Transatlantic energy relations: A view from Washington

Journal of Transatlantic Studies

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 313-327

  Stegen, Karen Smith ^a   Kusznir, Julia ^a  

^a JACOBS UNIVERSITY BREMEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

climate change; energy security; shale gas; southern supply corridor; transatlantic cooperation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870912570     PISSN: 14794012     EISSN: 17541018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14794012.2012.734668     Document Type: Article

References (61)

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5. András Deák, 'Towards a New Balance with Russia? Russian Energy Challenges and the West', in Transatlantic Energy Future Strategic Perspective on Energy Security Climate Change and New Technologies in Europe and in the US, ed. David Koranyi (Washington: Johns Hopkins University, 2011), 247-67.
6. Robert Kagan, America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003)
7. Agt von Chrisoph, 'Buying time: Energy and Art of Sustainable Advancement in Transatlantic Relations', in Transatlantic 2020: A Tale of Four Futures, ed. Daniel; Hamilton and Kurt Volker (Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations, John Hopkins University, 2011), 257-86.
8. The authors would like to thank the Stiftung Deutsch-Amerikanische Wissenschaftsbe-ziehungen (SDAW/Foundation German-American Academic Relations), which provided Karen Smith Stegen with funding for this research project.
9. Mark Ostrhoorn, 'Climate Change and the Future of Clean Energy: Towards Transatlantic Convergence', in Transatlantic Energy Future, ed. David Koranyi (Washington: Johns Hopkins University, 2011), 27-54
10. J.T. Mathews, 'Estranged Partners', Foreign Policy, no. 127 (2001): 48-53.
11. Pawel Ś wieboda, 'Climate Policy: The Quest for Policy, Europe and US Multilateralism under Obama', in The Obama Moment. European and American Perspective, ed. Alvaro de Vasconcelas and Marcin Zaborowski (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), 2009), 111-123
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13. In Copenhagen, the EU pledged a 20% emission reduction by 2020 with 1990 as the; baseline and the USA pledged a 17% reduction by 2020 with 2005 as the baseline, see UNFCCCC, 'Appendix I Quantified Economy-wide Emissions Targets for 2020', Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 2009, http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/items/5264.php. Although the US' 17% appears only 3% lower than the EU's 20% offer, the different benchmark years means that the US offer was actually only a relative 4% reduction.
14. For more see European Union, 'European Union welcomes Cancún Agreement as; Important Step towards Global Framework for Climate Action', Press Releases RAPID, December 10, 2010, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?referenceIP/10/1699
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18. See, for example, Daniel Yergin, 'Ensuring Energy Security', Foreign Affairs 85, no. 2, (2006): 69-82
19. and Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP), 'Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics' (TREN/C1-06-2002), CIEP Final Report, January 2004, http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2004/200401000_ciep_study.pdf.
20. See Aad Correljé and Coby van der Linde, 'Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics: A European Perspective,' Energy Policy 34, no. 5 (March 2006): 532-43
21. Richard Youngs, 'Europe's External Energy Policy: Between Geopolitics and the Market' (Center for European Policy Studies, November 2007).
22. Robert Kagan, 'Power and Weakness', Policy Review 13 (June/July 2002): 3-28.
23. For an elaboration of how energy can be used as political tool, see Karen Smith Stegen, 'Deconstructing the 'Energy Weapon': Russia's Threat to Europe as Case Study', Energy Policy 39, no. 10 (2011): 6505-13.
24. Richard G. Lugar, 'Opening Statement for Hearing on Oil, Oligarchs and Opportunities: Energy from Central Asia to Europe' (US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, June 12, 2008).
25. Angela E. Stent, Soviet Energy and Western Europe (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1982)
26. Jonathan P. Stern, Oil and Gas in the Former Soviet Union. The Changing Foreign Investment Agenda (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1993)
27. David G. Victor and Nadejda Makarova Victor, 'The Belarus Connection: Exporting Russian Gas to Germany and Poland', Working Paper #26, the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, May 2004, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/thebelarus-connection-exporting-russian-gas-to-germany-and-poland.
28. European Commission, EU-Russia Energy Relations, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/international/russia/russia_en.htm.
29. W. Eden-Fleig, 'Freund oder Feind?' ZEIT online, December 12, 2007, http://images.zeit.de/text/online/2007/52/abhaengigkeit-deutschland-russl
30. Ronald Gotz, 'Russlands Erdgas und Europas Energiesicherheit', SWP-Studie (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2008)
31. Alexander Rahr, 'Putins Energie', WELT online, January 3, 2006, http:welt.de/print-welt/article188175/Putins_Energie.html.
32. European Commission, Communication from the Commission of the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Second Strategic Energy Review An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan (Brussels: European Commission, November 13, 2008), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uriCOM:2008:0781:FIN:EN:PDF.
33. European Parliament, 'Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity and Repealing', Directive 96/92/ECEU, July 15, 2003, Official Journal of the European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uriOJ:L:2003:176:0037:0037:EN:PDF.
34. For more see Jan Frederik Braun, 'EU Energy Policy under the Treaty of Lisbon Rules. Between a New Policy and Business as Usual', EPIN Working Paper, No. 31, February 2011, http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/book/2011/02/EPINWP31BraunonEUEnergyPolicyunderLisbon.pdf (accessed June 25, 2012).
35. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2009 (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2009).
36. Richard Morningstar, 'The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: A Retrospective and a Look at the Future', Central Asia & Caucasus Analyst, August 23, 2006
37. L. Ruseckas, 'U.S. Policy and Caspian Pipeline Politics: The Two Faces of Baku-Ceyhan', in Succession and Longterm Stability in the Caspian Region, Caspian Studies Program Experts Conference (Cambridge, MA: BCSIA, 2000)
38. Martha Brill Olcott, A New Direction for U.S. Policy in the Caspian Region, Summary, February 2009 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), http://carnegieendowment.org/files/us_caspian_policy.pdf.
39. European Commission, An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan.
40. Jozias Van Aartsen, Project of European Interest (Brussels: European Commission, February 2009), http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/tent_e/doc/axis/2009_axis_linking_activity_report_2007_2009.pdf (accessed June 11, 2012).
41. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011, Special Report "Are We Entering a Golden Age of Gas" (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2011), 23.
42. European Commission, Prague Summit on Southern Corridor. The Declaration, May 8, 2009, http://www.eu2009.cz/en/news-and-documents/press-releases/declaration---praguesummit--southern-corridor--may-8--2009-21533/.
43. European Commission, The Joint Declaration on the Southern Gas Corridor (Baku: European Commission, January 13, 2011), http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/doc/2011_01_13_joint_declaration_southern_corridor.pdf
44. European Commission, 'EU Starts Negotiations on Caspian Pipeline to Bring Gas to Europe', European Commission Press Release, Brussels, September 12, 2011, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?referenceIP/11/1023&formatHTML&aged0&languageEN&guiLanguageen.
45. Yergin, 'Ensuring Energy Security'.
46. US Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: an Initial Assessment of 14 Regions outside the United States 2010, April 2011, http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf, 4.
47. Alice Tallents, 'European Gas Supply and Demand, and the Outlook for Shale Gas', Analysis, no. 3 (May 2011), http://oilgas-info.jogmec.go.jp/pdf/4/4368/201105_043a.pdf (accessed May 15, 2012), 10-12.
48. Lionel Kapff and Jacques Pelkmans, 'Interconnector Investment for a Well-functioning Internal Market. What EU Regime of Regulatory Incentives?' BEER no.18 (2010), Department of European Economic Studies, Natolin, http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER18.pdf (accessed June 11, 2012).
49. Arianna Checchi, Gas Interconnectors in Europe: More than a Funding Issue (Centre for European Policy Studies, April 9, 2009), http://www.ceps.eu/book/gas-interconnectorseurope-more-funding-issue (accessed June 12, 2012)
50. Kapff and Pelkmans, 'Interconnector Investment'.
51. Checchi, 'Gas Interconnectors'.
52. Checchi, 'Gas Interconnectors
53. Kapff and Pelkmans, 'Interconnector Investment'; European Commission, 2009 2010 Report on Progress in Creating the Internal Gas and Electricity Market (Brussels: European Commission, June 9, 2011), http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/legislation/doc/20100609_internal_market_report_2009_2010.pdf.
54. European Commission, 2009 2010 Report on Progress, 3.
55. Ibid., 17-23.
56. Checchi, 'Gas Interconnectors
57. Kapff and Pelkmans, 'Interconnector Investment'.
58. European Commission, 2009 2010 Report on Progress.
59. Kirsten Westphal, 'Energy in an Era of Unprecedented Uncertainty: International Energy Governance in the Face of Macroeconomic, Geopolitical, and Systemic Challenges', in Transatlantic Energy Future, ed. Koranyi, 1-27.
60. Stefan Frohlich, Future Perspectives for Transatlantic Relations, http://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/AICGS-Washington-Froehlich.pdf (accessed June 19, 2012). This comment was in reference to energy security among other broad issues.
61. Hal Harvey, Director of the American Energy Innovation Council and Climate Activist, telephone interview by Karen Smith Stegen, June 28, 2012.