Revisiting microstructure sensor responses with implications for double-diffusive fluxes

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1907-1923

  Sommer, Tobias ^a,b   Carpenter, Jeffrey R ^a,c   Schmid, Martin ^a   Lueck, Rolf G ^d   Wüest, Alfred ^a,b,e  

^a SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Rockland Scientific International Inc   (Canada)

^e EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDUCTIVITY SENSORS; FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTIONS; IN-SITU TEMPERATURE; NATURAL WATER BODIES; RESPONSE CHARACTERISTIC; SENSOR RESPONSE; SMALL SCALE TURBULENCE; STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION;

FREQUENCY RESPONSE; MICROSTRUCTURE;

SENSORS;

DOUBLE DIFFUSION; HEAT FLUX; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; INSTRUMENTATION; MICROSTRUCTURE; PROFILER; SALINITY; SALT; SENSOR;

EAST AFRICAN LAKES; LAKE KIVU;

AVES;

EID: 84871013402     PISSN: 07390572     EISSN: 15200426     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00272.1     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Carpenter, J. R., T. Sommer, and A. W€uest, 2012a: Stability of a double-diffusive interface in the diffusive convection regime. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 840-854.
2. Carpenter, J. R., T. Sommer, and A. W€uest, 2012b: Simulations of a double-diffusive interface in the diffusive convection regime. J. Fluid Mech., 711, 411-436.
3. Descy, J.-P., F. Darchambeau, and M. Schmid, Eds., 2012: Lake Kivu: Limnology and Biogeochemistry of a Tropical Great Lake. Aquatic Ecology Series, Vol. 5, Springer, 190 pp.
4. Dorf, R. C., and R. H. Bishop, 2010: Modern Control Systems. 12th ed. Prentice Hall, 1104 pp.
5. Fofonoff, N. P., S. P. Hayes, and R. C. Millard Jr., 1974: W.H.O.I/ Brown CTD microprofiler: Methods of calibration and data handling. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-74-89, 64 pp.
6. Fozdar, F. M., G. J. Parker, and J. Imberger, 1985: Matching temperature and conductivity sensor response characteristics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1557-1569.
7. Gregg, M. C., 1999: Uncertainties and limitations in measuring « and x. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1483-1490.
8. Gregg, M. C., and T. B. Meagher, 1980: The dynamic response of glass rod thermistors. J. Geophys. Res., 85 (C5), 2779-2786.
9. Head, M., 1983: The use of miniature four-electrode conductivity probes for high resolution measurement of turbulent density or temperature variations in salt-stratified water flows. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 211 pp.
10. Hill, K. D., 1987: Observations on the velocity scaling of thermistor dynamic response functions. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 58, 1235-1238.
11. Hill, K. D., and D. J. Woods, 1988: The dynamic response of the twoelectrode conductivity cell. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 13, 118- 123.
12. Johnson, G. C., J. M. Toole, and N. G. Larson, 2007: Sensor corrections for Sea-Bird SBE-41CP and SBE-41 CTDs. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 1117-1130.
13. Kelley, D. E., H. J. S. Fernando, A. E. Gargett, J. Tanny, and E. Özsoy, 2003: The diffusive regime of double-diffusive convection. Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 461-481.
14. Linden, P. F., and T. G. L. Shirtcliffe, 1978: The diffusive interface in double-diffusive convection. J. Fluid Mech., 87, 417-432.
15. Lueck, R. G., O. Hertzman, and T. Osborn, 1977: The spectral response of thermistors. Deep-Sea Res., 24, 951-970.
16. Meagher, T., A. Pederson, and M. C. Gregg, 1982: A low-noise conductivity microstructure instrument. IEEE Oceans 82, 283-290.
17. Mudge, T. D., and R. G. Lueck, 1994: Digital signal processing to enhance oceanographic observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 825-836.
18. Nash, J. D., and J. N. Moum, 1999: Estimating salinity variance dissipation rate from conductivity microstructure measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 263-274.
19. Nash, J. D., and J. N. Moum, 2002: Microstructure estimates of turbulent salinity flux and the dissipation spectrum of salinity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2312-2333.
20. Nash, J. D., D. R. Caldwell, M. J. Zelman, and J. N. Moum, 1999: A thermocouple probe for high-speed temperature measurement in the ocean. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1474-1482.
21. Neal, V. T., S. Neshyba, and W. Denner, 1969: Thermal stratification in the Arctic Ocean. Science, 166, 373-374.
22. Newman, F., 1976: Temperature steps in Lake Kivu: A bottom heated saline lake. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 157-163.
23. Proakis, J. G., and D. G. Manolakis, 1988: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing. MacMillan, 944 pp.
24. Schlichting, H., and K. Gersten, 2003: Boundary Layer Theory. 8th ed. Springer, 173 pp.
25. Schmid, M., M. Halbwachs, B. Wehrli, and A. W€uest, 2005: Weak mixing in Lake Kivu: New insights indicate increasing risk of uncontrolled gas eruption. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q07009, doi:10.1029/2004GC000892.
26. Schmid, M., M. Busbridge, and A. W€uest, 2010: Double-diffusive convection in Lake Kivu. Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 225-238.
27. Schmitt, R. W., 1994: Double diffusion in oceanography. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 255-285.
28. Schmitt, R. W., R. C. Millard, J. M. Toole, and W. D. Wellwood, 2005: A double-diffusive interface tank for dynamic-response studies. J. Mar. Res., 63, 263-289.
29. Timmermans, M.-L., J. Toole, R. Krishfield, and P. Winsor, 2008: Ice-tethered profiler observations of the double-diffusive staircase in the Canada Basin thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C00A02, doi:10.1029/2008JC004829.
30. Vachon, P., and R. Lueck, 1984: A small combined temperature- conductivity probe. Proc. 1984 STD Conf. and Workshop, San Diego, California, Marine Technology Society San Diego Section and MTS Oceanic Instrumentation Committee, 126- 131.
31. Washburn, L., T. Duda, and D. C. Jacobs, 1996: Interpreting conductivity microstructure: Estimating the temperature variance dissipation rate. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 1166-1188.
32. Wolk, F., H. Yamazaki, L. Seuront, and R. G. Lueck, 2002: A new free-fall profiler for measuring biophysical microstructure. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 780-793.
33. Worster, M. G., 2004: Time-dependent fluxes across doublediffusive interfaces. J. Fluid Mech., 505, 287-307.