Innocent when you dream clients and trafficked women in Italy

Prostitution and Human Trafficking: Focus on Clients

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 31-66

  Cauduro, Andrea ^a   Nicola, Andrea Di ^b   Fonio, Chiara ^a   Nuvoloni, Andrea ^b   Ruspini, Paolo ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TRENTO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LUGANO   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

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Indexed keywords

EID: 84870925476     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73630-3_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. The various sections of the present Chapter can be attributed to their authors as follows: Andrea Cauduro: 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1 and 4.4.2.1;
2. Andrea Di Nicola: 4.2, 4.3.2 and 4.5;
3. Chiara Fonio: Network factors, Network influence and individual reasons, The review area of section 4.4.2.2;
4. Andrea Nuvoloni: 4.4.1.2 and 4.4.2.2;
5. Paolo Ruspini: 4.3.1 and 4.5.
6. Among others see Aghatise, 2004;
7. Biffi, 2004;
8. Carchedi, Picciolini, Mottura and Campani, 2000;
9. Ciconte, 2005;
10. Danna, 2004;
11. Di Nicola, 2004;
12. Di Nicola, Cauduro, Conci and Orfano, 2006;
13. Donadel and Martini, 2004;
14. IOM, 1996;
15. Neirotti, 2002;
16. Savona, et al., 2003;
17. Savona, Decarli and Di Nicola, 2002.
18. See e.g. Barjaba and Perrone, 1997;
19. Ciconte, 2005;
20. De Guttry and Pagani, 1999;
21. IOM Kosovo, 2002;
22. Migration Information Program, 1996;
23. Monzini, Pastore and Sciortino, 2004;
24. Norzi and Vergano, 2003.
25. Andreani and Raviv, 2004;
26. Barjaba and Perrone, 1997;
27. Carchedi and Orfano, 2007;
28. Ciconte, 2005;
29. De Guttry and Pagani, 1997;
30. Di Nicola, 2004;
31. Donadel and Martini, 2004;
32. Monzini, Pastore and Sciortino, 2004;
33. Rahmani, 2004;
34. Tampep International Foundation, 2004.
35. Di Nicola, 2004;
36. Savona, Decarli and Di Nicola, 2002;
37. Savona et al., 2003;
38. Surtees, 2008.
39. Di Nicola, Cauduro, Conci and Orfano, 2006: 86;
40. Carchedi, Picciolini, Mottura and Campani, 2000;
41. Ciconte, 2005.
42. Bopp, 2004;
43. Ciconte, 2005;
44. Di Nicola, Cauduro, Conci and Orfano, 2006;
45. Donadel and Martini, 2004.
46. This section is a revised and updated writing of Ruspini, 2005.
47. Most of the 'irregular' residents entered legally with a tourist visa or for work and their legal justification for residence subsequently expired.
48. Own elaboration based on Blangiardo, 2008.
49. Such workers could enter the country sponsored by private individuals, regions, municipalities and associations listed in a register. Sponsors had to deposit a guarantee, demonstrate a sufficient income, offer decent accommodation and pay the contributions for public health insurance.
50. One further legislative mechanism adopted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign affairs to counter illegal immigration following the example of other EU member states, are the 'readmission agreements' for illegal immigrants, especially with the countries of origin of the main flows (Eastern Europe and North Africa). The implementation of this mechanism affected thousands of non-EU female citizens, mainly Albanians, involved in prostitution.
51. This updated section draws originally from Di Nicola, Orfano, Cauduro and Conci, 2005.
52. To facilitate the comprehension of the broad variety of specialized websites we chose to divide the sites in three main categories: Advertising websites (bulletin boards), Escort service websites, and Forums (message boards). While Advertising websites and Escort service websites offered a few pieces of information on the typology of clients, giving way mostly to speculation about their nature, the forum analysis was by far the most exhaustive source for what concerns the comprehension of the client personality.
53. Monto, 1999. To broaden the topic see also Bush, Hotaling and Monto, 2002;
54. Grauerholz, 2000;
55. Sawyer, Metz, Hinds and Brucker, 2001-2002;
56. Harras, 1996;
57. Brooks-Gordon and Gelsthorpe, 2003.
58. It is essential for a correct understanding of the following findings to keep in mind that the Web constitutes an indirect form of communication that allows Internet users to describe themselves as they please. By no means could we ascertain the users' identities or the truthfulness of their affirmations. We could only rely to their willingness to share their experiences with others like them, without lying about their identities.
59. Rape myths are "attitudes believed to support sexual violence against women". According to each researcher's personal beliefs/ideologies, the acceptance of the rape myth has been put into relation with the purchase of sex. Some studies on the subject are: Church, Henderson, Barnard and Hart, 2001;
60. Dalla, Xia and Kennedy, 2003;
61. Kinnell, 2001;
62. Monto, 2004.
63. However, Monto and Hotaling (2001) state that within their sample "clients of prostitutes do not seem to be more likely to endorse rape myths than any other sample of men". "Rape myth" was in fact conceived by Burt (1980) and since then significant social changes in society "have made misogeny less acceptable". Eventually, the acceptance of rape myth was connnected to violent sexuality and sexual conservatism.
64. Nonetheless, their perseverance and constant contribution to the Internet discussion on prostitution and related arguments let us presume of an equally high frequency.
65. The opinion leaders are usually administrators or regular users of websites/forums that provide different kinds of data, sometimes the results of personal research in order to prove that trafficked prostitution is not a common trend.
66. For a throughout explanation of "male-bashing" see Della Vecchia (2004) and the website http://www.uomini3000.it (last accessed 07.25.2008)
67. This aspect was remarked upon also by the Romanian prostitute who was interviewed (see below).
68. Hearsay and eye-witnessed experiences are the principal channels that allow the Clients Active on the Web to become aware of exploitation/trafficking. Nevertheless, as we stated in the CAWS'profile, the web community is quite closed with regard to this kind of data and tend to ignore it.
69. These findings comply with the results of a study of Monto (2001) on the diffusion of "fellatio" among men caught in the act of purchasing sex. The results, although not representative, indicated that the arrested men preferred fellatio to any other sexual practice. More uncommon sexual practices were not emphasized.
70. http://www.escortforum.com. In June 2007, the site was put under investigation.
71. Last accessed 05.13.2008.
72. Usually clients come to realize that street walkers are forced prostitutes because either the latter have shared their experiences of life, or clients have perceived them as mistreated.
73. According to the distinction drafted in Di Nicola, Cauduro, Conci and Orfano, 2006.
74. th of September 2000, a sentence of the Tribunal of Perugia stated that "aiding and abetting" are offences applicable to third parties, and stopped the criminalization of clients. Danna, 2004.
75. Bindel and Kelly, 2003;
76. TAMPEP INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION, 1996.
77. Don Oreste Benzi was a catholic priest who saw all prostitutes as victims and argued in favor of criminalizing clients, sometimes clients of foreign prostitutes only. He founded various charities that still work with prostitutes after his death in late 2007.
78. For instance, the (at that time) major of Rome Walter Veltroni decided to install surveillance cameras in the busiest streets of the city. Although mainly grounded on the need of regulating the traffic, they also work as potential detectors of aggression and other offences. Available at http://www.repubblica.it/2006/09/sezioni/cronaca/veltroni-telecamere/ veltroni-telecamere/veltronitelecamere.html (Time of the last visit: 02.10.2007).