Increase of long-chain branching by thermo-oxidative treatment of LDPE: Chromatographic, spectroscopic, and rheological evidence

Journal of Rheology

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 105-129

  Hugo Rolón Garrido, Víctor ^a   Zatloukal, Martin ^b   Wagner, Manfred H ^a  

^a TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b TOMAS BATA UNIVERSITY IN ZLIN   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Damping function; Elongational flow; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; FTIR; Gel permeation chromatography; GPC; Low density polyethylene; MSF model; Rheology; Strain hardening; Thermo oxidative degradation; Wagner I model

Indexed keywords

DAMPING FUNCTION; ELONGATIONAL FLOW; FTIR; GPC; MSF MODEL; THERMO-OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION;

CHARACTERIZATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIGITAL STORAGE; ELASTICITY; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONLINEAR SYSTEMS; RHEOLOGY; STRAIN HARDENING; THERMAL CYCLING; THERMOPLASTICS; VISCOSITY; VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT;

POLYETHYLENES;

EID: 84870974490     PISSN: 01486055     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1122/1.4763567     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Abbasi, M., N. G. Ebrahimi, M. Nadali, and M. K. Esfahani, " Elongational viscosity of LDPE with various structures: Employing a new evolution equation in MSF theory.," Rheol. Acta 51 (2), 163-177 (2012). 10.1007/s00397-011-0572-z
2. Albertsson, A. C., S. O. Andersson, and S. Karlsson, " The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 18, 73-87 (1987). 10.1016/0141-3910(87)90084-X
3. Arnett, R. L., and C. J. Stacy, " Kinetics of the thermal degradation of linear polyethylene.," Polym. Eng. Sci. 6 (4), 295-298 (1966). 10.1002/pen.760060404
4. Audouin, L., V. Langlois, J. Verdu, and J. C. M. de Bruijn, " Review. Role of oxygen diffusion in polymer ageing: Kinetic and mechanical aspects.," J. Mater. Sci. 29, 569-583 (1994). 10.1007/BF00445968
5. Broska, R., and J. Rychlý, " Double stage oxidation of polyethylene as measured by chemiluminescence.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 72, 271-278 (2001). 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00034-9
6. Budrugeac, P., and E. Segal, " Changes in the mechanical properties and thermal behaviour of LDPE in response to accelerated thermal aging.," J. Therm. Anal. 53, 801-808 (1998). 10.1023/A:1010186610454
7. Carrasco, F., P. Pages, S. Pascual, and X. Colom, " Artificial aging of high-density polyethylene by ultraviolet irradiation.," Eur. Polym. J. 37, 1457-1464 (2001). 10.1016/S0014-3057(00)00251-2
8. Cho, Y. S., M. J. Shim, and S. W. Kim, " Thermal degradation kinetics of PE by the Kissinger equation.," Mater. Chem. Phys. 52, 94-97 (1998). 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80013-8
9. Colin, X., L. Audouin, and J. Verdu, " Determination of thermal oxidation rate constants by an inverse method. Application of polyethylene.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 86, 309-321 (2004). 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.022
10. Corrales T., F. Catalina, C. Peinado, N. S. Allen, and E. Fontan, " Photooxidative and thermal degradation of polyethylenes: Interrelationship by chemiluminescence, thermal gravimetric analysis and FTIR data.," J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 147, 213-224 (2002). 10.1016/S1010-6030(01)00629-3
11. Crank, J., and G. S. Park, Diffusion in Polymers (Academic, London, 1968).
12. de Bruijn, J. C. M., " Degradation profiles of thick high-density polyethylene samples after outdoor and artificial weathering.," Adv. Chem. Ser. 249, 599-620 (1996). 10.1021/ba-1996-0249
13. Doi, M., and S. F. Edwards, " Dynamics of concentrated polymer systems. Part 2-Molecular motion under flow.," J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 74, 1802-1817 (1978). 10.1039/f29787401802
14. Drozdov, A. D., " The effect of thermal oxidative degradation of polymers on their viscoelastic response.," Int. J. Eng. Sci. 45, 882-904 (2007). 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2007.07.004
15. Epacher, E., J. Tolveth, C. Kröhnke, and B. Pukanszky, " Processing stability of high density polyethylene: Effect of adsorbed and dissolved oxygen.," Polymer 41, 8401-8408 (2000). 10.1016/S0032-3861(00) 00191-9
16. Eriksson, T., and H. K. Rasmussen, " The effects of polymer melt rheology on the replication of surface microstructures in isothermal moulding.," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 127, 191-200 (2005). 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.03.007
17. Fodor, Z., M. Iring, and F. Tudos, " Correlation between oxygen uptake and carbonyl formation in polyethylene oxidation.," J. Macromol. Sci., Chem. 28 (7), 641-650 (1991). 10.1080/00222339108052115
18. Gahleitner, M., " Melt rheology of polyolefins.," Prog. Polym. Sci. 26, 895-944 (2001). 10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00011-9
19. Gijsman, P., " Review on the thermo-oxidative degradation of polymers during processing and in service.," e-Polymers, Article Number 065 (2008).
20. Gillen, K. T., J. Wise, and R. L. Clough, " General solution for the basic autoxidation scheme.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 47, 149-161 (1995). 10.1016/0141-3910(94)00105-H
21. Gugumus, F., " Thermooxidative degradation of polyolefins in the solid state: Part 1. Experimental kinetics of functional group formation.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 52, 131-144 (1996a). 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00229-4
22. Gugumus, F., " Thermooxidative degradation of polyolefins in the solid state. Part 3: Heterogeneous oxidation model.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 52, 159-170 (1996b). 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00228-6
23. Gugumus, F., " Re-examination of the thermal oxidation reactions of polymers 2. Thermal oxidation of polyethylene.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 76, 329-340 (2002). 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00029-0
24. Hakkarainen, M., and A.-C. Albertsson, " Environmental degradation of polyethylene.," Adv. Polym. Sci. 169, 177-199 (2004). 10.1007/b13523
25. Hinsken, H., S. Moss, J. R. Pauquet, and H. Zweifel, " Degradation of polyolefins during melt processing.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 34 (1-3), 279-293 (1991). 10.1016/0141-3910(91)90123-9
26. Holmström, A., and E. M. Sörvik, " Thermal degradation of polyethylene in a nitrogen atmosphere of low oxygen content. II. Structural changes occurring in low-density polyethylene at an oxygen content less than 0.0005%.," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 18, 761-778 (1974). 10.1002/app.1974. 070180314
27. Holmström, A., and E. M. Sörvik, " Thermooxidative degradation of polyethylene. I and II. Structural changes occurring in low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and tetrateracontane heated in air.," J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 16, 2555-2586 (1978). 10.1002/pol.1978.170161012
28. Iring, M., F. Tudos, Z. Fodor, and T. Kelen, " The thermo-oxidative degradation of polyolefines-Part 10. Correlation between the formation of carboxyl groups and scission in the oxidation of polyethylene in the melt phase.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2, 143-153 (1980). 10.1016/0141-3910(80) 90036-1
29. Johnston, R. T., and E. J. Morrison, " Thermal scission and cross-linking during polyethylene melt processing.," Adv. Chem. Ser. 249, 651-682 (1996). 10.1021/ba-1996-0249
30. Koc, A., E. H. Simsek, and A. Y. Bilgesue, " Oxidative thermal degradation of LDPE and the determination of thermodynamic quantities.," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 85, 380-383 (2009). 10.1016/j.jaap.2008.11.031
31. Konar, J., and R. Ghosh, " Characterization of oxidized LDPE by solid state fluorescence spectra.," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 40, 719-729 (1990). 10.1002/app.1990.070400509
32. Kriston, I., " Some aspects of the degradataion and stabilization of Phillips type polyethylene.," Ph.D. thesis, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2010, Budapest.
33. Kumar, G. S., V. R. Kumar, and G. Madras, " Continuous distribution kinetics for the thermal degradation of LDPE in solution.," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84, 681-690 (2002). 10.1002/app.2344
34. La Mantia, F. P., V. Citta, and A. Valenza, " Influence of low extents of degradation on the processing behaviour of high density polyethylene.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 23, 109-119 (1989). 10.1016/0141-3910(89)90082-7
35. Mariani, P., G. Carianni, F. Menconi, and F. P. La Mantia, " Correlation between processability and properties of a high density polyethylene by a rheological approach.," Macromol. Chem. Phys. 203, 1602-1605 (2002). 10.1002/1521-3935(200207)203:10/11<1602::AID-MACP1602>3.0.CO;2-C
36. Meltzer, T. H., and R. H. Supnik, " High speed tensile testing as an index of the oxidative degradation of polyethylene resins.," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 8, 89-100 (1964). 10.1002/app.1964.070080106
37. Münstedt, H., " Dependence of the elongational behaviour of polystyrene melts on molecular weight and molecular weight distribution.," J. Rheol. 24 (6), 847-867 (1980). 10.1122/1.549587
38. Münstedt, H., " Rheological properties and molecular structure of polymer melts.," Soft Matter 7, 2273-2283 (2011). 10.1039/c0sm00891e
39. Olley, P., and M. H. Wagner, " A modification of the convective constraint release mechanism in the molecular stress function model giving enhanced vortex growth.," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 135, 68-81 (2006). 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.01.002
40. Pages, P., F. Carrasco, J. Saurina, and X. Colom, " FTIR and DSC study of HDPE structural changes and mechanical properties variation when exposed to weathering aging during Canadian winter.," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60, 153-159 (1996). 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960411)60:2<153::AID-APP2>3. 0.CO;2-R
41. Peterson, J. D., S. Vyazovkin, and C. A. Wight, " Kinetics of the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene, polyethylene and poly(propylene).," Macromol. Chem. Phys. 202, 775-784 (2001). 10.1002/1521-3935(20010301)202:6<775::AID-MACP775>3.0.CO;2-G
42. Rasmussen, H. K., and A. Bach, " On the bursting of linear polymer melts in inflation processes.," Rheol. Acta 44, 435-445 (2005). 10.1007/s00397-004-0376-5
43. Rasmussen, H. K., J. K. Nielsen, A. Bach, and O. Hassager, " Viscosity overshoot in the start-up of uniaxial elongation of low density polyethylene melts.," J. Rheol. 49 (2), 369-381 (2005). 10.1122/1.1849188
44. Rasmussen, H. K., and K. Yu, " On the burst of branched polymer melts during inflation.," Rheol. Acta 47, 149-157 (2008). 10.1007/s00397-007-0222-7
45. Rasmussen, H. K., and T. Eriksson, " Gas displacement of polymer melts in a cylinder: Experiments and viscoelastic simulations.," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 143, 1-9 (2007). 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.12.004
46. Resch, J. A., " Elastic and viscous properties of polyolefin melts with different molecular structures investigated in shear and elongation.," Ph.D. dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 2010.
47. Rolón-Garrido, V. H., and M. H. Wagner, " The MSF model: Relation of nonlinear parameters to molecular structure of long-chain branched polymer melts.," Rheol. Acta 46, 583-593 (2007). 10.1007/s00397-006-0136-9
48. Rolón-Garrido, V. H., and M. H. Wagner, " The damping function in rheology.," Rheol. Acta 48, 245-284 (2009). 10.1007/s00397-008-0308-x
49. Rolón-Garrido, V. H., J. Luo, and M. H. Wagner, " Enhancement of strain-hardening by thermo-oxidative degradation of low-density polyethylene.," Rheol. Acta 50, 519-535 (2011a). 10.1007/s00397-011-0559-9
50. Rolón-Garrido, V. H., J. A. Resch, F. Wolff, J. Kaschta, and H. Münstedt, " Prediction of steady-state viscous and elastic properties of polyolefin melts in shear and elongation.," Rheol. Acta 50, 645-653 (2011b). 10.1007/s00397-011-0546-1
51. Rolón-Garrido, V. H., M. H. Wagner, C. Luap, and T. Schweizer, " Modeling non-Gaussian extensibility effects in elongation of nearly monodisperse polystyrene melts.," J. Rheol. 50(3), 327-340 (2006). 10.1122/1.2184127
52. Rolón-Garrido, V. H., R. Pivokonsky, P. Filip, M. Zatloukal, and M. H. Wagner, " Modelling elongational and shear rheology of two LDPE melts.," Rheol. Acta 48, 691-697 (2009). 10.1007/s00397-009-0366-8
53. Roy, P. K., M. Hakkarainen, I. K. Varma, and A. C. Albertsson, " Degradable polyethylene: fantasy or reality.," Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (10), 4217-4227 (2011). 10.1021/es104042f
54. Rychly, J., L. Matisova-Rychla, K. Csomorova, I. Janigova, M. Schilling, and T. Learner, " Non-isothermal thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and chemiluminescence in degradation of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate).," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1573-1581 (2011). 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.020
55. Salvalaggio, M., R. Bagatin, M. Fornaroli, S. Fanutti, S. Palmery, and E. Battistel, " Multi-component analysis of low-density polyethylene oxidative degradation.," Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 2775-2785 (2006). 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.024
56. Schnabel, W., Polymer Degradation (Hanser, Munich, Germany, 1981).
57. Sentmanat, M., " Miniature universal testing platform: From extensional melt rheology to solid-state deformation behaviour.," Rheol. Acta 43, 657-669 (2004). 10.1007/s00397-004-0405-4
58. Shangguan, Y. G., C. H. Zhang, Y. L. Xie, R. F. Chen, L. Jin, and Q. Zheng, " Study on degradation and crosslinking of impact polypropylene copolymer by dynamic rheological measurement.," Polymer 51, 500-506 (2010). 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.066
59. Tüdos, F., and M. Iring, " Polyolefine oxidation: Rates and products.," Acta Polym. 39, 19-26 (1988). 10.1002/actp.1988.010390105
60. van Krevelen, D. W., and K. te Nijenhuis, Properties of Polymers. Their Correlation With Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction From Additive Group Contributions (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2009).
61. Volke-Sepúlveda, T., E. Favela-Torres, A. Manzur-Guzmán, M. Limón-González, and G. Trejo-Quintero, " Microbial degradation of thermo-oxidized low-density polyethylene.," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 73, 1435-1440 (1999). 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990822)73:8<1435::AID- APP12>3.0.CO;2-#
62. Wagner, M. H., " Analysis of time-dependent non-linear stress-growth data for shear and elongational flow of a low-density branched polyethylene melt.," Rheol. Acta 15, 136-142 (1976). 10.1007/BF01517505
63. Wagner, M. H., " A constitutive analysis of uniaxial elongational flow data of a low-density polyethylene melt.," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 4, 39-55 (1978). 10.1016/0377-0257(78)85005-8
64. Wagner, M. H., " The effect of dynamic tube dilation on chain stretch in nonlinear polymer melt rheology.," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 166 (16), 915-924 (2011). 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2011.04.006
65. Wagner, M. H., J. Hepperle, and H. Münstedt, " Relating rheology and molecular structure of model branched polystyrene melts by molecular stress function theory.," J. Rheol. 48 (3), 489-503 (2004). 10.1122/1.1687786
66. Wagner, M. H., M. Yamaguchi, and M. Takahashi, " Quantitative assessment of strain hardening of low-density polyethylene melts by the molecular stress function model.," J. Rheol. 47 (3), 779-793 (2003). 10.1122/1.1562155
67. Wagner, M. H., P. Rubio, and H. Bastian, " The molecular stress function model for polydisperse polymer melts with dissipative convective constraint release.," J. Rheol. 45 (6), 1387-1412 (2001). 10.1122/1.1413503
68. Wagner, M. H., and V. H. Rolón-Garrido, " Verification of branch point withdrawal in elongational flow of pom-pom polystyrene melt.," J. Rheol. 52 (5), 1049-1068 (2008). 10.1122/1.2957699
69. Wagner, M. H., and V. H. Rolón-Garrido, " The interchain pressure effect in shear rheology.," Rheol. Acta 49, 459-471 (2010). 10.1007/s00397-009-0427-z
70. Wagner, M. H., V. H. Rolón-Garrido, K. Hyun, and M. Wilhelm, " Analysis of medium amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS) data of entangled linear and comb model systems.," J. Rheol. 55 (3), 495-516 (2011). 10.1122/1.3553031