Review of seismic reflector signatures of crustal deformation in the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen with reference to the Spanish Variscides and the Uralides

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 364, Issue , 2002, Pages 281-300

  McBride, John H ^a   Knapp, James H ^b  

^a BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALEDONIAN OROGENY; COMPRESSION; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; FOLDING; LITERATURE REVIEW; MOHO; OROGENIC BELT; PLATE CONVERGENCE; SEISMIC REFLECTION; URALIDE OROGENY; VARISCITE;

APPALACHIANS; SPAIN;

EID: 84871026428     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.281     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Abramovitz, T., and Thybo, H., 2000, Seismic images of Caledonian, lithosphere- scale collision structures in the southeastern North Sea along Mona Lisa Profile 2: Tectonophysics, v. 317, p. 27-54. (Pubitemid 30205917)
2. Ando, C.J., Czuchra, B.L., Klemperer, S.L., Brown, L.D., Cheadle, M.J., Cook, F.A., Oliver, J.E., Kaufman, S., Walsh, T., Thompson, J.B., Jr., Lyons, J.B., and Rosenfeld, J.L., 1984, Crustal profile of mountain belt: COCORP deep seismic reflection profiling in New England Appalachians and implications for architecture of convergent mountain chains: AAPG Bulletin, v. 68, p. 819-837.
3. Ando, C.J., Cook, F.A., Oliver, J.E., Brown, L.D., and Kaufman, S., 1983, Crustal geometry of the Appalachian orogen from seismic reflection studies, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Williams, H., and Zietz, I, Contributions to the tectonics and geophysics of mountain chains: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 158, p. 83-101.
4. Armstrong, H.A., and Owen, A.W., 2001, Terrane evolution of the paratectonic Caledonides of northern Britain: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 158, p. 475-486. (Pubitemid 33002038)
5. Arnow, J.A., 1987, Deep structure from continental collision: COCORP deep seismic reflection profiles across the southern Appalachians [M.S. thesis]: Ithaca, New York, Cornell University, 82 p.
6. Ayarza, P., Martínez Catalán, J.R., Gallart, J., Pulgar, J., and Dañobeitia, J.J., 1998, Estudio Sísmico de la Corteza Ibérica Norte 3.3: A seismic image of the Variscan crust in the hinterland of the NW Iberian Massif: Tectonics, v. 17, p. 171-186.
7. Barr, D., Holdsworth, R.E., and Roberts, A.M., 1986, Caledonian ductile thrusting in a Precambrian metamorphic complex: The Moine of northwestern Scotland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 754-764.
8. Berzin, R., Oncken, O., Knapp, J.H., Pérez-Estaün, A., Hismatulin, T., Yunusov, N., and Lipilin, A., 1996, Orogenic evolution of the Ural Mountains: Results from an integrated seismic experiment: Science, v. 274, p. 220-221.
9. Blundell, D.J., 1993, Deep structure of the Anglo-Brabant massif revealed by seismic profiling: Geological Magazine, v. 130, p. 563-567. (Pubitemid 24419875)
10. Brewer, J.A., and Smythe, D.K., 1984, MOIST and the continuity of crustal reflector geometry along the Caledonian-Appalachian orogeny: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 141, p. 105-120. (Pubitemid 14609165)
11. Brown, M., and Solar, G.S., 1998, Shear-zone systems and melts: Feedback relations and self-organization in orogenic belts: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 20, p. 211-227.
12. Butler, R.W.H., 1986, Structural evolution in the Moine of Northwest Scotland: A Caledonian linked thrust system?: Geological Magazine, v. 123, p. 1-11.
13. Butler, R.W.H., and Coward, M.P. 1984. Geological constraints, structural evolution, and deep geology of the northwest Scottish Caledonides: Tectonics, v. 3, p. 347-365.
14. Carbonell, R., Pérez-Estaün, A., Gallart, J., Diaz, J., Kashubin, S., Mechie, J., Stadtlander, R., Schulze, A., Knapp, J.H., and Morozov, A., 1996, Crustal root beneath the Urals: Wide-angle seismic evidence: Science, v. 274, p. 222-224.
15. Chowns, T.M., and Williams, C.T., 1983, Pre-Cretaceous rocks beneath the Georgia Coastal Plain: Regional implications, in Gohn, G.S., ed., Studies related to the Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886: tectonics and seismicity, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, p. L1-L42. (Pubitemid 14286886)
16. Cook, F.A., and Varsek, J.L., 1994, Orogen-scale décollements: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 32, p. 37-60.
17. Cook, F.A., Albaugh, D.S., Brown, L.D., Kaufman, S., Oliver, J.E., and Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1979, Thin-skinned tectonics in the crystalline southern Appalachians: COCORP seismic-reflection profiling of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont: Geology, v. 7, p. 563-567.
18. Cook, F.A., Brown, L.D., and Oliver, J.E., 1980, The southern Appalachians and the growth of continents: Scientific American, v. 243, p. 156-168.
19. Cook, F.A., Brown, L.D., Kaufman, S., Oliver, J.E., and Petersen, T.A., 1981, COCORP seismic profiling of the Appalachian Orogen beneath the coastal plain of Georgia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, p. 738-748.
20. Cook, F.A., Matthews, D.H., and Jacobs, A.W.B., 1988, Crustal and upper mantle structure of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen from seismic results: Geological Society of London Special Publication 38, p. 21-33.
21. Çoruh, C., G.A. Bollinger, and J.K. Costain, 1988. Seismogenic structures in the central Virginia seismic zone: Geology v. 16, 748-751.
22. Costain, J.K., Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Çoruh, C., Pratt, T.L., Taylor, S.R., Litehiser, J.J., and Zietz, I., 1989, Geophysical characteristics of the Appalachian crust, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Thomas, W.A., and Viele, G.W., eds., The Appalachian- Ouachita Orogen in the United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. F-2, p. 385-416.
23. Culotta, R.C., Pratt, T., and Oliver, J., 1990, A tale of two sutures: COCORP's deep seismic surveys of the Grenville province in the eastern U.S. midcontinent: Geology, v. 18, p. 646-649.
24. DEKORP-BASIN Research Group, 1999, Deep crustal structure of the Northeast German basin: New DEKORP-BASIN '96 deep-profiling results: Geology, v. 27, p. 55-58.
25. Dewey, J.F., 1977, Suture zone complexities: a review: Tectonophysics, v. 40, p. 53-67.
26. Diaconescu, C.C., Knapp, J.H., Brown, L.D., Steer, D.N., and Stiller, M., 1998, Precambrian Moho offset and tectonic stability of the East European platform from the URSEIS deep seismic profile: Geology, v. 26, p. 211-214.
27. Echtler, H.P., Stiller, M., Steinhoff, F., Krawczyk, C., Suleimanov, A., Spiridonov, V., Knapp, J.H., Menshikov, Y., Alvarez-Marrón, J., and Yunusov, N., 1996, Preserved collisional crustal structure of the southern Urals revealed by vibroseis profiling: Science, v. 274, p. 224-226.
28. Elliott, D., and Johnston, M.R., 1980, Structural evolution of the northern part of the Moine thrust belt, NW Scotland: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 71, p. 69-96.
29. Fettes, D.J., Long, C.B., Bevins, R.E., Max, M.D., Oliver, G.J.H., Primmer, T.J., Thomas, L.J., and Yardley, B.W.D., 1985, Grade and time of metamorphism in the Caledonide orogen of Britain and Ireland, in Harris, A.L., ed., The nature and timing of orogenic activity in the Caledonian rocks of the British Isles: London, Geological Society of London Memoir 9, p. 41-53.
30. Gee, D.G., and Zeyen, H.J., editors, 1996, EUROPROBE 1996-Lithosphere Dynamics: Origin and Evolution of Continents: EUROPROBE Secretariat, Uppsala University, 138 p.
31. Green, A.G., Milkereit, B., Davidson, A., Spencer, C., Hutchinson, D.R., Cannon, W.F., Lee, M.W., Agena, W.F., Behrendt, J.C., and Hinze, W.J., 1988, Crustal structure of the Grenville Front and adjacent terranes: Geology, v. 16, p. 788-792.
32. Hall, J., Marillier, F., and Dehler, S., 1998, Geophysical studies of the structure of the Appalachian orogen in the Atlantic borderlands of Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 1205-1221. (Pubitemid 29483639)
33. Hall, J., and Quinlan, G., 1994, A collisional crustal fabric pattern recognized from seismic reflection profiles of the Appalachian/Caledonide orogen: Tectonophysics, v. 232, p. 31-42. (Pubitemid 24428102)
34. Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1987, Tectonics of the southern and central Appalachian Internides: Annual Reviews Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 15, p. 337-362.
35. Hurich, C.A., Smithson, S.B., Fountain, D.M., and Humphreys, M.C., 1985, Seismic evidence of mylonite reflectivity and deep structure in the Kettle Dome metamorphic core complex, Washington: Geology, v. 13, p. 577- 580.
36. Juhojuntti, N., Juhlin, C., and Dyrelius, D., 2001, Crustal reflectivity beneath the Central Scandinavian Caledonides: Tectonophysics, v. 334, p. 191-210. (Pubitemid 32621163)
37. Keller, G.R., and Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1999, Some comparisons of the structure and evolution of the southern Appalachian-Ouachita orogen and portions of the Trans-European Suture Zone region: Tectonophysics, v. 314, p. 43-68. (Pubitemid 30172270)
38. Kirton, S.R., and Hitchen, K., 1987, Timing and style of crustal extension N of the Scottish mainland, in Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., and Hancock, P.L., Continental extensional tectonics: London, Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, p. 501-510.
39. Klemperer, S., and R. Hobbs, 1991, The BIRPS Atlas Deep seismic reflection profiles around the British Isles: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 128 p, 100 fold-outs.
40. Klemperer, S.L., and Hurich, C.A., 1990, Lithospheric structure of the North Sea from deep seismic reflection profiling, in Blundell, D.J., and Gibbs, A.D., eds., Tectonic evolution of the North Sea rifts: Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 37-63.
41. Knapp, J.H., Sokolov, V.B., Hatcher, R.D., Jr., and Brown, L.D., 1993, Comparative crustal structure of the Urals and Appalachians: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.25, no. 6, p. A-179.
42. Knapp, J.H., Steer, D.N., Brown, L.D., Berzin, R., Suleimanov, A., Stiller, M., Lüschen, E., Brown, D.L., Bulgakov, R., Kashubin, and Rybalka, A.V., 1996, Lithosphere-scale seismic image of the southern Urals from explosion- source reflection profiling: Science, v. 274, p. 226-228.
43. Knapp, J.H., Diaconescu, C.C., Bader, M.A., Kashubin, S.N., Rybalka, A., and Sokolov,V.B., 1998, Seismic reflection fabrics of continental collision and post-orogenic extension in the Middle Urals, Russia: Tectonophysics, v. 288, p. 115-126.
44. LeFort, J.-P., 1989, Basement correlation across the North Atlantic: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 148 p.
45. Matte, P., 1991, Accretionary history and crustal evolution of the Variscan belt in western Europe: Tectonophysics, v. 196, p. 309-337.
46. Matte, P., and Hirn, A., 1988, Seismic signature and tectonic cross section of the Variscan crust in Western France: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 141-155.
47. McBride, J.H., and England, R.W., 1994. Deep seismic reflection structure of the Caledonian orogenic front west of Shetland: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 151, p. 9-16. (Pubitemid 24423439)
48. McBride, J.H., and England, R.W., 1995, Problems interpreting deep crustal reflectors beneath the Moine thrust between Shetland and the Scottish Highlands. Geological Magazine, v. 132, p. 465-472. (Pubitemid 26457510)
49. McBride, J.H., and England, R.W., 1999, Window into the Caledonian Orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland Platform, United Kingdom: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1030-1041.
50. McBride, J.H., and Nelson, K.D., 1991. Deep seismic reflection constraints on Palaeozoic crustal structure and definition of the Moho in the buried Southern Appalachian orogen, in Meissner, R., Brown, L., Dürbaum, H.-J., Franke, W., Fuchs, K., and Seifert, F., eds., Continental lithosphere: Deep seismic reflections: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series 22, p. 9-20.
51. McBride, J.H., Nelson, K.D., and Brown, L.D., 1989, Evidence and implications of an extensive early Mesozoic rift basin and basalt/diabase sequence beneath the Southeast Coastal Plain: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 512-520.
52. McBride, J.H., Snyder, D.B., Tate, M.P., England, R.W., and Hobbs, R.W., 1995, Upper mantle reflector structure and origin beneath the Scottish Caledonides: Tectonics, v. 14, p. 1351-1367. (Pubitemid 26462383)
53. McBride, J.H., Snyder, D.B., England, R.W., and Hobbs, R.W., 1996, Dipping reflectors beneath old orogens: A perspective from the British Caledonides: GSA Today v. 6, no. 4, p. 1-6.
54. McBride, J.H., Hatcher, R.D., Jr., and Stephenson, W.J., 2001, Toward a reconciliation of seismic reflection and field geologic mapping from the Pine Mountain belt: Preliminary results: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 33, no. 2, p. A-74.
55. McGeary, S., 1987, Nontypical BIRPS on the margin of the northern North Sea: The SHET survey: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 89, p. 231-238.
56. McGeary, S., and Warner, M.R., 1985, Seismic profiling the continental lithosphere: Nature, v. 317, p. 795-797.
57. McKerrow,W.S., Mac Niocaill, C., and Dewey, J.F., 2000, The Caledonian Orogen redefined: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 157, p. 1149-1154.
58. Meissner, R., and Bortfeld, R.K., 1990, The DEKORP Atlas: Berlin, Springer, 19 p., 80 seismic sections.
59. Meissner, R., and Mooney,W.D., 1998, Weakness of the lower continental crust: A condition for delamination, uplift, and escape: Tectonophysics, v. 296, p. 47-60. (Pubitemid 29092247)
60. Meissner, R., and Sadowiak, P., 1992, The terrane concept and its manifestation by deep reflection studies in the Variscides: Terra Nova, v. 4, p. 598-607. (Pubitemid 23387632)
61. Meissner, R., Sadowiak, P., Thomas, S.A., and BABEL Working Group, 1994, East Avalonia, the third partner in the Caledonian collisions: Evidence from deep seismic reflection data: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, p. 186-196. (Pubitemid 24427024)
62. Morgan, R.P.L., Barton, P.J., Warner, M., Morgan, J., Price, C., and Jones, K., 2000, Lithospheric structure north of Scotland; I, P-wave modelling, deep reflection profiles, and gravity: Geophysical Journal International, v. 142, p. 716-736.
63. Nelson, K.D., 1988, The COCORP Atlas, Volume 1: Ithaca, New York, Institute for the Study of the Continents, Cornell University.
64. Nelson, K.D., 1992, Are crustal thickness variations in old mountain belts like the Appalachians a consequence of lithospheric delamination?: Geology, v. 20, p. 498-502.
65. Nelson, K.D., Arnow, J.A., McBride, J.H., Willemin, J.E., Huang, J., Zheng, L., Oliver, J.E., Brown, L.D., and Kaufman, S., 1985, New COCORP profiling on the southeastern United States. Part I: Late Paleozoic suture and Mesozoic rift basin: Geology, v. 13, p. 714-718.
66. Pérez-Estaün, A., Martínez-Catalán, J.R., and Bastida, F., 1991, Crustal thickening and deformation sequence in the footwall to the suture of the Variscan belt of northwest Spain: Tectonophysics, v. 191, p. 243-253.
67. Pérez-Estaün, A., Pulgar, J.A., Banda, E., Alvarez-Marrón, J., and ESCI-N Research Group, 1994, Crustal structure of the external variscides in northwest Spain from deep seismic reflection profiling: Tectonophysics, v. 232, p. 91-118.
68. Phinney, R.A., and Roy-Chowdhury, K., 1989, Reflection seismic studies of crustal structure in the eastern United States, in Pakiser, L.C., and Mooney, W.D., Geophysical framework of the continental United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 172, p. 613-653.
69. Pratt, T.L., Hauser, E.C., Hearn, T.M., and Reston, T.J., 1991, Reflection polarity of the midcrustal Surrency bright spot beneath southeastern Georgia; testing the fluid hypothesis: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 10,145-10,158.
70. Puchkov, V.N., 1997, Structure and geodynamics of the Uralian orogen, in Burg, J.-P., and Ford, M. eds., Orogeny through time: Geological Society of London Special Publication 121, p. 201-236.
71. Quinlan, G., Beaumont, C., and Hall, J., 1993, Tectonic model for crustal seismic reflectivity patterns in compressional orogens: Geology, v. 21, p. 663-666. (Pubitemid 23394783)
72. Quinlan, G.M., Hall, J., Williams, H., Wright, J.A., Colman-Sadd, S.P., O'Brian, S.J., Stockmal, G.S., and Marillier, F., 1992, Lithoprobe onshore seismic reflection transects across the Newfoundland Appalachians: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 29, p. 1865-1877. (Pubitemid 23389632)
73. Rankin, D.W., Drake, A.A., Jr., Goldsmith, R., Hinze, W.J., Horton, J.W., Jr., Lidiak, E.G., McLelland, J.M., and Secor, D.T., Jr., 1993, Map showing subdivisions of the Grenville orogen and younger tectonostratigraphic terranes in eastern United States and adjacent Canada that may contain Precambrian rocks, Precambrian (Proterozoic) rocks east and southeast of the Grenville front, in Rankin, D.W., Reed, J.C., Jr., Bickford, M.E., Sims, P.K., Link, P.K., Houston, R.S., and Van Schmus, W.R., eds., Precambrian: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. C-2, plate 5.
74. Rosenberg, C.L., 2001, Coupling of shear zones and magma ascent: A review of the Oligocene magmatism in the Alps: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 33, no. 6, p. A-212.
75. Sadowiak, P., and Wever, T., 1990, Reflection-diffraction seismic pattern at crustal suture zones: Tectonics: v. 9, p. 1495-1513.
76. Şengör, A.M.C., Natal'in, B.A., and Burtman, V.S., 1993, Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia: Nature v. 364, p. 299-307. (Pubitemid 23394765)
77. Smithson, S.B., Brewer, J.A., Kaufman, S., Oliver, J.E., and Hurich, C.A., 1979, Structure of the Laramide Wind River Uplift, Wyoming, from COCORP deep reflection data and from gravity data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, p. 5955-5972. (Pubitemid 10423241)
78. Snyder, D., and Hobbs, R., 1999, BIRPS Atlas II: A Second Decade of Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling: Geological Society Miscellaneous.
79. Snyder, D.B., 1990. The Moine Thrust in the BIRPS data set. Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 147, p. 81-86.
80. Snyder, D.B., England, R.W., and McBride, J.H., 1997, Linkage between mantle and crustal structures and its bearing on inherited structures in northwestern Scotland: Journal of the Geological Society of London v. 154, p. 79-84.
81. Snyder, D.B., and Flack, C.A., 1990, A Caledonian age for reflections within the mantle lithosphere north and west of Scotland: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 903-922.
82. Soper, N.J., 1988, Timing and geometry of collision, terrane accretion and sinistral strike-slip events in the British Caledonides, in Harris, A.L., and Fettes, D.J. eds., The Caledonide-Appalachian Orogen: London, Geological Society of London, Special Publication 38, p. 481-492.
83. Soper, N.J., England, R.W., Snyder, D.B., and Ryan, P.D., 1992, The Iapetus suture zone in England, Scotland, and eastern Ireland: A reconciliation of geological and deep seismic data: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 149, p. 697-700. (Pubitemid 23386927)
84. Steer, D.N., Knapp, J.H., Brown, L.D., Berzin, R., Echtler, H., and Brown, D., 1998, Deep structure of the continental lithosphere in an unextended orogen: An explosive-source seismic reflection profile in the Urals (Urals Seismic Experiment and Integrated Studies [URSEIS 1995]): Tectonics, v. 17, p. 143-157.
85. St.-Julien, P., Slivitsky, A., and Feininger, T., 1983, A deep structural profile across the Appalachians of southern Quebec, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Williams, H., and Zietz, I., eds., Contributions to the tectonics and geophysics of mountain chains: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 158, p. 103-111.
86. Thomas, W.A., compiler, 1993, Pre-Mesozoic paleogeographic map of the Appalachian- Ouachita orogen beneath Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains: in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Thomas, W.A., and Viele, G.W., eds., The Appalachian- Ouachita orogen in the United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. F-2, plate 6.
87. Treagus, J.E., and King, G., 1978, A complete lower Dalradian succession in the Schiehallion District, central Perthshire: Scottish Journal of Geology, v. 14, p. 157-166.
88. Warner, M.R., 1990, Basalts, water, or shear zones in the lower continental crust?: Tectonophysics, v. 173, p. 163-174.
89. Warner, M., Morgan, J., Barton, P., Morgan, P., Price, C., and Jones, K., 1996, Seismic reflections from the mantle represent relict subduction zones within the continental lithosphere: Geology, v. 24, p. 39-42.
90. Watts, A.B., Torne, M., Buhl, P., Mauffret, A., Pascal, G., and Pinet, B., 1990, Evidence for reflectors in the lower continental crust before rifting in the Valencia trough: Nature, v. 348, p. 631-635. (Pubitemid 120015123)
91. Willett, S., Beaumont, C., and Fullsack, P., 1993, Mechanical model for the tectonics of doubly vergent compressional orogens: Geology, v. 21, p. 371-374. (Pubitemid 23391242)
92. Williams, H., 1979, Appalachian Orogen in Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 16, p. 792-807.
93. Williams, H., Dehler, S.A., Grant, A.C., and Oakey, G.N., 1999, Tectonics of Atlantic Canada: Geoscience Canada, v. 26, p. 51-70.
94. Winchester, J.A., and van Staal, C.R., 1995, Volcanic and sedimentary terrane correlation between the Dunnage and Gander zones of the Canadian Appalachians and the British Caledonides reviewed, in Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C.R., and Cawood, P.A., eds., Current Perspectives in the Appalachian- Caledonian Orogen: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 41, p. 95-114.