Prostate-specific antigen concentration in young men: New estimates and review of the literature

BJU International

Volumn 110, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1627-1635

  Sutcliffe, Siobhan ^a,b   Pakpahan, Ratna ^a   Sokoll, Lori J ^c   Elliott, Debra J ^c   Nevin, Remington L ^f   Cersovsky, Steven B ^d   Walsh, Patrick C ^c   Platz, Elizabeth A ^e  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine   (United States)

^c DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

^d U S ARMY   (United States)

^e JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^f Bayne Jones Army Community Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Caucasian race; prostate specific antigen; review

Indexed keywords

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE DISTRIBUTION; CANCER RISK; CAUCASIAN; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RANDOM SAMPLE; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; SOLDIER; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84870911256     PISSN: 14644096     EISSN: 1464410X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11111.x     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement DRAFT. 2011. Available at: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/prostate/ draftcecprostate.htm. Accessed 19 March 2012
2. American Urological Association. Prostate-specific antigen best practice statement: 2009 update. 2009
3. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Prostate cancer early detection version 1. 2011. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/ physician-gls/pdf/prostate-detection.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2011
4. Heidenreich A, Bolla M, Joniau S, et al,. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on prostate cancer. 2011
5. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E,. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 909-16
6. Glenski WJ, Klee GG, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE,. Prostate-specific antigen: establishment of the reference range for the clinically normal prostate gland and the effect of digital rectal examination, ejaculation, and time on serum concentrations. Prostate 1992; 21: 99-110
7. Preston DM, Levin LI, Jacobson DJ, et al,. Prostate-specific antigen levels in young white and black men 20 to 45 years old. Urology 2000; 56: 812-6
8. Hartzell JD, Kao T-C, Holland JC, Holt SR, Moul JW,. Age-specific reference ranges for prostate specific antigen in young men: retrospective study from the National Defense University. The Prostate Journal 2001; 3: 36-41
9. Naselli A, Fontana V, Introini C, Andreatta R, Puppo P,. Effect of age, family history of prostate cancer, prostate enlargement and seasonality on PSA levels in a contemporary cohort of healthy Italian subjects. Int J Biol Markers 2011; 26: 102-7
10. Kuller LH, Thomas A, Grandits G, Neaton JD,. Elevated prostate-specific antigen levels up to 25 years prior to death from prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 373-7
11. Whittemore AS, Cirillo PM, Feldman D, Cohn BA,. Prostate specific antigen levels in young adulthood predict prostate cancer risk: results from a cohort of Black and White Americans. J Urol 2005; 174: 872-6; discussion 6
12. Lilja H, Cronin AM, Dahlin A, et al,. Prediction of significant prostate cancer diagnosed 20 to 30 years later with a single measure of prostate-specific antigen at or before age 50. Cancer 2011; 117: 1210-9
13. Silverberg MJ, Brundage JF, Rubertone MV,. Timing and completeness of routine testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among active duty members of the U.S. Armed Forces. Mil Med 2003; 168: 160-4
14. Morgan TO, Jacobsen SJ, McCarthy WF, Jacobson DJ, McLeod DG, Moul JW,. Age-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen in black men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 304-10
15. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG, et al,. Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. Establishment of age-specific reference ranges. JAMA 1993; 270: 860-4
16. Lein M, Koenig F, Jung K, et al,. The percentage of free prostate specific antigen is an age-independent tumour marker for prostate cancer: establishment of reference ranges in a large population of healthy men. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 231-6
17. Chautard D, Daver A, Mermod B, Tichet A, Bocquillon V, Soret J,. Values for the free to total prostate-specific antigen ratio as a function of age: necessity of reference range validation. Eur Urol 1999; 36: 181-6
18. Wolff JM, Borchers H, Rohde D, Jakse G,. Age related changes of free and total prostate specific antigen in serum. Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 2629-32
19. Borgermann C, vom Dorp F, Swoboda A, Ketteniss O, Becker M, Rubben H,. PSA quo vadis? It is reasonable to start with prostate-specific antigen testing at the age of 40! Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 1190-5
20. Wallace EM, Pye SD, Wild SR, Wu FC,. Prostate-specific antigen and prostate gland size in men receiving exogenous testosterone for male contraception. Int J Androl 1993; 16: 35-40
21. Oremek GM, Seiffert UB,. Physical activity releases prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from the prostate gland into blood and increases serum PSA concentrations. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 691-5
22. Heidenreich A, Vorreuther R, Neubauer S, Westphal J, Engelmann UH, Moul JW,. The influence of ejaculation on serum levels of prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1997; 157: 209-11
23. Cooper CS, Perry PJ, Sparks AE, MacIndoe JH, Yates WR, Williams RD,. Effect of exogenous testosterone on prostate volume, serum and semen prostate specific antigen levels in healthy young men. J Urol 1998; 159: 441-3
24. Roehrborn CG, Boyle P, Gould AL, Waldstreicher J,. Serum prostate-specific antigen as a predictor of prostate volume in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1999; 53: 581-9
25. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, et al,. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281: E1172-81
26. Linton HJ, Marks LS, Millar LS, Knott CL, Rittenhouse HG, Mikolajczyk SD,. Benign prostate-specific antigen (BPSA) in serum is increased in benign prostate disease. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 253-9
27. Xu X, Valtonen-Andre C, Savblom C, Hallden C, Lilja H, Klein RJ,. Polymorphisms at the Microseminoprotein-beta locus associated with physiologic variation in beta-microseminoprotein and prostate-specific antigen levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2035-42
28. Korrovits P, Ausmees K, Mandar R, Punab M,. Seminal interleukin-6 and serum prostate-specific antigen as possible predictive biomarkers in asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Urology 2011; 78: 442-6
29. Laffin RJ, Chan DW, Tanasijevic MJ, et al,. Hybritech total and free prostate-specific antigen assays developed for the Beckman Coulter access automated chemiluminescent immunoassay system: a multicenter evaluation of analytical performance. Clin Chem 2001; 47: 129-32
30. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A, Cancer statistics. The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 212-36
31. Eastham JA, Sartor O, Richey W, Moparty B, Sullivan J,. Racial variation in prostate specific antigen in a large cohort of men without prostate cancer. J la State Med Soc 2001; 153: 184-9
32. Lin WY, Gu CJ, Kao CH, Changlai SP, Wang SJ,. Serum prostate-specific antigen in healthy Chinese men: establishment of age-specific reference ranges. Neoplasma 1996; 43: 103-5
33. Kao CH,. Age-related free PSA, total PSA and free PSA/total PSA ratios: establishment of reference ranges in Chinese males. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 1361-5
34. Lee SE, Kwak C, Park MS, Lee CH, Kang W, Oh SJ,. Ethnic differences in the age-related distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen values: a study in a healthy Korean male population. Urology 2000; 56: 1007-10
35. Ku JH, Ahn JO, Lee CH, et al,. Distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen in healthy Korean men: influence of ethnicity. Urology 2002; 60: 475-9
36. Ahn JO, Ku JH,. Relationship between serum prostate-specific antigen levels and body mass index in healthy younger men. Urology 2006; 68: 570-4
37. Choi YD, Kang DR, Nam CM, et al,. Age-specific prostate-specific antigen reference ranges in Korean men. Urology 2007; 70: 1113-6
38. Chang IH, Han JH, Ahn SH,. Association of obesity with prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen velocity in healthy young men. J Urol 2008; 179: 886-90; discussion 90-1
39. Park JH, Cho BL, Kwon HT, Lee CM, Han HJ,. Effect of body mass index and waist circumference on prostate specific antigen and prostate volume in a generally healthy Korean population. J Urol 2009; 182: 106-10; discussion 10-1
40. Yuan XD, Dong ZG, Zhang H, et al,. Distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen in Chinese healthy men: a population-based study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124: 1189-92
41. He D, Wang M, Chen X, et al,. Ethnic differences in distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen: a study in a healthy Chinese male population. Urology 2004; 63: 722-6
42. American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts & Figures, 2nd edn. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2011
43. Tchetgen MB, Song JT, Strawderman M, Jacobsen SJ, Oesterling JE,. Ejaculation increases the serum prostate-specific antigen concentration. Urology 1996; 47: 511-6
44. Herrmann M, Scharhag J, Sand-Hill M, Kindermann W, Herrmann W,. Long-distance mountain biking does not disturb the measurement of total, free or complexed prostate-specific antigen in healthy men. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42: 347-9
45. Luboldt HJ, Peck KD, Oberpenning F, Schmid HP, Semjonow A,. Bicycle riding has no important impact on total and free prostate-specific antigen serum levels in older men. Urology 2003; 61: 1177-80
46. Safford HR 3rd, Crawford ED, Mackenzie SH, Capriola M,. The effect of bicycle riding on serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1996; 156: 103-5
47. Leventhal EK, Rozanski TA, Morey AF, Rholl V,. The effects of exercise and activity on serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1993; 150: 893-4
48. Banez LL, Hamilton RJ, Partin AW, et al,. Obesity-related plasma hemodilution and PSA concentration among men with prostate cancer. JAMA 2007; 298: 2275-80
49. US Department of the Army. AR 600-9 The Army Weight Control program. 2006. Available at: http://www.army.mil/USAPA/epubs/pdf/r600-9.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2011
50. Swain RA, Montalto N, Ross D,. The effect of long-distance cycling on the prostate-specific antigen level. Arch Fam Med 1997; 6: 500-2
51. Kratz A, Lewandrowski KB, Siegel AJ, et al,. Effect of marathon running on total and free serum prostate-specific antigen concentrations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127: 345-8
52. Pannek J, Berges RR, Cubick G, Meindl R, Senge T,. Prostate size and PSA serum levels in male patients with spinal cord injury. Urology 2003; 62: 845-8
53. Baillargeon J, Pollock BH, Kristal AR, et al,. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer 2005; 103: 1092-5
54. Malati T, Kumari GR,. Racial and ethnic variation of PSA in global population: age specific reference intervals for serum prostate specific antigen in healthy South Indian males. Indian J Clin Biochem 2004; 19: 132-7
55. Kirkali Z, Kirkali G, Esen A,. Effect of ejaculation on prostate-specific antigen levels in normal men. Eur Urol 1995; 27: 292-4
56. Kehinde EO, Mojiminiyi OA, Sheikh M, et al,. Age-specific reference levels of serum prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume in healthy Arab men. BJU Int 2005; 96: 308-12
57. Saka T, Sofikerim M, Demirtas A, Kulaksizoglu S, Caniklioglu M, Karacagil M,. Rigorous bicycling does not increase serum levels of total and free prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the free/total PSA ratio, gonadotropin levels, or uroflowmetric variables. Urology 2009; 74: 1325-30
58. Saw S, Aw TC,. Age-related reference intervals for free and total prostate-specific antigen in a Singaporean population. Pathology 2000; 32: 245-9