The Relational Self and Pre-existing Depression: Implicit Activation of Significant-other Representations Exacerbates Dysphoria and Evokes Rejection in the Working Self-concept

Self and Identity

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 39-57

  Miranda, Regina ^a   Andersen, Susan M ^b   Edwards, Tami ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Interpersonal schemas; Mental representations; Significant others

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871102186     PISSN: 15298868     EISSN: 15298876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.636504     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Andersen, S. M. and Baum, A. 1994. Transference in interpersonal relations: Inferences and affect based on significant-other representations. Journal of Personality, 62: 459-497.
2. Andersen, S. M. and Berk, M. S. 1998. Transference in everyday experience: Implications of experimental research for relevant clinical phenomena. Review of General Psychology, 2: 81-120.
3. Andersen, S. M. and Chen, S. 2002. The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109: 619-645.
4. Andersen, S. M. and Cole, S. W. 1990. "Do I know you?": The role of significant others in general social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59: 384-399.
5. Andersen, S. M., Reznik, I. and Manzella, L. M. 1996. Eliciting facial affect, motivation, and expectancies in transference: Significant-other representations in social relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71: 1108-1129.
6. Anderson, N. H. 1968. Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9: 272-279.
7. Ayduk, O., Downey, G. and Kim, M. 2001. Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27: 868-877.
8. Baldwin, M. W., Carrell, S. E. and Lopez, D. F. 1990. Priming relationship schemas: My advisor and the Pope are watching me from the back of my mind. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26: 435-454.
9. Baldwin, M. W. and Dandeneau, S. D. 2005. "Understanding and modifying the relational schemas underlying insecurity". In Interpersonal cognition, Edited by: Baldwin, M. W. 33-61. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
10. Baldwin, M. W. and Holmes, J. G. 1987. Salient private audiences and awareness of the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 1087-1098.
11. Baldwin, M. W. and Meunier, J. 1999. The cued activation of attachment relational schemas. Social Cognition, 17: 209-227.
12. Baum, A. and Andersen, S. M. 1999. Interpersonal roles in transference: Transient mood effects under the condition of significant-other resemblance. Social Cognition, 17: 161-185.
13. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Harrison, R. P and Emery, G. 1983. Development of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: A measure of personality factors in psychopathology. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania
14. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. and Emery, G. 1979. Cognitive therapy of depression, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
15. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. and Brown, G. K. 1996. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory - II, San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
16. Berenson, K. R. and Andersen, S. M. 2006. Childhood physical and emotional abuse by a parent: Transference effects in adult interpersonal relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 1509-1522.
17. Berk, M. S. and Andersen, S. M. 2000. The impact of past relationships on interpersonal behavior: Behavioral confirmation in the social-cognitive process of transference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 546-562.
18. Berk, M. S. and Andersen, S. M. 2008. The sting of lack of affection: Chronic goal dissatisfaction in transference. Self and Identity, 7: 393-412.
19. Casbon, T. S., Burns, A. B., Bradbury, T. N. and Joiner, T. E. 2005. Receipt of negative feedback is related to increased negative feedback seeking among individuals with depressive symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43: 485-504.
20. Chen, S. and Andersen, S. M. 1999. "Relationships from the past in the present: Significant-other representations and transference in interpersonal life". In Advances in experimental social psychology, Edited by: Zanna, M. P. Vol. 31, 123-190. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
21. Chen, S., Andersen, S. M. and Hinkley, K. 1999. Triggering transference: Examining the role of applicability in the activation and use of significant-other representations in social perception. Social Cognition, 17: 332-365.
22. Coyne, J. C. 1976. Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry, 39: 28-40.
23. Davila, J., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Paley, B. and Daley, S. 1995. Poor interpersonal problem-solving as a mechanism of stress generation in depression among adolescent women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104: 592-600.
24. Downey, G. and Feldman, S. I. 1996. Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 1327-1343.
25. Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B. and Khouri, H. 1998. The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 545-560.
26. Edwards, J. A., Weary, G., von Hippel, W. and Jacobson, J. A. 2000. The effects of depression on impression formation: The role of trait and category diagnosticity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26: 462-473.
27. Fiske, S. T. and Pavelchak, M. A. 1986. "Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect". In Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Edited by: Sorrentino, R. M. and Higgins, E. T. 167-203. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
28. Glassman, N. S. and Andersen, S. M. 1999. Activating transference without consciousness: Using significant-other representations to go beyond what is subliminally given. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1146-1162.
29. Gotlib, I. H. and Krasnoperova, E. 1998. Biased information processing as a vulnerability factor for depression. Behavior Therapy, 29: 603-617.
30. Haeffel, G. J., Voelz, Z. R. and Joiner, T. E. 2007. Vulnerability to depressive symptoms: Clarifying the role of excessive reassurance seeking and perceived social support in an interpersonal model of depression. Cognition and Emotion, 21: 681-688.
31. Hammen, C. 2000. "Interpersonal factors in an emerging developmental model of depression". In Stress, coping, and depression, Edited by: Johnson, S. L., Hayes, A. M., Field, T. M., Schneiderman, N. and McCabe, P. M. 71-88. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
32. Hammen, C. and Brennan, P. A. 2001. Depressed adolescents of depressed and non-depressed mothers: Tests of an interpersonal impairment hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69: 284-294.
33. Hammen, C. and Brennan, P. A. 2002. Interpersonal dysfunction in depressed women: Impairments independent of depressive episodes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72: 145-156.
34. Hammen, C., Marks, T., Mayol, A. and DeMayo, R. 1985. Depressive self-schemas, life stress, and vulnerability to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94: 308-319.
35. Heatherton, T. F. and Polivy, J. 1991. Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60: 895-910.
36. Hinkley, K. and Andersen, S. M. 1996. The working self-concept in transference: Significant-other activation and self change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71: 1279-1295.
37. Joiner, T. E. 2000. Depression's vicious scree: Self-propagating and erosive processes in depression chronicity. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7: 203-218.
38. Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S. and Metalsky, G. I. 1993. Caught in the crossfire: Depression, self-consistency, self-enhancement, and the response of others. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12: 113-134.
39. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. and Doppleman, L. F. 1992. Edits manual for the Profile of Mood States: Revised, San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
40. Monroe, S. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R. and Lewinsohn, P. M. 1999. Life events and depression in adolescence: Relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for first onset of major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108: 606-614.
41. Nolan, S. A., Flynn, C. and Garber, J. 2003. Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 745-755.
42. Rao, U., Hammen, C. and Daley, S. E. 1999. Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: A 5-year longitudinal study of young women. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38: 908-915.
43. Reznik, I. and Andersen, S. M. 2007. Agitation and despair in relation to parents: Activating emotional suffering in transference. European Journal of Personality, 21: 281-301.
44. Schafer, J. L. 1999. Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8: 3-15.
45. Scher, C. D., Ingram, R. E. and Segal, Z. V. 2005. Cognitive reactivity and vulnerability: Empirical evaluation of construct activation and cognitive diatheses in unipolar depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 25: 487-510.
46. Stice, E., Ragan, J. and Randall, P. 2004. Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113: 155-159.
47. Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F.Watkins, E. 2007. Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133: 122-148.