Sedimentary petrology and authigenic mineral distributions in the Oligocene Creede Formation, Colorado, United States

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 346, Issue , 2000, Pages 179-208

  Larsen, Daniel ^a   Crossey, Laura J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; BEVERAGES; CLAY MINERALS; DEPOSITS; FALLOUT; FELDSPAR; LAKES; LIME; LIMESTONE; POTASSIUM; QUARTZ; SEDIMENTOLOGY; TEMPERATURE; VOLCANOES; WATER; ZEOLITES;

CONTINENTAL SCIENTIFIC DRILLINGS; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTATIONS; PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; PSEUDOMORPHIC STRUCTURE; SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE;

FLOW OF FLUIDS;

AUTHIGENESIS; DIAGENESIS; FAULTING; FELDSPAR; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; HYDROTHERMAL PLUME; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; PHILLIPSITE; POTASSIUM; QUARTZ; REPLACEMENT; SEDIMENT ANALYSIS; SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; SEDIMENTATION; SILTSTONE; SMECTITE; TRAVERTINE;

ARGENTINA; COLORADO; CREEDE; FISH CANYON; SAN LUIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84870894397     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.179     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. April, R. H., 1981, Trioctahedral smectite and interstratified chlorite/smectite in Jurassic strata of the Connecticut Valley: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 29, p. 31-39.
2. Axelrod, D. I., 1987, The late Oligocene Creede flora, Colorado: Berkeley, University of California Press, 234 p.
3. Bailey, R. A., Dalrymple, G. B., and Lanphere, M A., 1976, Volcanism, structure, and geochronology of Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, p. 725-744.
4. Barton, P. B., Bethke, P. M., and Roedder, E., 1977, Environment of ore deposition in the Creede Mining District, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Part III. Progress toward interpretation of the chemistry of the ore-forming fluid for the OH vein: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 1-24.
5. Bethke, P. M., 1988, The Creede, Colorado ore-forming system: A summary model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-403, 29 p.
6. Bethke, P. M., and Rye, R. O., 1979, Environment of ore deposition in the Creede Mining District, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Part IV. Source of fluids from oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope studies: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 1832-1851.
7. Bethke, P. M., Barton, P. B., Jr., Lanphere, M. A., and Steven, T. A., 1976, Environment of ore deposition in the Creede Mining District, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: II. Age of mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 1006-1011.
8. Bish, D. L., and Aronson, J. L., 1993, Paleogeothermal and paleohydrologic conditions in silicic tuff from Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 41, p. 148-161.
9. Bodine, M. W., Jr., Hay, R. L., Madsen, B. M., and Altaner, S. P., 1987, Lacustrine volcaniclastic sediments in the Creede Formation, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 261.
10. Boles, J. R., 1971, Synthesis of analcime from natural heulandite and clinoptilolite: American Mineralogist, v. 56, p. 1724-1734.
11. Boles, J. R., 1972, Composition, optical properties, cell dimensions, and thermal stability of some heulandite group zeolites: American Mineralogist, v. 57, p. 1463-1493.
12. Boles, J. R., and Wise,W. S., 1978, Nature and origin of deep-sea clinoptilolite, in Sand, L. B., and Mumpton, F. A., eds., Natural zeolites, occurrence, properties, use: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 235-243.
13. Bowers, T. S., and Burns, R. G., 1990, Activity diagrams for clinoptilolite: Susceptibility of this zeolite to further diagenetic reactions: American Mineralogist, v. 75, p. 601-619.
14. Browne, P. R., 1978, Hydrothermal alteration in active geothermal fields: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 6, p. 229-250.
15. Broxton, D. E., Bish, D. L., and Warren, R. G., 1987, Distribution and chemistry of diagenetic minerals at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 35, p. 89-110.
16. Chung, F. H., 1974a, Quantitative interpretation of Xray diffraction patterns of mixtures. II. Adiabatic principle of X-ray diffraction analysis of mixtures: Journal of Applied Crystallography, v. 7, p. 526-531.
17. Chung, F. H., 1974b, Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures. I. Matrix-flushing method for quantitative multicomponent analysis: Journal of Applied Crystallography, v. 7, p. 519-525.
18. Dibble, W. E., Jr., and Tiller, W. A., 1981, Non-equilibrium water/rock interactions-I. Model for interface-controlled reactions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 79-92.
19. Emmons, W. H., and Larsen, E. S., Jr., 1923, Geology and ore deposits of the Creede district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 718, 198 p.
20. Finkelstein, D. B., Altaner, S. P., and Hay, R. L., 1994, Silicate diagenesis of tuffs and their geochemical implications for pore fluids in the Oligocene Creede Formation, southwestern Colorado: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-398.
21. Finkelstein, D. B., Hay, R. L., and Altaner, S. P., 1996, Unmasking the effects of diagenesis in ancient lacustrine rocks of the late Oligocene Creede Formation, southwestern Colorado: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 7, p. A-214.
22. Flexser, S., 1991, Hydrothermal alteration and past and present thermal regimes in the western moat of Long Valley caldera: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, p. 303-318.
23. Forsman, J., Larsen, D., and Crossey, L. J., 1994, Carbonate geochemistry of moat sediments of the Creede caldera, Colorado: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-400.
24. Given, R. K., and Wilkinson, B. H., 1985, Kinetic control of morphology, composition, and mineralogy of abiotic sedimentary carbonates: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 109-119.
25. Goff, F., Shevenell, L., Gardner, J. N., Vuataz, F. D., and Grigsby, C. O., 1988, The hydrothermal outflow plume of Valles Caldera, New Mexico, and a comparison with other outflow plumes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 6041-6058.
26. Goldsmith, J., Graf, D., and Heard, H., 1961, Lattice constants of the calciummagnesium carbonates: American Mineralogist, v. 46, p. 453-457.
27. Gottardi, G., and Galli, E., 1985, Natural zeolites: Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 385 p.
28. Hawkins, D. B., Sheppard, R. A., and Gude, A. J., 1978, Hydrothermal synthesis of clinoptilolite and comments on the assemblage phillipsite- clinoptilolite-mordenite, in Sand, L. B., and Mumpton, F. A., eds., Natural zeolites, occurrence, properties, use: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 337-344.
29. Hay, R. L., 1963, Stratigraphy and zeolitic diagenesis of the John Day Formation of Oregon: University of California Publications in the Geological Sciences, v. 42, p. 199-262.
30. Hay, R. L., 1966, Zeolites and zeolitic reactions in sedimentary rocks: Geological Society of America Special Paper 85, 130 p.
31. Hayba, D. O., 1993, Numerical hydrologic modeling of the Creede epithermal ore-forming system, Colorado [Ph.D. thesis]: Urbana, University of Illinois, 186 p.
32. Heiken, G., and Krier, D. J., 1987, Moat deposits of the Creede caldera, Colorado: Los Alamos, New Mexico, Los Alamos Laboratory LA-10943-MS, 36 p.
33. Henley, R. W., and Ellis, A. J., 1983, Geothermal systems ancient and modern:A geochemical review: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 19, p. 1-50.
34. Höller, H., and Wirsching, U., 1978, Experiments on the formation of zeolites by hydrothermal alteration of volcanic glasses, in Sand, L. B., and Mumpton, F. A., eds., Natural zeolites, occurrence, properties, use: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 329-336.
35. Hulen, J. B., 1992, Field geologic log summaries for coreholes CCM-2 and CCM-1: Creede Scientific Drilling Project (USGS-NSF-DOE): Salt Lake City, Utah, DOE/ER/14207-1, 24 p.
36. Iijima, A., 1978, Geological occurrences of zeolite in marine environments, in Sand, L. B., and Mumpton, F. A., eds., Natural zeolites, occurrence, properties, use: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 175-198.
37. Iijima, A., 1985, Application of zeolites to petroleum exploration, in Kallo, D., and Sherry, H. S, eds., Occurrence, properties, and utilization of natural zeolites: Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, p. 29-37.
38. Iijima, A., and Hay, R. L., 1968, Analcime composition in the Green River Formation of Wyoming: American Mineralogist, v. 53, p. 184-200.
39. Inoue, A., 1987, Conversion of smectite to chlorite by hydrothermal and diagenetic alterations, Hokuroku Kuroko mineralization area, northeast Japan, in Schultz, L. G., van Olphen, H., and Mumpton, F. A., eds., Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Denver, 1985, p. 158-164.
40. Isaacs, C. M., 1982, Influence of rock composition on kinetics of silica phase changes in the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara area, California: Geology, v. 10, p. 304-308.
41. Jones, J. B., and Segnit, E. R., 1972, Genesis of cristobalite and tridymite at low temperatures: Geological Society of Australia Journal, v. 18, p. 419-422.
42. Kastner, M., Keene, J. B., and Gieskes, J. M., 1977, Diagenesis of siliceous oozes-I. Chemical controls on the rate of opal-A to opal-CT transformation-An experimental study: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, p. 1041-1059.
43. Kawano, M., and Tomita, K., 1992, Formation of allophane and beidellite during hydrothermal alteration of volcanic glass below 200°C: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 40, p. 666-674.
44. Keller, M. A., and Isaacs, C. M., 1985, An evaluation of temperature scales for silica diagenesis in diatomaceous sequences including a new approach based on the Miocene Monterey Formation, California: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 5, p. 31-35.
45. Khoury, H. N., and Eberl, D. D., 1979, Bubble-wall shards altered to montmorillonite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 27, p. 291-292.
46. Kisch, H. J., 1983, Mineralogy and petrology of burial diagenesis (burial metamorphism) and incipient metamorphism in clastic rocks, in Larsen, G., and Chilingar, G.V., eds., Diagenesis in sediments and sedimentary rocks, 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing, p. 289-511.
47. Lanphere, M. A., 1988, High-resolution 40Ar/39Ar chronology of Oligocene volcanic rocks, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 1425-1434.
48. Lanphere, M. A., 1994, Duration of sedimentation of the Creede Formation: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-400.
49. Larsen, D., 1994a, Depositional environments and diagenesis in the Creede Formation, San Juan Mountains, Colorado [Ph.D. thesis]: Albuquerque, University of New Mexico, 315 p.
50. Larsen, D., 1994b, Origin and paleoenvironmental significance of calcite pseudomorphs after ikaite in the Oligocene Creede Formation, Colorado: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A64, p. 593-603.
51. Larsen, D., 1995, Hydrochemical modeling of an ancient caldera lake: The Oligocene Creede Formation, Colorado: SEPM [Society for Sedimentary Geology] Congress on Sedimentary Geology, 1st, Congress Program and Abstracts, 1, p. 81-82.
52. Larsen, D., and Crossey, L. J., 1994, Analysis of sedimentation, hydrology, and diagenesis within an ancient caldera lake basin: The Oligocene Creede Formation, Colorado, U.S.A.: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-400.
53. Larsen, D., and Crossey, L. J., 1996, Depositional environments and paleolimnology of an ancient caldera lake: Oligocene Creede Formation, Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 526-544.
54. Larsen, E. S., Jr., and Cross, C. W., 1956, Geology and petrology of the San Juan region, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 258, 303 p.
55. Leventhal, J., 1994, Carbon-sulfur-iron relationships in Creede caldera cores show evidence of syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic processes: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-400-A-401.
56. Liou, J. G., 1971, Analcime equilibria: Lithos, v. 4, p. 389-402.
57. Lipman, P. W., 1975, Evolution of the Platoro caldera complex and related volcanic rocks, southeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 852, 123 p.
58. Lipman, P. W., 1984, The roots of ash-flow tuff calderas in western North America: Windows into the tops of granitic batholiths: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 8801-8841.
59. Lipman, P. W., and Sawyer, D. A., 1988, Preliminary geology of the San Luis Peak quadrangle and adjacent areas, San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-359, 32 p.
60. Lipman, P. W., Sawyer, D. A., and Hon, K., 1989, Central San Juan caldera cluster, in Chapin, C. E., and Zidek, J., eds., Field excursions to volcanic terranes in the western United States, Volume 1: Southern Rocky Mountain region: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 46, p. 330-350.
61. Lipman, P. W., Lanphere, M. A., Reynolds, R. L., and Rosenbaum, J. G., 1994, Ash-flow sheets and calderas of the central San Juan volcanic field, Colorado-Framework for the Creede scientific drilling project: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-398.
62. Lipman, P. W., Dungan, M. A., Brown, L. L., and Deino, A., 1996, Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: New tales from old tuffs: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 1039-1055.
63. Mariner, R. H., and Surdam, R. C., 1970, Alkalinity and formation of zeolites in saline alkaline lakes: Science, v. 170, p. 977-980.
64. McCrink, M. T., 1982, Diagenesis in the Creede Formation, San Juan Mountains, Creede, Colorado [M.S. thesis]: Socorro, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 113 p.
65. Mitsui, K., and Taguchi, K., 1977, Silica mineral diagenesis in Neogene Tertiary shales in the Tempoku district, Hokkaido, Japan: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 47, p. 158-167.
66. Mizutani, S., 1970, Silica minerals in the early stage of diagenesis: Sedimentology, v. 15, p. 419-436.
67. Moore, D. M., and Reynolds, R. C., Jr., 1989, X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals: New York, Oxford University Press, 332 p.
68. Newman, A. D., and Brown, G., 1987, The chemical constitution of clays, in Newman, A. C. D., ed., Chemistry of clays and clay minerals: London, Longman, p. 1-128.
69. Papike, J. J., 1988, Chemistry of the rock-forming silicates: Multiple-chain, sheet, and framework structures: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 26, p. 407-444.
70. Pollastro, R. M., 1993, Considerations and applications of the illite/smectite geothermometer in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to Mississippian age: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 41, p. 119-133.
71. Popp, B. N., and Wilkinson, B. H., 1983, Holocene lacustrine ooids from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, in Peryt, T., ed., Coated grains: Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, p. 142-153.
72. Ratté, J. C., and Steven, T. A., 1967, Ash flows and related volcanic rocks associated with the Creede caldera, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 524-H, p. H1-H58.
73. Rice, J. A., 1984, Controls on silver mineralization in the Creede Formation, Creede, Colorado [M.S. thesis]: Fort Collins, Colorado State University, 113 p.
74. Robinson, R. W., 1981, Ore mineralogy and fluid inclusion study of the southern Amethyst vein system, Creede mining district, Colorado [M.S. thesis]: Socorro, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 85 p.
75. Sheppard, R. A., and Gude, A. J., 1968, Distribution and genesis of authigenic silicate minerals in tuffs of Pleistocene Lake Tecopa, Inyo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 597, 38 p.
76. Sheppard, R. A., and Gude, A. J., 1969, Diagenesis of tuffs in the Barstow Formation, Mud Hills, San Bernardino County, California: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 634, 35 p.
77. Smith, R. L., Bailey, R. A., and Ross, C. S., 1970, Geologic map of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-571, scale 1:250,000.
78. Sorey, M. L., Suemnicht, G. A., Sturchio, N. C., and Nordquist, G. A., 1991, New evidence on the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera, California, from wells, fluid sampling, electrical geophysics, and age determinations of hot-spring deposits: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, p. 229-263.
79. Steiner, A., 1968, Clay minerals in hydrothermally altered rocks at Wairakei, New Zealand: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 16, p. 193-213.
80. Steven, T. A., 1967, Geologic map of the Bristol Head quadrangle,Mineral and Hinsdale counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-631.
81. Steven, T. A., 1968, Critical review of the San Juan peneplain, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 594-I, 19 p.
82. Steven, T. A., and Eaton, G. P., 1975, Environment of ore deposition in the Creede Mining District, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Part I. Geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical setting: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. 1023-1037.
83. Steven, T. A., and Lipman, P. W., 1973, Geologic map of the Spar City quadrangle, Mineral County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-1052.
84. Steven, T. A., and Lipman, P. W., 1976, Calderas of the San Juan Volcanic Field, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 958, 35 p.
85. Steven, T. A., and Ratté, J. C., 1965, Geology and structural control of ore deposition in the Creede district, San Juan Mountains, CO: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 487, 90 p.
86. Steven, T. A., and Ratté, J. C., 1973, Geologic map of the Creede quadrangle, Mineral and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-1053.
87. Surdam, R. C., and Eugster, H. P., 1976, Mineral reactions in the sedimentary deposits of the Lake Magadi region, Kenya: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1739-1752.
88. Surdam, R. C., and Sheppard, R. A., 1978, Zeolites in saline, alkaline-lake deposits, in Sand, L. B., and Mumpton, F. A., eds., Natural zeolites, occurrence, properties, use: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 145-174.
89. Utada, M., 1985, Occurrence and genesis of hydrothermal zeolites and related minerals from the Kuroko-type mineralization areas in Japan, in Kallo, D., and Sherry, H. S., eds., Occurrence, properties, and utilization of natural zeolites: Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, p. 39-48.
90. Waples, D. W., 1985, Geochemistry in petroleum exploration: Boston, International Human Resources Development Corporation, 180 p.
91. Williams, L. A., Parks, G. A., and Crerar, D. A., 1985, Silica diagenesis, I. Solubility controls: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 301-311.
92. Wolfe, J. A., and Schorn, H. E., 1989, Paleoecologic, paleoclimatic, and evolutionary significance of the Oligocene Creede flora, Colorado: Paleobiology, v. 15, p. 180-198.