A., Codd, R., Dillon, C. T., Lay, P. A. (2003). Chromium in biology: Toxicology and nutritional aspects. Prog Inorg Chem 51:145-250
85. Li, H., Chen, Q., Li, S., Yao, W., Li, L., Shi, X., et al. (2001). Effect of CrVI exposure on sperm quality: Human and animal studies. Ann Occup Hyg 45:505-511
86. Lin, Y. S., Caffrey, J. L., Chang, M. H., Dowling, N., Lin, J. W. (2010). Cigarette smoking, cadmium exposure, and zinc intake on obstructive lung disorder. Respir Res 11:53-60
87. Lin, S., Hwang, S. A., Marshall, E. G., Stone, R., Chen, J. (1996). Fertility rates among lead workers and professional bus drivers: A comparative study. Ann Epidemiol 6:201-208
88. Lindbohm, M. L., Sallmen, M., Anttila, A., Taskinen, H., Hemminki, K. (1991). Paternal occupational lead exposure and spontaneous abortion. Scand J Work Environ Health 17:95-103
89. Llobet, J. M., Colomina, M. T., Sirvent, J. J., Doningo, J. L., Corbella, J. (1993). Reproductive toxicity evaluation of vanadium in male mice. Toxicology 80:199-206
90. Long, H., Jin, Y., Lin, M., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Clinch, C. (2009). Fluoride toxicity in male reproductive system. Fluoride 42:260-276
91. Lotrich, F. E., Smith, G. S., Pollock, B. G. (2006). Relevance of assessing drug concentration exposure in pharmacogenetic and imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol 4:33-40
92. Lymberopoulos, A. G., Kotsaki-Kovatsi, V. P., Papaioannou, N., Taylor, A., Brikas, P., Belibasaki, S. (2003). Effects of cadmium chloride administration on the testicular growth and plasma testosterone secretion of Chios ram-lambs. Small Rum Res 49:51-60
93. Madzharova, M., Gluhcheva, Y., Atanassova, P. N. (2010). Effect of cobalt on male reproductive organs during puberty. Biotech Biotech Equip 24:321-324
94. Margaret, I. P., Lui, S. L., Poon, V. K. M., Lung, I., Burd, A. (2006). Antimicrobial activities of silver dressings: An in vitro comparison. J Med Microbiol 55:59-63
95. Marmar, J. L., Katz, S., Praiss, D. E., DeBenedictis, T. J. (1975). Semen zinc levels in infertile and postvasectomy patients and patients with prostatitis. Fertil Steril 26:1057-1063
96. McAuliffe, M. E., Perry, M. J. (2007). Are nanoparticles potential male reproductive toxicants? A literature review. Nanotoxicology 1:204-210
97. McGregor, A. J., Mason, H. J. (1991). Occupational mercury vapour exposure and testicular, pituitary and thyroid endocrine function. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:199-203
98. Mena, I., Marin, O., Fuenzalida, S., Papavasiliou, P. S., Cotzias, G. C. (1967). Modification of chronic manganese poisoning. Treatment with L-dopa or 5-OH tryptophane. Neurology 17:128-136
99. Min, Y. I., Correa-Villaseiior, A., Stewart, P. A. (1996). Parental occupational lead exposure and low birth weight. Am J Ind Med 30:569-578
100. Mohamed, M. K., Burbacher, T. M., Mottet, N. K. (1987). Effects of methyl mercury on testicular functions in Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Pharmacol Toxicol 60:29-36
101. Moorman, W. J., Skaggs, S. R., Clark, J. C., Turner, T. W., Sharpnack, D. D., Murrell, J. A., et al. (1998). Male reproductive effects of lead, including species extrapolation for the rabbit model. Reprod Toxicol 12:333-346
102. Mussali-Galante, P., Rodriguez-Lara, V., Hernandez-Tellez, B., Avila- Costa, M. R., Colin-Barenque, L., Bizarro-Nevarez, P., et al. (2005). Inhaled vanadium pentoxide decrease gamma-tubulin of mouse testes at different exposure times. Toxicol Ind Health 21:215-222
103. Nebbia, C., Brando, C., Burdino, E., Rasero, R., Valenza, F., Arisio, R., et al. (1987). Effects of the chronic administration of sodium selenite on rat testes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 58:183-197
104. Neiger, R. D., Osweiler, G. D. (1985). Effect of subacute lowlevel dietary sodium arsenite on dogs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 13:439-451
105. Nielsen, P. H., Roslev, P., Ducholm, T., Nielsen, J. L. (2000). Microthrix parvicella, a specialized lipid consumer in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge plants. Water Sci Tech 46:73-80
106. Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A., Nordberg, M., Friberg, L. (2005). Handbook on the toxicology of metals, 3rd ed. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency, Academic Publishers
107. Nordberg, G. F., Piscator, M., Nordberg, M. (1971). On the distribution of cadmium in blood. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 30:289-295
108. Obone, E., Chakrabarti, S. K., Bai, C., Malick, M. A., Lamontagne, L., Subramanian, K. S. (1999). Toxicity and bioaccumulation of nickel sulfate in Sprague-Dawley rats following 13 weeks of subchronic exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health A 57:379-401
109. Omu, A. E., Dashti, H., Al-Othman, S. (1998). Treatment of asthenozoospermia with zinc sulphate: Andrological, immunological, and obstetric outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 79:179-184
110. Omura, M., Koji, Y., Akiyo, T., Miyuki, H., Yuji, M., Naohide, I. (2000). Changes in testicular damage caused by indium arsenide and indium phosphide in hampsters during two years after intratracheal instillations. J Occup Health 42:196-204
111. Omura, M., Tanaka, A., Hirata, M., Inoue, N., Ueno, T., Homma, T., et al. (2002). Testicular toxicity evaluation of indium-tin oxide. J Occup Health 44:105-110
112. Orisakwe, O. E., Afonne, O. J., Nwobodo, E., Asomugha, L., Dioka, C. E. (2001). Low-dose mercury induces testicular damage protected by zinc in mice. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 95:92-96
113. Oser, B. K. (1975). Hawk's physiological chemistry (pp. 561-568). New York: McGraw-Hill.
114. Pandey, R., Kumar, R., Singh, S. P., Saxena, D. K., Srivastava, S. P. (1999). Male reproductive effect of nickel sulphate in mice. Biometals 12:339-346
115. Pandey, R., Singh, S. P. (2002). Effects of molybdenum on fertility of male rats. Biometals 15:65-72
116. Pant, N., Kumar, R., Murthy, R. C., Srivastava, S. P. (2001). Male reproductive effect of arsenic in mice. Biometals 14:113-117
117. Pant, N., Murthy, R. C., Srivastava, S. P. (2004). Male reproductive toxicity of sodium arsenite in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 23:399-403
118. Pedersen, L. H., Stoltenberg, M., Ernst, E., West, M. J. (2003). Leydig cell death in rats exposed to bismuth subnitrate. J Appl Toxicol 23:235-238
119. Pedigo, N. G., George, W. J., Anderson, M. B. (1988). Effect of acute and chronic exposure of cobalt on male reproduction in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2:45-53
120. Ponnapakkam, T. P., Bailey, K. S., Graves, K. A., Iszard, M. B. (2003). Assessment of male reproductive system in the CD-1 mice following oral manganese exposure. Reprod Toxicol 17:547-551
121. Prasad, A. S., Mantzoros, C. S., Beck, F. W., Hess, J. W., Brewer, G. J. (1996). Zinc status and serum testosterone levels in healthy adults. Nutrition 12:344-348
122. Queiroz, E. K. R., Waissmann, W. (2006). Occupational exposure and effects on the male reproductive system. Cad Saude Publica 22:485-493
123. Quintanilla-Vega, B., Hoover, D., Bal, W., Silbergeld, E. K., Waalkes, M. P., Anderson, L. D. (2000). Lead effects on protamine-DNA binding. Am J Ind Med 38:324-329
124. Rao, M. V., Sharma, P. S. (2001). Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Reprod Toxicol 15:705-712
125. Riffo, M., Leiva, S., Astudillo, J. (1992). Effect of zinc on human sperm motility and the acrosome reaction. Int J Androl 15:229-237
126. Robbins, W. A., Wei, F., Elashoff, D. A., Wu, G., Xun, L., Jia, A. J. (2007). Y:X sperm ration in boron exposed men. J Androl 29:115-121
127. Rodier, J. (1955). Manganese poisoning in Moroccan miners. Br J Ind Med 12:21-35
128. Rotruck, J. T., Pope, A. L., Ganther, H. E., Swanson, A. B., Hafeman, D. G., Hoekstra, W. G. (1973). Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 179:588-590
129. Roy Chowdhury, A. (2009). Recent advances in heavy metal induced effect of male reproductive function. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2:37-42
130. Roy Chowdhury, A., Bhatt, H. V. (1983). Effect of selenium dioxide on the testes of rat. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 27:237-240
131. Sallmen, M., Lindbohm, M. L., Anntila, A., Taskinen, H., Hemminki, K. (1992). Paternal occupational lead exposure and congenital malformations. J Epidemiol Comm Health 46:519-522
132. Sarkar, M., Chaudhuri, G., Chattopadhayay, A., Biswas, N. M. (2003). Effect of sodium arsenite on spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins, and testosterone in rats. Asian J Androl 5:27-31
133. Sarkar, S., Jana, A. D., Samanta, S. K., Mostafa, G. (2007). Facile synthesis of silver nano particles with highly efficient anti-microbial property. Polyhedron 26:4419-4426
134. Saxena, D. K., Murthy, R. C., Singh, C., Chandra, S. V. (1989). Zinc protects testicular injury induced by concurrent exposure to cadmium and lead in rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 64:317-329
135. Saygi, S., Deniz, G., Kutsal, O., Vural, N. (1991). Chronic effects of cadmium on kidney, liver, testis, and fertility of male rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 31:209-214
136. Scialli, A. R., Bonde, J. P., Bruske-Hohlfeld, I., Culver, B. D., Li, Y., Sullivan, F. M. (2010). An overview of male reproductive studies of boron with an emphasis on studies of highly exposed Chinese workers. Reprod Toxicol 29:10-24
137. Selden, A. I., Berg, N. P., Soderbergh, A., Bergstrom, E. O. (2005). Occupational molybdenum exposure and a gouty electrician. Occup Med 55:145-148
138. Sengupta, P., Chandra, A. (2009). Potentializing the effect of excess dietary calcium chloride as chemo-castrative agent. International Conference of Integrated Physiology: Modern Perspective and Platinum Jubilee Celebration, November 12-14, 2009, Kolkata, India, p. 277
139. Sengupta, P. (2011a). A scientific review of age determination for a laboratory rat: How old is it in comparison with human age? Biomed Int (in press
140. Sengupta, P., Sarkar, M., Chandra, A. (2011b). Excess dietary calcium depresses male gonadal activity by inducing oxidative stress in adult albino rats. 98th Indian Science Congress, January 3-7, 2011, Chennai, India, p. 193
141. Sengupta, P., Sarkar, M., Chandra, A. (2011c). Comparative study of calcium and magnesium induced oxidative stress leading to gonadal impairment in male rats. National Symposium on "Frontiers in Modern Biology" organized by Department of Biological Sciences, p. 18
142. Sengupta, P., Goswami, H., Chandra, A. (2011d). Excessive magnesium intake reduces testicular oxidative stress and promotes male reproductive function in rats. Physicon 2011:115
143. Sengupta, P. (2012). Health impacts of yoga and pranayama: A state-ofthe- art review. Int J Prev Med 3: 444-458
144. Seth, P. K., Nagar, N., Husain, R., Chandra, S. V. (1973). Effects of manganese on rabbit testes. Environ Physiol Biochem 3:263-267
145. Sharma, S., Haridatta, V., Shastri, K. (Eds.). (1979). Suvarna Guna- Suvarna Vigyanam-25 /69-70, Rasa Tarangini, 11th ed. (pp. 375-376). Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas Delhi
146. Shiau, C. Y., Wang, J. D., Chen, P. C. (2004). Decreased fecundity among male lead workers. Occup Environ Med 61:915-923
147. Shrinivas, P. (1998). A clinical study on the role of svarna bhasma and vajeekara drugs in the management of sukra dushti. Jamnagar: MD thesis submitted to Gujrat Ayurved University
148. Sinclair, S. (2000). Male infertility: Nutritional and environmental considerations. Altern Med Rev 5:28-38
149. Singh, P., Chand, D., Georgie, G. C. (1989). Effect of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in buffalo Bubalus bubalis. Ind J Exp Biol 27:14-16
150. Sipowicz, M. A., Anderson, L. M., Utermahlen, W. E., Jr., Issaq, H. J., Kasprzak, K. S. (1997). Uptake and tissue distribution of chromium (III) in mice after a single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration. Toxicol Lett 93:9-14
151. Skandhan, K. P. (1981). Gold in human semen. Androlgia 18:78-82
152. Skandhan, K. P. (1992). Review on copper in male reproduction and contraception. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 87:594-598
153. Stinson, T. J., Jaw, S., Jeffery, E. H., Plewa, M. J. (1992). The relationship between nickel chloride-induced peroxidation and DNA strand breakage in rat liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 117:98-103
154. Stoltenberg, M., Flyvbjerg, A., Sondergaard, L. G., Rungby, J. (2002). Decreased serum testosterone levels in rats exposed intraperitoneally to bismuth subnitrate. J Appl Toxicol 22:111-115
155. Sutherland, J. E., Zhitkovich, A., Kluz, T., Costa, M. (2000). Rats retain chromium in testis following chronic ingestion of drinking water containing hexavalent chromium. Biol Trace Elem Res 74:41-53
156. Telišman, S., Cvitkovic, P., Jurasovic, J., Pizent, A., Gavella, M., Rocic, B. (2000). Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function in relation to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in men. Environ Health Perspect 108:45-53
157. Thaker, A. (2000). The role of svarna Bhasma and Kokilaksha in the management of Ksheena Sukra (Oligozoospermia) Jamnagar: PhD thesis submitted to Gujrat Ayurved University
158. Thomas, J. W., Moss, S. (1951). The effect of orally administered molybdenum on growth, spermatogenesis, and testes histology of young dairy bulls. J Dairy Sci 34:929-934
159. Tikkiwal, M., Ajmera, R. L., Mathur, N. K. (1987). Effect of zinc administration on seminal zinc and fertility of oligospermic males. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 31:30-34
160. Tripathi, V. I. (1998). Shrimada vagbhatacharya virachit rasaratna samucchyaa Savimarsha Rasaprabha hindi vyakhya. In: Giri, K. D. (Ed.), Arshrogadhikara/9, 10, 1st ed. (p. 172). Varanasi, India: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhavan
161. Uche, F. I., Obianime, A. W., Gogo-Abite, M. (2008). Effects of vanadium pentoxide on the histological and sperm parameters of male guinea pigs. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 12:107-115
162. Venugopal, B., Luckey, T. D. (1978). Metal toxicity in mammals (vol 2, pp. 289-297). New York: Plenum
163. Viskum, S., Rabjerg, L., Jorgensen, P. J., Grandjean, P. (1999). Improvement in semen quality associated with decreasing occupational lead exposure. Am J Ind Med 35:257-263
164. Waalkes, M. P., Rehm, S. (1994). Cadmium and prostate cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health 43:251-269
165. Waissmann, W. (2002). Health surveillance and endocrine disruptors. Cad Saude Publica 18:511-517
166. Wallace, E., Cooper, G. W., Calvin, H. I. (1983). Effects of selenium deficiency on the shape and arrangement of rodent sperm mitochondria. Gamete Res 4:389-399
167. Watanabe, T., Endo, A. (1991) Effects of selenium deficiency on sperm morphology and spermatocyte chromosomes in mice. Mutat Res 262:93-99
168. Wildt, K., Eliasson, R., Berlin, M. (1983). Effects of occupational exposure to lead on sperm and semen. In: Clarkson, T. W., Nordberg, G. F., Sager, P.R. (Eds.), Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals (pp. 279-300). New York: Plenum
169. Wirth, J. J., Rossano, M. G., Daly, D. C., Paneth, N., Puscheck, E., Potter, R. C., et al. (2007). Ambient manganese exposure is negatively associated with human sperm motility and concentration. Epidemiology 18:270-273
170. Working, P. K. (1988). Male reproductive toxicology: Comparison of the human to animal models. Environ Health Perspect 77:37-44
171. Xia, T., Kovochich, M., Brant, J., Hotze, M., Sempf, J., Oberley, T., et al. (2006). Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. Nano Lett 8:1794-1807
172. Xu, D. X., Shen, H. M., Zhu, Q. X., Chua, L., Wang, Q. N., Chia, S. E., et al. (2003). The associations among semen quality, oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa and concentrations of cadmium, lead, and selenium in seminal plasma. Mutat Res 534:155-163
173. Yang, C. Y. (1998). Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 29:411-414
174. Yesilli, C., Mungan, G., Seckiner, I., Akduman, B., Acikgoz, S., Altan, K., et al. (2005). Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm creatin kinase, HspA2 chaperone protein (creatine kinase-M type), LDH, LDHX, and lipid peroxidation product levels in infertile men with varicocele. Urology 66:610-615
175. Yokoi, K., Uthus, E. O., Nielsen, F. H. (2003). Nickel deficiency diminishes sperm quality and movement in rats. Biol Trace Element Res 93:141-153
176. Zeng, X., Jin, T., Jiang, X., Kong, Q., Ye, T., Nordberg, G. F. (2004). Effects on the prostate of environmental cadmium exposure. Biometals 17:559-566
177. Zeng, X., Jin, T., Zhou, Y., Kong, Q. (2002). Alterations of serum hormone levels in male workers occupationally exposed to cadmium. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65:513-521