Stratigraphy and paleontology of the middle to late Pleistocene Manix Formation, and paleoenvironments of the central Mojave River, southern California

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 368, Issue , 2003, Pages 43-60

  Jefferson, George T ^a  

^a Stout Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LAKES; MAMMALS; RIVERS; STRATIGRAPHY;

ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS; CLIMATIC CONDITIONS; LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS; LATEST PLEISTOCENE; MARINE OXYGEN ISOTOPES; PALEOENVIRONMENTS; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA;

DEPOSITS;

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENT; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEONTOLOGY; PLAYA; PLEISTOCENE; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY; TEPHRA;

CALIFORNIA; DEATH VALLEY; MOJAVE DESERT; MOJAVE RIVER; TRANSVERSE RANGES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84870885776     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2368-X.43     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Akersten,W.A., Foppe, T.M., and Jefferson, G.T., 1988, A new source of dietary data for extinct herbivores: Quaternary Research, v. 30, p. 92-97.
2. Awramik, S.M., Bucheim, H.P., Leggitt, L., and Woo, K.S., 2000, Oncoids of the late Pleistocene Manix Formation, Mojave Desert region, California, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Empty basins, vanished lakes: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 47(2), p. 25-31.
3. Bacon, C.R., and Duffield, W.A., 1981, Late Cenozoic rhyolites from the Kern Plateau, southern Sierra Nevada, California: American Journal of Science, v. 281, p. 1-34.
4. Badgley, C., 1986, Counting individuals in mammalian fossil assemblages from fluvial environments: Palaios, v. 1(3), p. 328-338.
5. Bassett, A.M., and Jefferson, G.T., 1971, Radiocarbon dates of Manix Lake, central Mojave Desert, California: Geological Society of America Abstracts to Meetings, v. 3, no. 2, p. 79.
6. Bassett, A.M., and Kupfer, D.H., 1964, A geologic reconnaissance in the southeastern Mojave Desert: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report 83, 43 p.
7. Berger, R., and Libby, W.F., 1967, UCLA radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v. 9, p. 477-504.
8. Beyers, F.M., Jr., 1960, Geology of the Alvord Mountain quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1089-A, 71p.
9. Blackwelder, E., 1954, Pleistocene lakes and drainage in the Mojave region, southern California, in Jahns, R.H., ed., Geology of southern California: California Division of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 170, p. 35-40.
10. Blackwelder, E., and Ellsworth, E.W., 1936, Pleistocene lakes of the Afton basin, California: American Journal of Science 5th Series, v. 31, p. 453-463.
11. Blanc, R.P., and Cleveland, G.B., 1961a, Pleistocene lakes of southeastern California, Part I: California Division of Mines and Geology, Mineral Information Service, v. 14(4), p. 1-8.
12. Blanc, R.P., and Cleveland, G.B., 1961b, Pleistocene lakes of southeastern California, Part II: California Division of Mines and Geology, Mineral Information Service, v. 14(5), p. 72-82.
13. Brown, W.J., and Rosen, R.M., 1995, Was there a Pliocene-Pleistocene fluvial lacustrine connection between Death Valley and the Colorado River?: Quaternary Research, v. 43, p. 286-296.
14. Brown,W.J.,Wells, S.G., Enzel,Y., Anderson, R.Y., and McFadden, L.D., 1990, The late Quaternary history of pluvial Lake Mojave: Silver Lake and Soda Lake basins, California, in Reynolds, R.E., et al., eds., At the end of the Mojave: Quaternary studies in the eastern Mojave Desert: Redlands, California, Special Publication of the San Bernardino County Museum Association, 1990 Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center Symposium, May 18-21, 1990, p. 55-72.
15. Budinger, F.E., Jr., 1992, Targeting early man sites in the western United States: An assessment of the Manix type section, central Mojave Desert, California [M.A. thesis]: Special Major, San Bernardino, California State University, 229 p.
16. Buwalda, J.P., 1914, Pleistocene beds at Manix in the eastern Mojave Desert region: Bulletin Department of Geology, Berkeley, University of California, v. 7(24), p. 443-464.
17. Chidester, D.H., 1965, A short history of Camp Cady [Senior thesis]: Department of History, La Verne College, 28 p.
18. Cogswell, H.L., and Christman, 1977, Water birds of California: Berkeley, University of California Press, Natural History Guides, no. 40, 399 p.
19. Cox, B.F., and Tinsley, J.C., III, 1999, Origin of the late Pliocene and Pleistocene Mojave River between Cajon Pass and Barstow, California, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Tracks along the Mojave: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 46(3), p. 49-54.
20. Davis, O.K., Agenbroad, L., Martin, P.S., and Mead, J.I., 1984, The Pleistocene dung blanket of Bechan Cave, Utah, in Genoways, H.H., and Dawson, M.R., eds., Contributions in Quaternary vertebrate paleontology:A volume in memorial to John E. Guilday: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication 8, p. 267-282.
21. Downs, T., Howard, H., Clements, T., and Smith, G.I., 1959, Quaternary animals from Schuiling Cave in the Mojave Desert, California: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Contributions in Science, no. 29, 21 p.
22. Ellsworth, E.W., 1933, Physiographic history of the Afton Basin of the Mojave Desert: Des Moines, Iowa, Pan-American Geologist, May 1933, v. 59(4), p. 308-309.
23. Evans, G.L., 1961, The Friesenhan Cave: Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin, v. 2, p. 3-22.
24. Fergusson, G.J., and Libby,W.F., 1962, UCLA radiocarbon dates, I: Radiocarbon, v. 4, p. 109-114.
25. Garrett, K., and Dunn, J., 1981, The birds of southern California status and distribution: Los Angeles Audubon Society, Los Angeles, California, 408 p.
26. Gauthier-Pilters, H., and Dagg, A.I., 1981, The camel, its behavior, evolution, and relationship to man: Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press, 208 p.
27. Ginnett, T.F., 1982, Comparative feeding behavior of burros and desert bighorn sheep in Death Valley National Monument: Desert Bighorn Council 1982 Transactions, p. 81-86.
28. Ginnett, T.F., and Douglas, C.L., 1982, Food habits of feral burros and desert bighorn sheep in Death Valley National Monument: Desert Bighorn Council 1982 Transactions, p. 81-86.
29. Groat, C.G.,1967, Geology and hydrology of the Troy Playa area, San Bernardino County, California [M.S. thesis]: New York, University of Rochester, 133 p.
30. Hagar, D.J., 1966, Geomorphology of Coyote Valley, San Bernardino County, California [Ph.D. thesis]: Department Geology, Amherst, University of Massachusetts, 210 p.
31. Hale, G.R., 1985, Mid-Pleistocene overflow of Death Valley toward the Colorado River, in Hale, G.R., ed., Quaternary lakes of the eastern Mojave Desert, California: Friends of the Pleistocene Pacific Cell Annual Field Trip Guidebook,p. 36-81.
32. Hansen, R.M., 1976, Foods of free roaming horses in southern New Mexico: Journal of Range Management, v. 29(4), p. 347.
33. Hansen, R.M., 1978, Shasta ground sloth food habits, Rampart Cave, Arizona: Paleobiology, v. 4(3), p. 302-319.
34. Hastorf, C.A., and Tinsley, J.C., 1981, Maps and index of radiocarbon-dated samples from southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1294, scale 1:500,000.
35. Hooke, R.L., 1999, Lake Manly(?) shorelines in the eastern Mojave Desert, California: Quaternary Research, v. 52, p. 328-336.
36. Horton, D.R., 1984, Minimum numbers; a consideration: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 11, p. 255-271.
37. Howard, H.H., 1955, Fossil birds from Manix Lake, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 264-J, p. 199-205.
38. Hubbs, C.L., Bein, G.S., and Suess, H.E., 1962, La Jolla natural radiocarbon measurements, II: Radiocarbon, v. 4, p. 204-238.
39. Hubbs, C.L., Bein, G.S., and Suess, H.E., 1965, La Jolla natural radiocarbon measurements, IV: Radiocarbon, v. 7, p. 66-117.
40. Izett, G.A., 1981,Volcanic ash beds: Recorders of upper Cenozoic silic pyroclastic volcanism in the western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 68(B11), p. 10,200-10,222.
41. Jefferson, G.T., 1968, The Camp Cady local fauna from Pleistocene Lake Manix, California [M.A. thesis]: Department of Geology, Riverside, University of California, 106 p.
42. Jefferson, G.T., 1983, A fragment of human skull from Schuiling Cave, Mojave Desert, California: Southern California Academy of Sciences Bulletin, v. 82(2), p. 98-102.
43. Jefferson, G.T., 1985a, Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Pleistocene Lake Manix Formation, central Mojave Desert, California, in Reynolds, R.E., ed., Cajon Pass to Manix Lake: Geological investigations along Interstate 15: Redlands, California, San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication, p. 157-169.
44. Jefferson, G.T., 1985b, Review of the late Pleistocene avifauna from Lake Manix, central Mojave Desert, California: Natural History Museum Los Angeles County Contribution in Science, no. 362, 13 p.
45. Jefferson, G.T., 1986, Fossil vertebrates from late Pleistocene sedimentary deposits in the San Bernardino and Little San Bernardino Mountains region, in Kooser, M., and Reynolds, R.E., eds., Geology around the margins of the eastern San Bernardino Mountains: Redlands, California, Publications of the Inland Geological Society, no. 1, p. 77-80.
46. Jefferson, G.T., 1987, The Camp Cady local fauna: Paleoenvironment of the Lake Manix Basin: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 34(3 and 4), p. 3-35.
47. Jefferson, G.T., 1988, Late Pleistocene large mammalian herbivores: Implications for big game hunters in southern California: Southern California Academy of Sciences Bulletin, v. 87(3), p. 89-103.
48. Jefferson, G.T., 1989, Late Pleistocene and earliest Holocene fossil localities and vertebrate taxa from the western Mojave Desert, in Reynolds, R.E., ed., The west-central Mojave Desert: Quaternary studies between Kramer and Afton Canyon: Redlands, California, Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center, San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication, p. 27-40.
49. Jefferson, G.T., 1990, Rancholabrean Age vertebrates from the eastern Mojave Desert, California, in Reynolds, R.E., et al., eds., At the end of the Mojave: Quaternary studies in the eastern Mojave Desert: Redlands, California, Special Publication of the San Bernardino County Museum Association, 1990 Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center Symposium, May 18-21, 1990, p. 109-115.
50. Jefferson, G.T., 1991a, The Camp Cady local fauna: Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Lake Manix basin, inWoodburne, M.O., et al., eds., Inland southern California: The last 70 million years: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 38(3,4), p. 93-99.
51. Jefferson, G.T., 1991b, Rancholabrean Age vertebrates from the southeastern Mojave Desert, California, in Reynolds, R.E., ed., Crossing the borders: Quaternary studies in eastern California and southwestern Nevada: Redlands, California, Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center, San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication, p. 27-40.
52. Jefferson, G.T., 1991c, A catalog of late Quaternary vertebrates from California: Part two, mammals: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Technical Reports, no. 7, 129 p.
53. Jefferson, G.T., 1994, Stratigraphy and Pliocene-Pleistocene history of the Lake Manix basin, in McGill, S.F., and Ross, T.M., eds., Geological investigations of an active margin: Geological Society of America Guidebook, 27th Annual Meeting, San Bernardino, California, p. 175-177.
54. Jefferson, G.T., 1999, Age and stratigraphy of Lake Manix basin, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Tracks along the Mojave: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 46(3), p. 109-112.
55. Jefferson, G.T., and Steinmetz, J.J., 1986, Ostracode biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the late Pleistocene Manix Formation: Current Research in the Pleistocene, v. 3, p. 55-56.
56. Keaton, J.R., and Keaton, R.T., 1977, Manix fault zone, San Bernardino County, California: California Division Mines and Geology, California Geology, v. 30(8), p. 177-186.
57. Kenny, M.D., and Weldon, R.J., 1999, Timing and magnitude of mid to late Quaternary uplift of the western San Bernardino and northeastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Tracks along the Mojave: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 46(3), p. 33-46.
58. Lovich, J., and Meyer, K., 2000, Aspects of the ecology of the Western Pond Turtle in the Mojave River, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Empty basins, vanished lakes: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, Abstracts from the Year 2000 Desert Symposium, v. 47(2), p. 79.
59. Martin, P.S., Sables, E.B., and Shutler, D., Jr., 1961, Rampart Cave coprolite and ecology of the Shasta ground sloth: Science, v. 259, p. 102-127.
60. Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.P., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Moore, T.C., Jr., and Shackelton, J.N., 1987, Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: Development of a high-resolution 0-300,000-year chronology: Quaternary Research, v. 27, p. 1-29.
61. McDonald, H.G., Jefferson, G.T., and Force, C., 1996, Pleistocene distribution of the ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae), in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds, The 1996 Desert Symposium, Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Meetings, San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 43(2), p. 151-152.
62. McGill, S.F., Murray, B.C., Maher, K.A., Lieske, J.H., Jr., and Rowan, L.R., 1988, Quaternary history of the Manix fault, Lake Manix basin, Mojave Desert, California: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 35(3 and 4), p. 3-20.
63. Meagher, M.M., 1973, The bison of Yellowstone National Park: National Park Survey Scientific Monograph Series 1, 171 p.
64. Mech, L., 1966, The wolves of Isle Royale: Fauna of the National Parks of the United States:Washington, Fauna Series 7, 210 p.
65. Meek, N., 1989, Geomorphic and hydrologic implications of the rapid incision of Afton Canyon, Mojave Desert, California: Geology, v. 17, p. 7-10.
66. Meek, N., 1990, Late Quaternary Geochronology and geomorphology of the Manix basin, San Bernardino County, California [Ph.D. thesis]: Department of Geography, Los Angeles, University of California, 212 p.
67. Meek, N., 1994, The stratigraphy and geomorphology of Coyote basin, central Mojave Desert, California: San Bernardino County Museum Quarterly, v. 41(3), p. 5-13.
68. Meek, N., 1999, New discoveries about the late Wisconsin history of the Mojave River system, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Tracks along the Mojave: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 46(3), p. 113-118.
69. Meek, N., 2000, The late Wisconsin history of the Afton Canyon area, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Empty basins, vanished lakes: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 47(2), p. 33-34.
70. Meek, N., and Battles, D.A., 1991, Displacement along the Manix fault: California Division Mines and Geology, California Geology, February, v. 44(2), p. 33-38.
71. Meisling, K.E., and Weldon, R.J., 1989, Late Cenozoic tectonics of the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains, southern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 106-128.
72. Merriam, J.C., 1915, Extinct faunas of the Mojave Desert, their significance in a study of the origin and evolution of life in America: Popular Science Monthly, March 1915, p. 245-264.
73. Miller, R.R., 1948, The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada: Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, no. 68, 155 p.
74. Miller, R.R., 1973, Two new fishes, Gila bicolor snyderi and Catostomus fumeiventris, from the Owens River basin, California: Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, no. 667, 19 p.
75. Morley, J.J., and Hayes, J.D., 1981, Toward a high-resolution, global deep-sea chronology for the last 750,000 yr: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 53, p. 279-295.
76. Murray, B.C., and Nagy, E.A., 1990, The relationship of the Manix Formation to the "Mojave River Formation": Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center Symposium, San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 37(2), p. 32.
77. Nagy, E.A., and Murray, B.C., 1991, Stratigraphy and intrabasin correlation of the Mojave River Formation, central Mojave Desert, California: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 38(2), p. 5-30.
78. Naples, V.L., 1987, Reconstruction of cranial morphology and analysis of function in the Pleistocene ground sloth, Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae): Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, no. 398, 21 p.
79. Naples, V.L., 1989, Feeding mechanism in the Pleistocene ground sloth, Glossotherium: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, no. 415, 23 p.
80. Peden, D.S., 1976, Botanical composition of bison diets on shortgrass plains: American Midland Naturalist, v. 96(1), p. 225-229.
81. Pluhar, C.J., Kirschvink, J.L., and Adams, R.W., 1991, Magnetostratigraphy and clockwise rotation of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Mojave River Formation, central Mojave Desert, California: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 38(2), p. 31-42.
82. Pyle, R.L., 1961, Annotated field list birds of southern California: Los Angeles Audubon Society, revised by A. Small, O. Wade Publisher, Los Angeles, California, 61 p.
83. Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, R.L., 1985, Late Pleistocene faunas from Daggett and Yermo, San Bernardino County, California, in Reynolds, R.E., ed., Cajon Pass to Manix Lake: Geological investigations along Interstate 15: Redlands, California, San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication, p. 175-191.
84. Roeder, M.A., 1985, Late Wisconsin records of Gasterosteus aculeatus (Threespine Stickle-back) and Gila bicolor mojavensis (Mojave Tui Chub) from unnamed Mojave River sediments near Daggett, San Bernardino County, California, in Reynolds, R.E., ed., Cajon Pass to Manix Lake: Geological investigations along Interstate 15: Redlands, California, San Bernardino County Museum Special Publication, p. 171-174.
85. Rosen, M.R., 1989, Sedimentological, geochemical and hydrological evolution of an intercontinental closed-basin playa (Bristol Dry Lake): A model for playa development and its implications for paleoclimate [Ph.D. thesis]: University of Texas.
86. Scott, E., 1996, The small horse from Valley Wells, San Bernardino County, California, in Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J., eds., Punctuated chaos in the northeastern Mojave Desert: San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 43(1, 2), p. 85-89.
87. Scott, E., 1997, A review of Equus conversidens in southern California, with a report on a second, previously unrecognized species of Pleistocene small horse from the Mojave Desert: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 17(sup. 3), p. 75A.
88. Scott, E., 1998, Equus scotti from southern California: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers, v. 18(sup. 3), p. 76A.
89. Scott, E., 1999, The Equus (Plesippus)-Equus scotti transition in western North America: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers, v. 19(sup. 3), p. 74A.
90. Scott, E., 2000, Fossil horses at Fort Irwin, the paleontology of Bitter Springs Playa: Environmental Division of the Directorate of Public Works, Fort Irwin, California, Natural and Cultural Resources Series No. 2, 15 p.
91. Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Bowman, H.R., Meyer, C.E., Russell, P.C., Asaro, F., Michael, H., Rowe, J.J., Jr., Baedecker, P.A., and McCoy, G., 1980, Chemical analyses, correlations, and ages of late Cenozoic tephra units of eastcentral and southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-231, 52 p.
92. Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Bowman, H.R., Meyer, C.E., Russell, P.C.,Woodard, M.J., McCoy, G., Rowe, J.J., Jr., Baedecker, P.A., Asaro, F., and Michael, H.,1984, Chemical analyses, correlations, and ages of upper Pliocene and Pleistocene ash layers of east-central and southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1293, 40 p.
93. Schaller, G.B., 1972, The Serengeti lion, a study of predator-prey relations: Wildlife Behavior Series, Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press, 480 p.
94. Seiple, E., 1994, Lake Manix: California Division Mines and Geology, California Geology, March/April, v. 47(2), p. 50-57.
95. Snyder, C.T., Hardman, G., and Zdenek, F.Z., 1964, Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-416, scale 1:1,000,000.
96. Spaulding,W.G., 1980, The presettlement vegetation of the California desert: Manuscript on file, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Riverside, California, 97 p.
97. Spaulding,W.G., 1990,Vegetational and climate development of the Mojave Desert: The last glacial maximum to the present, in Betancourt, J.L., et al., eds., Packrat middens: The last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, Arizona, University of Arizona Press, p. 166-199.
98. Spaulding,W.G., Leopold, E.B., and Van Devender, T.R., 1984, Late Wisconsin paleoecology of the American southwest, in Spaulding, C.P., ed., Late-Quaternary environments of the United States, Volume 1: The late Pleistocene: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 259-293.
99. Stebbins, R.C., 1966, A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians: The Peterson Field Guide Series: Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 279 p.
100. Steinmetz, J.J., 1987, Ostracodes from the late Pleistocene Manix Formation, San Bernardino County, California, in Reynolds, J., ed., Quaternary history of the Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, v. 34(3 and 4), p. 46-47.
101. Steinmetz, J.J., 1988, Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of limnic ostracodes from the late Pleistocene Manix Formation [master's thesis]: Department of Biological Sciences, Pomona, California State Polytechnic University, 64 p.
102. Stock, C., 1925, Cenozoic gravigrade edentates of western North America with special reference to the Pleistocene Megalonychinae and Mylodontidae of Rancho La Brea:Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication no. 331, p. 206 p.
103. Stock, C., 1930, Rancho La Brea, a record of Pleistocene life in California: Los Angeles Museum Publication, no. 1, 82 p.
104. Stuiver, M., 1969, Yale natural radiocarbon measurements, IX: Radiocarbon, v. 11(2), p. 545-658.
105. Taylor, D.W., 1967, Late Pleistocene molluscan shells from the Tule Springs area, in Wormington, H.M., and Ellis, D., Pleistocene studies in southern Nevada: Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, no. 13, p. 395-399.
106. Walsh, S.L., 2000, Eubiobstatigraphic units, quasibiostratigraphic units, and "assemblage zones": Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 20(4), p. 761-775.
107. Webb, S.D., 1965, The osteology of Camelops: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, no. 1, 54 p.
108. Weldon, R.J., II, 1982, Pleistocene drainage and displaced shorelines around Manix Lake, in Cooper, J.D., ed., Geologic excursions in the California desert: Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Guidebook, p. 77-81.
109. Weldon, R.J., II, 1985, Implications of the age and distribution of late Cenozoic stratigraphy in Cajon Pass, southern California, in Reynolds, R.E., ed., Cajon Pass to Manix Lake: Geological investigations along Interstate 15: Redlands, California, San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication, p. 59-68.
110. Wells, S.G., and Enzel,Y., 1994, Fluvial geomorphology of the Mojave River in the Afton Canyon area, eastern California -;implications for the geomorphic evolution of Afton Canyon, in McGill, S.F., and Ross, T.M., eds., Geological investigations of an active margin: Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Guidebook, p. 177-182.
111. Wells, S.G., Anderson, R.Y., McFadden, L.D., Brown, W.J., Enzel, Y., and Miossec, J., 1989, Late Quaternary paleohydrology of the eastern Mojave River drainage, southern California: Quantitative assessment of the late Quaternary hydrologic cycle in large arid watersheds: New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, Technical Completion Report, Project 14-08-0001-G1312, no. 242, 253 p.
112. Winters, H.H., 1954, The Pleistocene fauna of the Manix Beds in the Mojave Desert, California [master's thesis]: Department of Geology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 58 p.